Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• altered the FRET response, which was exploited for sensing of acidic pH (3–5.5) with a low step size (0.2–0.3) within synthetic vesicles that mimicked the intracellular environment. The in cellulo study in HeLa cells demonstrated the efficient cellular uptake of the DNA device without the need for a

• scaffolds to construct and modulate structural and functional patterns. The tetrahedron with regular edges and acmes is a perfect architectural shape for the construction of DNA nanoarchitectures. The virus-mimetic feature of the DNA tetrahedron accounts for the facile cellular uptake via a caveolin

• oligonucleotide sequences, DNA tiles were also used to build DNA tetrahedrons. In another approach, DNA tetrahedron cages were prepared for efficient cellular uptake and imaging of live cells [67]. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were cultured with a range of fluorescently tagged DNA tetrahedrons, and the

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• are dethroning small molecules as leading therapeutics. Given their immense potential, they are highly sought after. However, their application is limited mostly due to their poor in vivo stability, limited cellular uptake and insufficient target specificity. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent

• that several CPPs are able to induce and shift between different uptake mechanisms depending on their concentration, cargo or the cell line used. This review will focus on the major internalization pathways CPPs exploit, their characteristics and regulation, as well as some of the factors that

• influence the cellular uptake mechanism. Keywords: cell-penetrating peptides; direct translocation; drug delivery; endocytosis; internalization; Introduction The cell membrane is a semipermeable barrier, serving as a protective layer for the cells. It is an essential organelle for cell survival and

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• all a higher aspect ratio (Rg/RH) and a lower fractal dimension. We then compared the kinetics of uptake and the (antiluciferase) siRNA delivery performance in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and in human HCT-116 colorectal tumor cells. The preparative method (and therefore the internal particle

• morphology) had little effect on the uptake kinetics and no statistically relevant influence on silencing (templated particles often showing a lower silencing). Cell-specific factors, on the contrary, overwhelmingly determined the efficacy of the carriers, with, e.g., those containing low-MW chitosan

• the different preparative processes may affect nanoparticle uptake and the release of encapsulated payloads using a murine macrophagic (RAW 264.7) and a human colorectal tumor (HCT-116) cell line, both popular in vitro models for the study of cellular interactions of HA-based materials [20][22

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• the receptor. Although, steric blockade of the targeting motif is possible due to the dynamic exchange events association with the evolution of the hard and soft corona, even on pegylated liposomes. Cell binding and uptake of GRPR-targeted liposomes The targeting capacity of cystabn-decorated

• , quantification of cell-uptake was judged by flow cytometry analysis of A549-GRPR cells exposed to fluorescently tagged target-lipo (FL-Target-lipo) or tagged control-lipo (FL-Control-lipo) formulations. Preliminary studies using FL-Target-lipo including 1 mol % targeting lipid showed marginal increases in

• that GRPR targeting with cystabn peptide increases cell uptake of liposomes, most likely through receptor-mediated uptake. Taken together the flow cytometry and microscopy data demonstrate that, using a fluorescently labelled model liposomal carrier, the relative increase in cell uptake afforded by

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• on the ability of functional fusion proteins presenting a lytic gamma peptide, to promote interactions with HeLa cells and delivery of large hybrid nanostructures. Keywords: bioconjugation; cellular uptake; nanoparticle hybrids; polymer encapsulation; self-assembly; Introduction Developing hybrid

• various proteins, and among them the human transferrin protein was found to induce the highest intracellular uptake following 24 h incubation of these hybrids with cell cultures [5]. In the second, functional colloidal superstructures assembled using DNA linkers elicited a reduction in the response of

• groups have investigated mechanisms for intracellular-uptake and in vivo biodistribution of various nanomaterials [9][10][11]. Due to the complexity of nanostructured materials combined with the intricacy of cell biology, it has been proven very difficult to develop a good understanding of what controls

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• used in cellular uptake studies. The cells were imaged with a Zeiss Axio Imager.M2 instrument at an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and emission of 520 nm. Results and Discussion Fabrication and properties of fluorescent boron nitride nanotubes The pH-responsive fluorescent coatings were formed on the

• uptake of P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs into human normal prostate epithelium (PNT1A) and human prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines, we used fluorescence microscopy with excitation at 490 nm and emission at 520 nm (Figure 9). The autofluorescence of healthy cells and cancer cells was strictly avoided

• BNNTs clearly showed fluorescence not only in the nuclei but also in the cytosol. The reason for this is likely due to the more internalized material compared to the healthy cells as a result of higher metabolic activity of cancer cells. This study clearly shows that the cellular uptake of P(AA-co-FA

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• IONPs was also performed. The NV-based 3D magnetic imaging method was then applied to diagnostic imaging of liver specimens (tissue) from a model of hepatic iron overload in a mouse and of dynamic endocytic uptake of IONPs in live mammalian cells. Magnetometry based on the electron spin of NV defects in

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• cancer [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Another important aspect of the efficacy of nanoparticles as delivery system for anticancer is their uptake and, in turn, the drug transport into cancer cells. Uptake mechanisms may differ between different types of nanoparticles, which may affect their effectiveness as

• . It is the only preparation in which nanoparticles have a size clearly smaller than 100 nm (72.6 ± 3.3 nm, Figure 1). This might indicate that the cellular uptake of smaller nanoparticles is higher than that of larger nanoparticles, which is coherent with previous findings showing that cellular uptake

• shown to bypass efflux-mediated drug resistance [25]. This included various nanoparticle and liposome formulations of the ABCB1 substrate doxorubicin that were shown to modify the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of doxorubicin resulting in enhanced effects against ABCB1-expressing cancer

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• of apoptosis, suggesting that the actions of P2 on induction of cell apoptosis could be altered after loading in phytosomes. One reason might be the changed drug uptake pathway. The free drugs were taken up by passive transport, while the phytosomes were taken up through endocytosis [39]. Besides

Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for dual-modality imaging of intracranial glioblastoma via EGFRvIII targeting

• Xianping Liu,
• Chengjuan Du,
• Haichun Li,
• Ting Jiang,
• Zimiao Luo,
• Zhiqing Pang,
• Daoying Geng and
• Jun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1860–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.181

• centrifugation was performed at 1000 rpm for 4 min. Finally, 0.5 mL of PBS (0.01 M, pH 7.4) was used to suspend the cells and the fluorescence intensity of the cells was ascertained by flow cytometry (BD, USA). Cellular uptake of PEG-SPIONs The cellular uptake of NPs and PNPs were investigated on U87MG and U87MG

• qualitative analysis, the cells were washed with PBS (0.01 M, pH 7.4) three times, then DAPI-stained and observed under a fluorescence microscope (Leica, DMI4000B, Germany). For the quantitative examination of the cellular uptake of the nanoprobes, U87MG and U87MG-EGFRvIII cells were harvested after trypsin

• multifunctional vehicles for biomedical applications. EGFRvIII expression in U87MG-EGFRvIII cells Before assessing the uptake of the nanoprobes by different cells, EGFRvIII expression in U87MG-EGFRvIII cells was initially validated. As shown in Figure 3a, an obviously higher fluorescence intensity was observed in

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• adsorption [28]. In a customized gravimetric analysis setup (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3), COP-100 and COP-100-Film were tested for CO2 uptake, where 9% and 2.4% of CO2 sorption were observed in 3 h at 40 °C, respectively (Figure 6a). Despite the far worse CO2 adsorption performance compared to

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• cell cultures using standardized and reliable assay protocols to adequately assess and explain the effects [39]. Exposure to NPs may lead to their uptake, translocation, and most likely, biotransformation within the body. It has been demonstrated that AgNPs and AuNPs can be absorbed into systemic

• reduces or increases their safety. For this purpose, the efficiency of NP uptake, cell viability, apoptosis induction, oxidative stress response and genotoxicity parameters of L929 cells treated with prepared NPs were determined and compared with control cells. A range of NP concentrations were tested for

• transport may lead to intracellular NP dissolution, which may trigger a cascade of different toxic actions. Further safety tests were performed using a concentration range of NPs or ions that did not cause a decrease of cell viability by more than 80%. Uptake of all tested NPs, as determined by flow

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• removed as much as possible by washing with acetonitrile (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S11). The precipitated NiGa nanoparticles exhibited over three runs very high conversion rates of 82–96% (Table 3). After 30 min the hydrogen consumption reaches a plateau at an H2 uptake value that

• nickel with 5 ± 1 nm and of gallium with 40 ± 5 nm, see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S9 and Figure S10. d) No nanoparticle formation in [EMIm][FB(CN)3] from Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* after 24 h of dispersion and 30 min of microwave-induced decomposition. Top: Hydrogen uptake as a function of the time

• for the semihydrogenation of 0.018 mol 4-octyne (2 g, 2.7 mL) using 0.1 g NiGa@[BMIm][NTf2] dispersion (1 wt % = 0.001 g in total metal, 7.8 µmol NiGa) as catalyst at a 4-octyne/metal ratio of 1:2331, 150 °C, 5 bar H2, 3 h. A 100% conversion corresponds to an H2 uptake of 0.018 mol (36 mg, 403 mL

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• -dependent steep water uptake of up to 20 mmol g−1 at 0.5 p/p0 with potential for water harvesting and heat pump applications. We furthermore investigate the temperature-induced structural transition by in situ powder X-ray diffraction. At temperatures beyond 110 °C, the open-pore state of the nanometer

• -98op, water adsorption experiments were conducted at 298 K for DUT-98(2)–(4) (Figure 5a). In DUT-98(1), no significant adsorption of water can be observed, indicating that structural opening cannot be induced via water adsorption. On the other hand, in DUT-98(2), an increase in uptake is observed

• again at around a relative pressure of 0.5, however the uptake is found to be almost three times higher compared to DUT-98(2). DUT-98(4) exhibits the same steep increase but a wide hysteresis at higher pressure, indicating the dominant contribution of interparticle mesoporosity over the microporosity of

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• -mediated drug efflux [29]. Differences in the mode of uptake and cellular distribution of the nanoparticles from different materials may be responsible for these discrepancies. HSA nanoparticles may be internalised upon interaction with cellular albumin receptors [30][31]. Notably, nab-paclitaxel, an HSA

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• according to the IUPAC classification (Figure 3A) [69]. Up to a relative pressure of p/p0 < 0.4 almost no adsorptive interactions take place. The step at a relative pressure of p/p0 = 0.4 is assigned to the filling of micropores. PUUP-800-1 shows the highest uptake in this range because it has the highest

• micropore volume. At relative pressures of p/p0 > 0.8, PUUP-800-1 shows a lower water adsorption uptake than sample PUUP-800-2. This can be attributed to the higher mesopore volume of PUUP-800-2 [71]. A direct correlation between the nitrogen content of the samples and the water adsorption behavior is not

• observed since the uptake is not significantly shifted to lower relative pressures. A reduction of the total amount of adsorbed water is observed for sample PUPC-800-3 and corresponds to a decreased total pore volume and nitrogen content (Table 1, Figure 2B,D). The hydrophilicity of the N-doped carbon

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• oxygen adsorption uptake and heat of oxygen adsorption varied with oxidation time. The oxidation of NB-ORG immediately increased the O2 adsorption and decreased the heat of adsorption. The increase in adsorption uptake accelerates the following elementary step through the concentration term in the rate

• technique with an upper temperature limit of 1600 °C on the treatment temperature. (b) Dependence of the BET specific surface area of the prepared carbons within the heat-treatment time. Dependence of the oxygen adsorption properties at −80 °C. (a) O2 adsorption uptake measured using a static method. (b

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• component in nanoarchitectured materials. Halloysite nanotubes are aluminosilicates of cylindrical shape with the length ranging between 500 and 1000 nm and a lumen diameter between 15 and 70 nm [13]. The lumens represent an ideal nanospace for the uptake and preservation of diverse functional species

• including drugs, proteins, and enzymes [14][15][16][17][18], even serving as nanoreactor for chemical processes [19]. Of particular interest is the use of HNTs for the uptake of enzymes in an approach for the development of (bio)electrochemical devices like biosensors and enzymatic biofuel cells (EBCs) [20

• showed a drastic loss of enzymatic activity when GOx was incorporated in the film without previous immobilization within HNTs. Hence, GOx was immobilized in the HNT clay prior to its incorporation into the multicomponent mixture. The uptake of GOx was 7.7 ± 0.2 wt % according to CHN elemental analysis

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• them highly attractive samples for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) applications. Indeed, selected polymers from this series rank among the CTFs with the highest CO2 uptake at ambient pressure reported so far in the literature (up to 5.23 and 3.83 mmol·g−1 at 273 and 298 K, respectively

• has been used in equimolar amount with either I or II, while keeping the ZnCl2/monomer(s) molar ratio constant at 5:1. Isotherms recorded on mixed CTFs (CTF4,5) account for materials with markedly higher gas-uptake capacities compared to CTF3. Indeed, the use of a co-monomer for III in the

• mesoporous and N-poor solids (CTF2) were ideal candidates for the CO2 capture and storage. Among the prepared CTFs, CTF1 and CTF4 exhibit a CO2 adsorption uptake at ambient pressure as high as 5.23 and 3.83 mmol·g−1 at 273 and 298 K, respectively. A comparative analysis with the current literature data

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Cellular uptake and intracellular antioxidant activity of the particles were evaluated by an iron assay and flow cytometry, respectively, using L-929 and LN-229 cells. Compared to the control, the phenolic modification significantly reduced intracellular reactive

• oxygen species (ROS) levels to 35–56%, which was associated with a 6–8-times higher cellular uptake in L-929 cells and a 21–31-times higher cellular uptake in LN-229 cells. In contrast, γ-Fe2O3@Hep particles induced a 3.8-times and 14.9-times higher cellular uptake without inducing antioxidant activity

• . In conclusion, the high cellular uptake and the antioxidant properties associated with the phenolic moieties in the modified particles allow for a potential application in biomedical areas. Keywords: antioxidants; chitosan; maghemite nanoparticles; oxidative stress; phenolic compound; Introduction

Correlation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with the surface density of gold nanoparticles: evaluation of the critical number of SERS tags for a detectable signal

• Vincenzo Amendola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1016–1023, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.102

• immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, but the analyte may also be naturally immobilized on a surface, such as an antigen overexpressed in cancerous cell membrane [20][21][22]. SERS labels are also useful to probe the uptake of nanomaterial inside living cells [23][24][25][26]. There are many advantages connected

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• for the biological response in terms of body biodistribution, cellular uptake, and toxicity. The corona is dynamic in nature and it is well known that the composition varies in dependence of the physicochemical properties of the NPs. In the present study we investigated the protein corona that forms

• of NPs forming a protein corona [4]. Consequently, the synthetic identity of the NPs is replaced by a new biological identity that determines their physiological response including biodistribution, cellular uptake, trafficking, and toxicity [5]. Corona formation is a very dynamic process in nature

• biological response and the pharmacokinetic behavior of colloidal drug carrier systems in the body. For instance, the coating of polystyrene NPs with HSA enhances their circulating lifetime in blood and reduces hepatic uptake clearance after intravenous injection into rats [25]. In contrast, some high

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• metabolic state of cells have to be further characterized before use for medical purposes. Keywords: blood–brain barrier; laser tissue soldering; nanomedicine; nanoparticle uptake; rBCEC4 cells; Introduction Nanotechnology is commonly used in various fields, such as agriculture and pharmaceutical industry

• by both cell types. However, uptake was found to be more prominent in RBE4 cells compared to MDCK II cells [18]. After exposure of rat primary cultured brain microvessel ECs (rBMECs) to Au-NPs, smaller NPs were demonstrated to be taken up to a higher extent compared to larger NPs. Overall, only the

• -NPs on cell viability, induction of inflammation and uptake and intracellular localization of NPs. Results NP effects on rBCEC4 cell viability rBCEC4 cells were exposed to five different NP concentrations for each of the three NP types used, namely PCL-, PLLA- and Au-NP, for 2 and 24 h (Figure 1

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• dual-functionalized GO for the photothermal enhancement of gene delivery [23]. Xiong et al. studied the synergistic effects of PEG-functionalized GO for chemo-photothermal therapy [24]. Tian et al. revealed that PEG-GO enhanced the uptake of chlorin e6 by cancer cells [25]. Shen et al. exploited the

• enzymes CAT, SOD, and GST was also revealed. The increased amount of MDA, and the reduced concentration levels of antioxidant enzymes directly indicate the tissue damage after the uptake of PEG-nGO. Our findings demonstrate the slow recovery of organs. After 4 h of administration, the organs were still