Template-controlled mineralization: Determining film granularity and structure by surface functionality patterns

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Jonathan Berson,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Johannes Baier,
• Joachim Bill and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1763–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.180

• were previously cleaned by CO2 snow-jet treatment (at least 20 s for a 2 × 2 cm substrate). The relative humidity, measured by a Testo 635 Hygrometer, was adjusted to 40–45% during the spin-coating process. For the adjustment of the humidity, a mixture of water-saturated and pure nitrogen were led into

• the spin-coating chamber (approximately 1 L volume) at a flow rate of approximately 40 standard cubic centimeters per minute (40 sccm). Fabrication of SAM templates After spin coating, the polymer films were treated with acetic acid where PMMA was selectively dissolved. The silicon samples were rinsed

In situ SU-8 silver nanocomposites

• Søren V. Fischer,
• Basil Uthuppu and
• Mogens H. Jakobsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1661–1665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.168

• structures are considered in this work. SU-8 thin films are deposited on wafers by using standard spin coating techniques [12]. However, high loadings of preformed NPs in the polymer change the rheological behaviour and might hinder the ability to use spin-coating for thin film nanocomposites [13][14

• fabricating homogeneous SU-8-based metal nanocomposite thin films with in situ generated silver nanoparticles. These composite materials can be deposited on wafers by using standard spin coating techniques and subsequently structured with UV lithography. The nanocomposite is prepared by dissolving AgNO3

• filters in the aligner. The chosen co-solvent for the AgNO3 precursor, acetonitrile, is a mild reducing agent. This precursor solution must therefore be prepared fresh, and added to the SU-8 just before spin coating, to minimise unwanted formation of nanoparticles [13]. The used formulation of SU-8 can be

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• , Germany 10.3762/bjnano.6.123 Abstract Polymer blend lithography (PBL) is a spin-coating-based technique that makes use of the purely lateral phase separation between two immiscible polymers to fabricate large area nanoscale patterns. In our earlier work (Huang et al. 2012), PBL was demonstrated for the

• plasmonic resonance; metal islands; metal nanostructures; metal polymer blend lithography (metal PBL); nano-patterned template; nanoscale discs; optical transmission; perforated metal film; polymer phase separation; poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA); polystyrene (PS); self-assembly; spin-coating; surface

• polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend film from a blend solution ends with a purely lateral phase separation between the two immiscible polymers under controlled spin-coating parameters (see Figure 1a). As reported in our earlier publication, the ambient atmosphere (humidity), the molar mass

Automatic morphological characterization of nanobubbles with a novel image segmentation method and its application in the study of nanobubble coalescence

• Yuliang Wang,
• Huimin Wang,
• Shusheng Bi and
• Bin Guo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 952–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.98

• out. Moreover, the method was applied to evaluate the morphological changes occurring during coalescence. Experimental NB imaging A sample was prepared by spin coating a thin film of PS on a silicon (100) substrate at a speed of 500 rpm. The substrate was cleaned in a sonic bath of acetone and then

• water. PS particles (molecular weight 350,000, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in toluene (Mallinckrodt Chemical) to a concentration of 0.2 wt % to obtain the solution for spin coating. The contact angle of the PS surface with water was measured to be 95 ± 3° using a sessile drop method. A commercial AFM

Simple approach for the fabrication of PEDOT-coated Si nanowires

• Mingxuan Zhu,
• Marielle Eyraud,
• Judikael Le Rouzo,
• Nadia Ait Ahmed,
• Florence Boulc’h,
• Claude Alfonso,
• Philippe Knauth and
• François Flory

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 640–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.65

• high cost. The combination of spin-on doping (SOD) and rapid thermal annealing (RTM) was also attempted to achieve a core–shell Si homojunction [13][14], but this method failed to precisely control the thickness of the shell. Core–shell, radial p–n junctions can also be realized by simply spin coating

• heterojunction showed rectification behavior with a large saturation current density. A relatively low shunt resistance and a high saturation current are displayed by devices produced using the spin coating method. This is because the PEDOT:PSS only partially covers the SiNWs array, leaving most of the SiNW

• surface uncovered [16]. In order to improve the junction quality, a conformal PEDOT shell should be introduced to eliminate charge transport paths parallel to the diode. Compared with the spin coating technique, the electrochemical polymerization of PEDOT provides the possibility of excellent polymer

Hollow plasmonic antennas for broadband SERS spectroscopy

• Gabriele C. Messina,
• Mario Malerba,
• Pierfrancesco Zilio,
• Ermanno Miele,
• Michele Dipalo,
• Lorenzo Ferrara and
• Francesco De Angelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 492–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.50

• in depth [23]. Briefly, a layer of optical resist (Shipley S1813) is deposited by spin coating on the top of a silicon nitride membrane. The structure of the antenna is defined from the backside of the membrane by focused ion beam milling (FEI, NanoLab 600 dual beam system) using a gallium ion source

Electrical properties of single CdTe nanowires

• Elena Matei,
• Camelia Florica,
• Andreea Costas,
• María Eugenia Toimil-Molares and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 444–450, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.45

• transport through the nanowire, a third electrical contact was made to the n++ Si substrate. A comparison of the transport properties of the nanowires with and without a passivated thin layer of PMMA was performed. This polymer passivation layer was deposited onto the wire by means of spin coating. SEM

Tunable light filtering by a Bragg mirror/heavily doped semiconducting nanocrystal composite

• Ilka Kriegel and
• Francesco Scotognella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 193–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.18

• dispersion or film with a Bragg mirror, deposited with spin coating or sputtering techniques [7][8][45]. The application of this kind of tunable filtering component is very promising for various optical applications such as lasing, sensing, photovoltaics or information and communication technology. Scheme of

Poly(styrene)/oligo(fluorene)-intercalated fluoromica hybrids: synthesis, characterization and self-assembly

• Giuseppe Leone,
• Francesco Galeotti,
• William Porzio,
• Guido Scavia,
• Luisa Barba,
• Gianmichele Arrighetti,
• Giovanni Ricci,
• Chiara Botta and
• Umberto Giovanella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2450–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.254

• precipitated polymer was collected by filtration, repeatedly washed with fresh MeOH and dried in vacuum to constant weight (yield = 0.615 g; styrene conversion = 31%; Mw = 30.3 × 104 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 2.0) Preparation of films Films for optical characterization were obtained by casting or spin-coating a 20 mg·mL

In situ metalation of free base phthalocyanine covalently bonded to silicon surfaces

• Fabio Lupo,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Federico Bertani,
• Enrico Dalcanale and
• Guglielmo G. Condorelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2222–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.231

• by using different techniques including Langmuir–Blodgett deposition [9], spin-coating [10] and vapor deposition [10][11]. Well-organized monolayers and multilayers have been also obtained through self-assembly [12][13]. Among the various approaches adopted to organize phthalocyanines on surfaces

Near-field photochemical and radiation-induced chemical fabrication of nanopatterns of a self-assembled silane monolayer

• Ulrich C. Fischer,
• Carsten Hentschel,
• Florian Fontein,
• Linda Stegemann,
• Christiane Hoeppener,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Stefanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1441–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.156

• . The gold projection patterns are prepared on a glass substrate. Instead of backing this master with a thin gold film the formed metal structure is subsequently embedded in a flexible polymer matrix by spin coating of polystyrene dissolved in toluene as described above. The 1 mm2 patches of the

• attachment of molecules at a resolution of 30 nm. Experimental Mask fabrication and mask transfer The fabrication of mask 1 involves the following steps: A gold film is prepared through thermal evaporation of gold onto a cover glass. Then, a thin film of polystyrene is deposited onto the gold film by spin

• coating of a 2% solution of polystyrene (MW 100000) in toluene at 1500 rpm. The sandwich layer of the gold film and the polystyrene film is cut with a diamond marker into squares of about 2–3 mm. By dipping the coated cover glass slowly at an oblique angle into a water trough, the films are separated from

The study of surface wetting, nanobubbles and boundary slip with an applied voltage: A review

• Yunlu Pan,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1042–1065, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.117

• a sonication base of isopropyl alcohol. The PS film was then obtained by spin coating with the prepared PS solution at a speed of 2000 rpm. After that, the PS coated wafer was placed in an oven at 53 °C for 4 h to remove the remaining solvents. The thickness of the PS coating measured by an

Optical modeling-assisted characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO₂ nanotube arrays as photoanodes

• Jung-Ho Yun,
• Il Ku Kim,
• Yun Hau Ng,
• Lianzhou Wang and
• Rose Amal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.102

• dye and Pt layers were deposited on the Si wafer using spin coating under the condition of 2000 rpm for 60 s. For the TNT arrays, TNT arrays with three different lengths (3.3 μm, 11.5 μm, and 20.6 μm) were transplanted from Ti foil substrate to the Si wafer with 0.04 M TiCl4 solution and then calcined

One-step synthesis of high quality kesterite Cu₂ZnSnS₄ nanocrystals – a hydrothermal approach

• Vincent Tiing Tiong,
• John Bell and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 438–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.51

• as doctor blading, spin coating and screen printing which can be scaled-up easily. The recently reported thin film solar cells based on Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 11.1%, which has approached the benchmark for large scale production [8]. This great achievement shows

Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives

• Gisela L. Schulz,
• Marta Urdanpilleta,
• Roland Fitzner,
• Eduard Brier,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Egon Reinold and
• Peter Bäuerle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 680–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.77

• to energy levels of three different electron-accepting fullerene derivatives used in the various experiments. Solar cell devices were fabricated by spin-coating the DCV5T-Bu4:PCBM blend from hot solutions at 80 °C on ITO|PEDOT:PSS-coated substrates, which were heated to 90 °C. Subsequently 1 nm LiF

• using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The samples were prepared in the same way as the photoactive layers for the solar cell devices; by spin-coating the DCV5T-Bu4:PCBM blends from hot solutions at 80 °C on ITO|PEDOT:PSS-coated substrates heated to 90 °C. Figure 6 depicts the phase images of DCV5T-Bu4

• higher boiling point than CB (259 vs 132 °C), upon evaporation of CB during the final spin-coating stage, the CN content near the substrate increases. Considering the higher solubility of the oligothiophene in CN, we suggest that DCV5T-Bu4-richer domains are formed at the PEDOT:PSS interface. This

Femtosecond-resolved ablation dynamics of Si in the near field of a small dielectric particle

• Paul Kühler,
• Daniel Puerto,
• Mario Mosbacher,
• Paul Leiderer,
• Francisco Javier Garcia de Abajo,
• Jan Siegel and
• Javier Solis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 501–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.59

• Laboratories, Inc., nominal polydispersity 2%) stored in iso-propanol, were deposited on a Si(001)-wafer by means of spin coating. Using this technique it is feasible to control the particle density as well as it features prevalent particle isolation in the resulting distribution, with a particle separation

Near-field effects and energy transfer in hybrid metal-oxide nanostructures

• Ulrich Herr,
• Barat Achinuq,
• Cahit Benel,
• Giorgos Papageorgiou,
• Manuel Goncalves,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Peter Marek and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 306–317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.34

• samples. The fluorescence images of the samples coated with SiOx prior to spin coating of the VTLUNP solution (Figure 22c and Figure 22d) appear to be inverted when compared to the images without SiOx layer (Figure 22a and Figure 22b): one can see the pattern of the nanoantennas as bright spots in Figure

• nanophosphor layer structure. The approach used here is spin coating of nanosuspensions containing phosphor particles. Initial attempts with spin-coated TiO2:Eu nanophosphors show that large aggregates do still form in some places, although the general particle arrangement can be improved. It is demonstrated

• that these aggregates lead to high local fluorescence yields, which make a quantitative interpretation of the measured fluorescence intensities difficult. Better homogeneity of the fluorescent particle layer has been obtained by spin coating the nanoantennas with a commercial Eu-based organic

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• sensitized by CdS nanoparticles and to characterize these systems by using different methods (SEM, TEM, AES, UV–vis absorption, BET surface area measurements and Raman spectroscopy). Experimental Mesoporous In2O3 films were prepared by spin-coating deposition of a colloidal indium hydroxide solution onto

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• for the catalysts, which are then deposited by dip or spin coating or, alternatively, are filled into nanoporous architectures serving as templates for the CNT growth. Plasma vapor deposition is an efficient method for the preparation of thin films of metal catalysts with well-defined thicknesses. The

• deposited on flexible substrates. The inconvenience is the weak resistance to acid, the weak resistance after repeated strain and the weak conductivity in comparison to glass [128]. Peng [129] developed a CNTs/polymer composite material by spin-coating a polymer solution onto a VA-CNTs sample, followed by

Tuning the properties of magnetic thin films by interaction with periodic nanostructures

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Felix Haering,
• Stefan Nau,
• Carsten Schulze,
• Herbert Schletter,
• Denys Makarov,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Karsten Kuepper,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Johannes Boneberg and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 831–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.93

• nanostructuring and magnetism will be discussed in the following subsections. First, we present achievements and limitations of the approach. Monolayers of PS spheres have been prepared by drop-drying [21], spin-coating [22], Langmuir–Blodgett deposition or dip-coating techniques [23]. For PS sizes of 200 nm and

Current–voltage characteristics of single-molecule diarylethene junctions measured with adjustable gold electrodes in solution

• Bernd M. Briechle,
• Youngsang Kim,
• Philipp Ehrenreich,
• Artur Erbe,
• Dmytro Sysoiev,
• Thomas Huhn,
• Ulrich Groth and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 798–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.89

• (Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX600 (600 MHz) and a Jeol ECP-Eclipse 400 (400 MHz). Device fabrication The spin-coating of polyimide (2 μm in thickness) was performed on a softly polished bronze wafer (200 μm in thickness), and then the wafer

• was annealed for 6 h at 430 °C in vacuum (10−5 mbar). The polyimide layer serves as an electrical insulator and a sacrificial layer in the subsequent etching process. Prior to performing the electron beam lithography process, a double layer of electron-beam resists, MMA-MAA/PMMA, was deposited by spin

• -coating on the wafer. After developing, the patterned samples were mounted in an electron-beam evaporator under ultrahigh vacuum (10−9 mbar), and gold of about 80 nm thickness was deposited at a rate of 1 Å/s. After lift-off, the polyimide layer was partially etched away (thickness reduction ≈700 nm) by

The memory effect of nanoscale memristors investigated by conducting scanning probe microscopy methods

• César Moreno,
• Carmen Munuera,
• Xavier Obradors and
• Carmen Ocal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 722–730, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.82

• spin coating, at 6000 rpm for 2 min, and annealed at temperatures in the range of 900–1000 °C under an oxygen gas flux, for different times up to 12 h. Heteroepitaxial growth of LSMO films was confirmed by θ–2θ XRD patterns and XRD q-plot measurements showed that the films are fully strained. The

Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers

• Cheng Huang,
• Markus Moosmann,
• Jiehong Jin,
• Tobias Heiler,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.71

• produce patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on solid substrates featuring two or three different chemical functionalities. For the pattern generation we use the phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a blend solution during a spin-coating process. By controlling the spin-coating parameters

• inducing breath figures (evaporated condensed entity) at higher humidity during the spin-coating process. Here we demonstrate the formation of a lateral pattern consisting of regions covered with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and at the same

• growth of ZnO nanostructures [1]. Keywords: breath figure; nanopatterned template; polymer blend lithography (PBL); self-assembled monolayer (SAM); self assembly; spin coating; vapor phase; Introduction Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are well-known and have been intensively studied for many years

The oriented and patterned growth of fluorescent metal–organic frameworks onto functionalized surfaces

• Jinliang Zhuang,
• Jasmin Friedel and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 570–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.66

• ][30], electrochemical deposition [33], gel-layer deposition [35], spin-coating deposition from a precursor solution [17][45], Langmuir–Blodgett based layer-by-layer method [34][46], and direct step-wise layer-by-layer growth [29][31][44][47][48]. Of these, the latter method is particular suitable

Surface functionalization of aluminosilicate nanotubes with organic molecules

• Wei Ma,
• Weng On Yah,
• Hideyuki Otsuka and
• Atsushi Takahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 82–100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.10

• was evaluated by measurement of the water contact angle (CA) of the DDPO4-imogolite film. DDPO4-imogolite was dispersed in ethanol at a concentration of 2 mg mL−1, and this dispersion was cast onto a silicon wafer by spin coating. For comparison, an aqueous imogolite solution was also cast onto a

• -substituted polythiophene systems was reported [84]. Using a simple solution fabrication process, by dispersing carbon nanotubes in a polythiophene solution followed by spin coating of the solution onto a glass substrate, a highly sensitive and selective chemiresistor was successfully developed. Due to the

• powerful tool for the direct observation of the aggregation of polymeric nanofibers. By spin coating a dilute solution in anisole, a network of nanofibers more or less entirely covers the silicon substrate. The dimensions of the nanofiber were determined from DFM images; as shown in Figure 23a, P3HT