Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• useful properties [14][15][16][17][18]. Here, we have investigated Au–alkanethiolate layers on PDMS that were produced during CLL specifically for their 2D material properties. The existence of Au on the PDMS stamp following lift-off was initially discovered using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS

Alternating current magnetic susceptibility of a ferronematic

• Natália Tomašovičová,
• Jozef Kováč,
• Veronika Gdovinová,
• Nándor Éber,
• Tibor Tóth-Katona,
• Jan Jadżyn and
• Peter Kopčanský

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2515–2520, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.251

• temperature with and without magnetic field have been demonstrated [15][16][17]. For the interpretation of the latter effect mean-field theoretical models have been developed [18][19]. These studies have proven that doping modifies the material properties of the host liquid crystal. The improvement of certain

Material property analytical relations for the case of an AFM probe tapping a viscoelastic surface containing multiple characteristic times

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2230–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.223

• as phase spectroscopy, has been extensively used, along with the derivation of representative energy quantities that are popularly used for compositional mapping [16][17][18]. However, the direct correlation of the results with quantitative material properties is not simple. A number of studies have

• challenge in correlating the values of dissipated energy with meaningful viscoelastic material properties. However, Equation 30 offers a potentially feasible path for extracting material information because it directly relates a quantity that is measurable in real experiments with meaningful viscoelastic

• virial for the specific case of a flat-punch probe tapping on a generalized viscoelastic surface: where This relationship also enables decomposition of the virial into different terms that are proportional to the viscoelastic material properties. As an example, these different contributions can be

In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB₂/(TiB₂–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

• Jilin Wang,
• Hejie Liao,
• Yuchun Ji,
• Fei Long,
• Yunle Gu,
• Zhengguang Zou,
• Weimin Wang and
• Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

• may be favorable for improving the chemical activity of samples. Conclusion Novel TiB2/(TiB2–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites were fabricated via a special reaction coupling self-propagating high temperature synthesis (RC-SHS) method where in situ control of the material properties

Advances and challenges in the field of plasma polymer nanoparticles

• Andrei Choukourov,
• Pavel Pleskunov,
• Daniil Nikitin,
• Valerii Titov,
• Artem Shelemin,
• Mykhailo Vaidulych,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Pavel Solař,
• Jan Hanuš,
• Jaroslav Kousal,
• Ondřej Kylián,
• Danka Slavínská and
• Hynek Biederman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2002–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.200

• plasma may be accompanied by radially directed changes in the material properties (cross-link density and branching) induced by temperature changes and resulting in the accumulation of mechanical stress. If the critical value of stress is achieved, the surface of a NP relaxes with the formation of the

High-speed dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy imaging of polymers: an adaptive multiloop-mode approach

• Juan Ren and
• Qingze Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1563–1570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.158

• (50 μm) were obtained and presented. The performance, usability, and particularly, robustness of the AMLM technique for a variety of materials of different topography characteristics and different heterogeneous material properties, and at different imaging sizes have not been yet elucidated. As a

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and thermogravimetric analysis of two series of substituted (metallo)tetraphenylporphyrins

• Rasha K. Al-Shewiki,
• Carola Mende,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1191–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.121

• potentially useful insight into the material properties of these porphyrins. It was anticipated that the variation of the central transition metal ions along 2a–d and 3a–d modify to the local transport characteristics of OMBD-deposited thin films of these compounds. In addition, in order to modify thin-film

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• as determined in vitro and in vivo short term inhalation studies (STIS). The DF4Nano Grouping is based on data provided by the analyst for the ENMs of interest through “tiers” or information filters, where specific thresholds are set for intrinsic material properties (e.g., water solubility, primary

• ), oxidative stress, redox activities, etc.) and apical toxic effects (e.g., respiratory effects shown in short-term inhalation studies). The initial tier (0) focuses on gathering data regarding intrinsic material properties (e.g., water solubility, primary particle size (PPS), surface area, composition

• , crystallinity, and surface chemistry). In tier 1, the ENM can be assigned into one of the following groups of intrinsic material properties: water solubility, particle morphology (PPS and shape, including aspect ratio and surface area) and chemical composition. Tier 2 focuses on the ENM’s i) intrinsic

Scaling law to determine peak forces in tapping-mode AFM experiments on finite elastic soft matter systems

• Horacio V. Guzman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 968–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.98

• bidimensional deformation contact mechanics model. The equation enables to estimate the peak force based on the tapping mode observables, probe characteristics and the material properties of the sample. The accuracy of the equation has been verified by comparing it to numerical simulations for the archetypical

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• rough surfaces. Ripple formation due to light–matter interaction, for example, using short laser pulses, is highly dependent on the laser irradiation conditions (angle of incidence, polarization, laser power, scanning speed – only to cite the most important factors), material properties, environmental

Hybrid nanomaterials: from the laboratory to the market

• Verónica de Zea Bermudez,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 861–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.87

• conditions – often presenting a challenge to chemists, biologists, physicists, and engineers in its full complexity. In spite of these challenges, we nowadays have a basic understanding of how (desired) material properties are related to material composition and structure. One of the key observations in this

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

Optimizing qPlus sensor assemblies for simultaneous scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy operation based on finite element method analysis

• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 657–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.70

• its contact with the holder. We show evolution of k (c), f0 (d), ∆y/∆z (e) for different in-plane angles and different sets of the out-of-plane angle θ. Material properties used for finite element calculations. Since significant damping occurs only inside the quartz and, in particular, the epoxy glue

Multimodal cantilevers with novel piezoelectric layer topology for sensitivity enhancement

• Steven Ian Moore,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Yuen Kuan Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 358–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.38

• was shown that these higher modes can be more sensitive to material properties such as elastic modulus and damping coefficients [17][18][19]. Additionally, stiff cantilevers have proven to provide high resolution imaging in ambient and liquid environments using quartz resonators [20][21]. Traditional

• aluminium is deposited on the device layer. A particular limitation of this process in the context of AFM is that it does not allow for the fabrication of tips preventing the demonstration of imaging using these cantilevers. The material properties of the silicon used in the analysis are an elastic modulus

• . This results from the relative invariance of the mode shape with material properties. Rather, the mode shape is more strongly associated with the geometric shape of the cantilever. The four cantilevers in Figure 2m–p are denoted C1, C2, C3 and C4. The piezoelectric layer on each cantilever is designed

The difference in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids measured by different methods and its rationalization

• Aparna Zagabathuni,
• Sudipto Ghosh and
• Shyamal Kumar Pabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2037–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.194

• of the nanoparticle has been set to different temperatures, namely 300 K, 320 K, 333 K and 353 K. The material properties used in the meso-continuum simulations are shown in Table 1. The heat exchange between the heat source and the particle takes place only during the collision period (∆t), which

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• nanocrystalline and ordinary polycrystalline materials [24][25]. More recently, Raabe et al. [27][28] proposed grain boundary segregation engineering for improvement of material properties, such as the stabilization of grains in nanocrystalline steel by carbon and solute element segregation. Kalidindi et al. [29

Precise in situ etch depth control of multilayered III−V semiconductor samples with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) equipment

• Ann-Kathrin Kleinschmidt,
• Lars Barzen,
• Johannes Strassner,
• Christoph Doering,
• Henning Fouckhardt,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Michael Wahl and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1783–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.171

• analyze interferometric data and, hence, etch depth or rate, but also to gain information on other material properties of interest. Information on surface morphology of a monocrystalline semiconductor sample can be extracted – either on an atomic scale due to specific surface reconstructions [3][5][37][38

Analysis of self-heating of thermally assisted spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory

• Austin Deschenes,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Mustafa Akbulut,
• Ali Gokirmak and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1676–1683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.160

• derived using the behavior of similar alloys [10] transposed onto point data [15]. The material properties of the various common passivation materials considered [16] (Table 1) are from the element library of COMSOL for SiO2 and Si3N4, and from literature for low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor

• are extrapolated via nearest-function method for 0.6 V simulations. Insets show the flow of carriers, and implied material properties, for a given initial free and fixed magnetic layer alignment. Simulations with initially parallel (ON) free/fixed layers use parallel properties, whereas simulations

• simulated with and without thermal boundary resistance (TBR) at the passivation–Cu interfaces. Individual heat contributions from Peltier effect and tunneling around the MTJ for configuration I with SiO2 passivation material. Properties of passivation materials.a Acknowledgements The authors are thankful

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• , many studies have been carried out in vitro in order to elucidate the role of material properties in complex biological processes. It is known that micro- and nanoscale topographies of a substrate can influence cell adhesion, morphology, proliferation rate, migration velocity and directionality, gene

Biomechanics of selected arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons

• Tom Masselter,
• Tobias Haushahn,
• Samuel Fink and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1602–1619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.154

• in an atactostele in D. marginata and the dense arrangement of stiff tissues in conifers and dicotyledons. Relationships between density and the axial Young’s modulus are visualized in a material property chart (Figure 5) and thereby fill major “white spots” for biological material properties. The

• nurseries and cultivated in the Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg. D. surculosa was also cultivated in the Botanic Garden Freiburg, whereas P. pygmaeus was cultivated at the Botanic Garden of the Technical University Dresden. Methods For measuring of the material properties three sets of

• dependence of the MoE and in the materials property chart (see below for details). To determine the radial variation of the material properties for each zone and plant, the original rectangular samples were then cut into smaller rectangular samples along the length and perpendicular to the width of the

Influence of ambient humidity on the attachment ability of ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata)

• Lars Heepe,
• Jonas O. Wolff and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1322–1329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.123

• ) humidity-dependent material properties of insect cuticle and β-keratin (main constituent of gecko setae) [41][42][43][44]. In geckos, the effect of a RH on viscoelastic properties of the setal shaft was shown [13]. It was argued that with an increasing humidity the viscoelastic bulk energy dissipation

• results on ladybird beetles, at least the increase in traction forces from 15% RH to 60% RH. Two other observations may further support the hypothesis that a change in material properties with increasing humidity is responsible for at least the increase in traction forces from 15% RH to 60% RH. Voigt et

• the humidity levels were randomized for individual runs, there were some beetles that were measured first at higher humidity and then at lower humidity. In combination with relatively short durations between individual runs, those individuals, according to the idea of changing material properties

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• the relationship between the material properties and the hydration status of resilin mentioned above. Besides the differences in the Young’s modulus, the mechanical behaviour of the respective materials shows the pronounced differences in the material composition between the tips and the bases of

• the tip and the base, a pronounced material composition gradient was revealed by CLSM. This gradient is reflected by a pronounced gradient of the material properties: the setal tip is rather soft, whereas the setal base is relatively stiff. Both gradients were hypothesised to represent an evolutionary

An ellipsometric approach towards the description of inhomogeneous polymer-based Langmuir layers

• Falko O. Rottke,
• Burkhard Schulz,
• Klaus Richau,
• Karl Kratz and
• Andreas Lendlein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1156–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.107

• dlayer represent the sample’s refractive index, absorption properties and layer thickness, respectively. With subsequent modeling of primary data, material properties such as film thickness, d, refractive index, n, or even the dielectric function, ε, may be obtained. However, for ultrathin films there is

Signal enhancement in cantilever magnetometry based on a co-resonantly coupled sensor

• Julia Körner,
• Christopher F. Reiche,
• Thomas Gemming,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Gerald Gerlach and
• Thomas Mühl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1033–1043, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.96

• latter with two out of three dimensions on the nanometer scale and therefore with low stiffness and low effective mass. Typical diameters of the iron filling are (15–30) nm and the nanotube length ranges from (15–45) μm [10][11]. The FeCNT not only features favorable geometric and material properties [12

Coupled molecular and cantilever dynamics model for frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Michael Klocke and
• Dietrich E. Wolf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 708–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.63

• these models use ab initio molecular dynamics or DFT methods [2][18][19], which represent the material properties most reliably. Their computational demand is very high, though, so that the force between tip and sample surface is usually calculated for a quasistatic tip. Molecular dynamics (MD