Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• ) approach. For instance, Bartoli et al. [8] reviewed the potential applications of nanostructured carbon coatings – such as nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based materials – to improve interaction on the interface between medical implants and living cells. Several biological materials exhibit

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• that occurs after absorption of the laser radiation and localized heating of the target surface. The plume interacts with the surrounding liquid. This interaction defines the cooling rate of the species present in the plasma and significantly affects NP growth (i.e., plasma quenching forms small NPs

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• the electric tunneling effect, AFM probes the forces of the tip–sample interaction. This makes AFM independent of surface conductivity and therefore a powerful tool to bridge the materials gap. The drawback of this high-pressure AFM setup is that it could not be combined with STM. While STM provides

• larger. The QTF’s resonance frequency depends on pressure according to the following equation: where μ is the added mass due to the interaction with surrounding gas molecules, ρ is the density of the quartz tuning fork, and A is the area of the cross section [19]. Basically, the pressure dependence is

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• with passing energy at 80 eV, and the binding energy spectrum was recorded from 0 to 1,400 eV. The functional group interaction of PEG–PCL nanoparticles was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet 6700). An amout of 5 mg of PEG, PCL, and PEG–PCL

• PEG–PCL NPs and the Bradford reagent. The colorimetric changes were visually observed, and the corresponding spectral absorbance was measured using spectrophotometry. Results and Discussion Synthesis of PEG–PCL nanoparticles The synthesis procedure of PEG–PCL nanoparticles and their interaction

• nanoparticles that can interact with both aqueous and non-aqueous environments. The synthesis begins with the interaction of the metal oxide initiator, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(oct)2), with the monomers ethylene oxide and ε-caprolactone. Sn(oct)2 acts as a catalyst, activating the monomers by generating

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles

• within the mucus because of stronger interaction [29], and better and uniform distribution throughout the gastric mucosa [2]. The motivation behind the current study, therefore, was to synthesize a nanoscale drug delivery system with mucoadhesive properties in an attempt to achieve improved gastric

• increase in size and impair the mucus interaction. According to the particle size results, the coating did not significantly increase the size of nanoparticles (p > 0.05). Even after coating, the final EudAlg NPs were still in the nanometer range. For efficient mucus interaction, the charge of the

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• Valerii P. Lenkov Anastasia N. Maksimova Anna N. Moroz Vladimir A. Kashurnikov National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409 Russia 10.3762/bjnano.16.27 Abstract Magnetization reversal processes in a vortex system with different potentials of vortex–vortex interaction were studied

• using the Monte Carlo method within the framework of a two-dimensional model of a layered high-temperature superconductor. Interaction potentials close to the potential applicable in superconductors with the Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ = 1/2 (intertype superconductors) and in ferromagnetic

• superconductors have been analyzed. Clustering of the vortex system is demonstrated. The melting of a vortex lattice with increasing temperature has been studied. Keywords: high-temperature superconductor; HTSC; intertype superconductors; Monte Carlo method; vortex lattice; vortex–vortex interaction potential

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• at materials surfaces. These organics impede the adhesion and electrical contact of nanoparticles, even when the nanoparticles are surfactant-free. Regular nanosecond pulsed laser cleaning rids surfaces of organic deposits by the interaction of nanosecond laser pulses with surface contaminants via

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• functional groups in the GO–Chl nanoconjugate. The observed reduction in the intensity of COOH peaks for GO–Chl as compared to that of GO, could be attributed to the possible reduction of oxygen-rich functional groups as a result of their interaction with amino groups present in Chl [47]. It was observed

• targeting, DNA damage, and dysfunction of other intracellular organelles [52][54]. To assess the interaction of GO–Chl with A549 cells, we incubated the cells with 25 µg/mL of GO–Chl for 24 h at 37 °C and processed the samples as described in the method section. After 24 h of incubation, an increased number

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• related to compatibility of the materials and solvents during preparation as well as the interaction between the fiber jets during the electrospinning process. However, the entire procedure can become more time- and labor-consuming as more steps are required. Co-electrospinning Co-electrospinning refers

• also be used to incorporate nanoparticles into the nanofiber structures through simultaneous electrospinning and electrospraying [88]. In co-electrospinning, the interaction between charged jets for nozzles that are positioned close to one another may cause jet repulsion for nozzles of the same

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• effectively and precisely break down and neutralize antibiotic compounds with high efficiency and selectivity by utilizing a complex interaction between radical reactive oxygen species and non-radical equivalents under light irradiation. Although photocatalysts have certain drawbacks, such as a limited

• pore sizes, fast charge transfer, high density and long lifetime of photoinduced charges, and strong interaction between ZnO and N,O-containing biochar [81]. Roy and colleagues [82] effectively synthesized a rGO-ZnO composite functionalized with ferrocene through a simple hydrothermal method. This Fc

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• . The band at 1730 cm−1 (originating from C=O stretching vibrations) in the spectrum of MWCNTs-COOH has a lower intensity in the MWCNTs-PEG6000 spectrum as a result of interaction between MWCNTs-COOH and PEG6000. In addition, a new band evolved in the spectrum of MWCNTs-PEG6000 at 1048 cm−1 (attributed

• ; MWCNTs interact with tubulin and actin, causing cell apoptosis, which was confirmed in vitro [71][72] and in vivo [73][74]. In addition, genotoxic effects of CNTs have been identified by direct interaction with DNA [68]. For the G-family nanomaterials, induction of cell death, including apoptosis and

• mediate the internalization in addition to the impact of interaction with the biological fluids (i.e., surface adsorption of molecules). In this respect, in the study of Dabrowski et al. [81], the impact of particle size of graphene on the efficacy of internalization was evaluated in normal (LL-24) and

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• chemotherapeutic drugs by characterizing the binding of three rare earths (ytterbium, neodymium, and erbium) to double-stranded DNA, which is one of the main targets for these drugs inside cells. The three elements presented a significant interaction with the biopolymer in buffers of physiological relevance

• -molecule force spectroscopy using optical tweezers (OT) on DNA complexes formed with the three rare earths at various concentrations. The mechanical properties of these complexes were then determined as a function of the element concentration. From these data, the physical chemistry of the interaction was

• -disorder statistical model that describes DNA interactions with small ligands was developed by our group in the past [22][19]. Such a model allows one to extract the binding parameters of a given interaction from the data of the persistence length as a function of the ligand concentration in the sample [22

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• indicate minimal deviations from linear geometry, that is, bond angles of 174–180°. There is a consensus that the interaction of CO2 with Mg2+ is strongly electrostatic and physisorptive [52][65], with bond strengths in a range that facilitates both efficient CO2 capture and effective Mg-MOF-74

• synthesizing amine-functionalized MOFs. The uncoordinated and electron-rich nitrogen atoms in amines are ‘CO2-philic’ [33][35] and provide active adsorption sites for CO2 through Lewis acid–base interaction between CO2 and amines [67]. As illustrated in Figure 2d, adsorptive selectivity can also result from

• authors prepared an ex situ MMM control through plain solvent casting, as illustrated in Figure 4c, using the priming technique. Upon comparison, they found that CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivity were drastically improved for the in situ MMM, albeit with slightly lower CO2 permeability. The interaction

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• Δw1′ and the amount of hydroxy groups, Δw2′. This points out to a strong interaction of nanoconfined water with hydroxy groups on the inner surface of mesopores, a part of which formed upon calcination [6]. Moreover, the samples obtained in 70% ethanol solution may exhibit different hydrophilic

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• advantages, the interaction with many biological matrices, particularly with existing macrophages, must be considered. In this review, we will explore the dual role of macrophages in NC delivery, highlighting their physiological functions, the challenges posed by the mononuclear phagocyte system, and

• innovative strategies to exploit macrophage interactions for therapeutic advantage. Recent advancements in treating liver and lung diseases, particularly focusing on macrophage polarization and RNA-based therapies, have highlighted the potential developments in macrophage–NC interaction. Furthermore, we will

• delve into the intriguing potential of nanomedicine in neurology and traumatology, associated with macrophage interaction, and the exciting possibilities it holds for the future. Keywords: drug delivery; macrophages; nanomedicine; polarization; RNA-based therapies; Review 1 Introduction In the vast

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . ZnO NPs are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions, upon interaction with bacterial cells. These ROS disrupt bacterial cell membranes, cause oxidative stress, and damage cellular components, ultimately leading to cell death. Additionally, ZnO

• NPs can release Zn2+ ions, which interact with bacterial enzymes and proteins, further compromising cellular functions. The small size and high surface area of the nanoparticles enhance their interaction with bacterial cells, improving antibacterial efficacy. Significant inhibitory effects against S

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• reactive surface area of nanomaterials is the instantaneous interaction with their surroundings through formation of an acquired environmental or biomolecule corona [11][12] and/or via physical or chemical transformations that can occur at any of the nanomaterials’ life cycle stages [13][14]. The ability

• , including synthesis, surface functionalisation, and physicochemical characterisation of the nanomaterials, the bio-nano interaction studies, and the determination of different biological/immunological endpoints. When studying bio-nano interactions the starting point is typically the synthesis (or

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• 10.3762/bjnano.16.6 Keywords: AFM; atomic force microscopy; conductivity; drift correction; force spectroscopy; NC-AFM; non-contact atomic force microscopy; resistivity; tip–surface interaction; With the restrictions on travelling and social distancing lifted, we were delighted to continue two series of

• not involving any tip–surface interaction. The measurement of electrostatic properties at the nanoscale emerged as a most relevant subfield of atomic force microscopy, especially driven by electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and closely related techniques

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• properties and performance. Furthermore, apart from not preventing potential exposure to unwanted molecules, the structural characteristics and, hence, the physicochemical properties of the cluster could be altered as a result of its interaction with the support material. Indeed, one viable solution to

• code employs the APW+lo method in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) to calculate electronic structures. To determine the exchange–correlation interaction, we utilized the Tran–Blaha-modified Becke–Johnson (TB-mBJ) approximation. This approach provides calculated bandgap values that

• zeolite, which exhibits no magnetic behavior. Notably, a pair of bands at 4.5 and 5.2 eV emerge within the forbidden zone. Previous research [60] has shown that these bands arise from the Na–O interaction and make a relatively low contribution to the total density of states (TDOS). In Figure 3b, when the

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• the free surface sites. Such an event can be pictured as an interaction where no van der Waals “bond” is established and where the molecule leaves the surface at a time scale much shorter than the residence time τ [4]. In the continuum model, s is one of the model parameters entering the diffusion

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• moisture control and water interaction [1][2]. The structure and chemistry of insect skin are finely tuned to navigate these challenges, showcasing a sophisticated natural adaptation to efficiently repel water [3]. Springtails have mastered this capability using micro- and nanostructured skin surfaces

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• idealized model. Discussion The scales are not just a simple covering for the gold-dust weevil; they are, in fact, a complex photonic system. The green hue of the scales arises from the interaction of light with the three-dimensional diamond-type chitin–air photonic crystal structures present within the

• porosity might lead to the closing of the photonic bandgap at the effective refractive index of about 2.1 [17]. Conclusion The gold-dust weevil’s scales house a complex photonic system that influences coloration and light interaction through a three-dimensional diamond-type chitin–air photonic crystal

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• using anionic SO, a pH-sensitive lipid-based molecule with amphipathic characteristics, as an innovative agent for overcoming endosomal entrapment. At physiological pH, SO carries a negative charge, limiting its interaction with cell membranes. However, within the acidic endosomal environment, SO

• . These findings confirm that SO is effective at promoting membrane fusion under acidic conditions to achieve targeted fusogenicity, making it a promising candidate for enhancing endosomal escape in drug delivery applications. MD simulation of OLA and AUR interaction with lipid bilayers The MD simulations

• depicted in Figure 5 provide a comprehensive analysis of the interaction dynamics between OLA and the AUR peptide with a model lipid bilayer composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (POPG). These simulations

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• are increasingly interested in studying the protein corona on extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly exosomes, which play an important role in the transmission of molecular signals in the body. The influence of the protein corona on EVs on their interaction with body cells, including cells of the immune

• data regarding their size and morphology [31][32][33][34]. The experiments on isolating bio-NPs from photomodified FBS and NBS did not achieve the goal to isolate protein corona-bearing bio-NPs. However, we revealed a few interesting facts regarding the interaction of bio-NPs with sucrose, as well as

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• tertiary species or H2. Atomic hydrogen diffuses and reacts superficially with the quartz sources; this corresponds to the process described by the heterogeneous reaction 3. Finally, reaction 4 is considered for the generation of OH, considering that the source of oxygen is the interaction of atomic H

• interaction with the walls. In a study of the deposition of silicon dioxide using an atmospheric-pressure plasma-enhanced CVD reactor, the reactor performance was shown to be strongly affected by the flow dynamics [33][34]. Distribution and concentration of species As previously mentioned, temperature and