The nanofluidic confinement apparatus: studying confinement-dependent nanoparticle behavior and diffusion

• Stefan Fringes,
• Felix Holzner and
• Armin W. Knoll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 301–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.30

• Abstract The behavior of nanoparticles under nanofluidic confinement depends strongly on their distance to the confining walls; however, a measurement in which the gap distance is varied is challenging. Here, we present a versatile setup for investigating the behavior of nanoparticles as a function of the

• (termed height) and the lateral diffusion of 60 nm, charged, Au nanospheres as a function of confinement between a glass surface and a polymer surface. Interferometric scattering detection provides an effective particle illumination time of less than 30 μs, which results in lateral and vertical position

• . This result cannot be explained by hydrodynamic effects, including the asymmetric vertical position of the particles in the gap. Instead we attribute it to an electroviscous effect. For strong confinement of less than 120 nm gap distance, we detect the onset of subdiffusion, which can be correlated to

Anchoring of a dye precursor on NiO(001) studied by non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Sara Freund,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Nathalie Marinakis,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 242–249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.26

• evidence of flat-lying molecules on the substrate with trans-conformation could be demonstrated. Furthermore, DCPDMbpy exhibits a chiral character upon confinement on a surface leading to the appearance of two different surface enantiomers. Upon increasing the coverage, molecular islands with two symmetric

Dopant-stimulated growth of GaN nanotube-like nanostructures on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

• Alexey D. Bolshakov,
• Alexey M. Mozharov,
• Georgiy A. Sapunov,
• Igor V. Shtrom,
• Nickolay V. Sibirev,
• Vladimir V. Fedorov,
• Evgeniy V. Ubyivovk,
• Maria Tchernycheva,
• George E. Cirlin and
• Ivan S. Mukhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.17

• offer a new degree of freedom due to possible confinement effects. It has been previously demonstrated that GaN NTs may be synthesized using the following methods: 1) chemical vapor deposition of nitrogen precursor with gallium precursor in the presence of catalysts such as Ni, In or Au [11][12][13]; 2

Nematic topological defects positionally controlled by geometry and external fields

• Pavlo Kurioz,
• Marko Kralj,
• Bryce S. Murray,
• Charles Rosenblatt and
• Samo Kralj

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 109–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.13

• of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 10.3762/bjnano.9.13 Abstract Using a Landau–de Gennes approach, we study the impact of confinement topology, geometry

• and external fields on the spatial positioning of nematic topological defects (TDs). In quasi two-dimensional systems we demonstrate that a confinement-enforced total topological charge of m > 1/2 decays into elementary TDs bearing a charge of m = 1/2. These assemble close to the bounding substrate to

• enable essentially bulk-like uniform nematic ordering in the central part of a system. This effect is reminiscent of the Faraday cavity phenomenon in electrostatics. We observe that in certain confinement geometries, varying the correlation length size of the order parameter could trigger a global

Design of photonic microcavities in hexagonal boron nitride

• Sejeong Kim,
• Milos Toth and
• Igor Aharonovich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 102–108, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.12

• effect of the thickness of the 2D photonic crystal slab as is shown in Figure 2b. The simulated slab thickness is varied up to 300 nm since that is a realistic thickness of typical hBN flakes prepared by the scotch tape exfoliation method. Thicker slabs exhibit stronger light confinement, which results

PTFE-based microreactor system for the continuous synthesis of full-visible-spectrum emitting cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

• Chengxi Zhang,
• Weiling Luan,
• Yuhang Yin and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2521–2529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.252

• increasing iodine content causes the shifts of 0.8°, 1.5° and 2° at the diffraction peak at 2θ = 30° for the yellow, orange, and red QDs, respectively, indicating the doping of iodine into the crystal structure. There is no diffraction peak at 2θ = 15° for the blue and orange QDs due to the confinement of

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• on various parameters, including the crystal defects, oxygen vacancies, phonon confinement, and inhomogeneous strain related to the reduced ceria [31][32]. Herein, the shift can be related to the interaction between the MOx species and CeO2 surface, which leads to lengthening and weakening of the M–O

Changes of the absorption cross section of Si nanocrystals with temperature and distance

• Michael Greben,
• Petro Khoroshyy,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Margit Zacharias and
• Jan Valenta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2315–2323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.231

• silicon, which reveals all advantages of the quantum confinement effect [1], is a promising candidate for the development of a new generation of Si photovoltaic and photonic devices [2]. SiO2-embedded silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) can be relatively easy integrated into current CMOS technology. In

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• . However, the confinement of Ta and Al2O3 to the initially deposited metallic and spacer layers are much less pronounced. In other words, some of the Ta atoms diffuse to the alumina spacer layers, while a part of the alumina diffuses to the metallic layers. Importantly, the TaN− profile of the ML12m9

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• -excitation channels of the same type found for lower Mg doping. Nevertheless, the activation energies in this work are clearly higher. This result suggests: i) a decrease of the possible confinement of charge carriers in the radiative states; ii) a non-significant change of the overall density of non

• confinement. The XRD results suggest a small increase of the WZ fraction in these nanowires but cannot clarify this question. We must note that PL is a technique that inspects a large quantity of nanowires simultaneously and the discussion of its results with the ones from local analyses like the ones

• polytypism involving single-phase segments with quite different thicknesses creates different levels of quantum confinement which is reflected in a spread of localization energies of charge carriers in the wells, thus affecting the photon energies of the radiative transitions. Thirdly, no experimental

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• fluorophores for cellular imaging [57][83][85][90][91][92][93]. The unique optical properties of semiconductor quantum dots including quantum confinement effect, wide absorption spectrum (i.e., broad excitation band), and narrow emission spectrum (i.e., tunable fluorescence emission via QD bandgap engineering

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• ) (PDMS), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) [24]. Microcontact printing (μCP) is a commonly exploited technique that uses a PDMS elastomer to stamp patterns of reactive substances on mostly flat surfaces [17]. It is also widely adopted for the confinement of pattern formation on vapor-deposited coating

• confinement of these chemical conducts in relevant locations of interest. The vapor deposition process and the resulting thin polymer films provide consistent coatings, which decouple the underlying substrate surface properties and can be applied for surface modification on most of the substrate geometry and

3D continuum phonon model for group-IV 2D materials

• Morten Willatzen,
• Lok C. Lew Yan Voon,
• Appala Naidu Gandi and
• Udo Schwingenschlögl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1345–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.136

• displacement. Confinement of the optical phonon modes implies . Assuming [type I] where are constants, the Maxwell–Poisson equation and the boundary conditions are fulfilled if εzz(ω) = 0. Hence confined optical phonons exist in graphene. Application: silicene We refer to silicene as the canonical example of

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• role, in particular whenever the nanostructure morphology shows anisotropy at the local scale. Polarization can induce strong confinement of plasmons in the resonance region in close correlation with the local surface morphology, characterized by a pattern of hills and valleys. As a consequence, an

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• properties of a material with a pore-size gradient, have not been demonstrated yet. For nanocellular polymers, for example, two opposite effects were predicted: (i) local hardening of the material due to material confinement on nanometre dimensions [21] and (ii) a great reduction of elastic modulus of thin

• to 254 nm for pore area fractions of 35% and 17%, respectively. A decreasing pore-wall thickness may stimulate the confinement of the polymer chains within the pore walls and lead to a reduced mobility of the macromolecules, as it was described for PMMA-based low-density nanoporous materials with

• mean pore size of 200 nm [29]. However, the pores in our sample are well above this size. Therefore, we do not expect to observe such a confinement effect. Although the cell size in cellular materials fit to a log-normal [28][30][31][32] or gamma [32] distribution, the arithmetical mean μ and the

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• . Without a templating outer nanotube, fluctuations in growth conditions result in a finite lifetime of the catalyst. And growth stops once the particle is deactivated by a passivating layer of carbon. However, inside the atomically tight tubular confinement provided the outer nanotube, the formation of a

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• close to the conductivity of the pristine IL indicating that the confinement of the IL into a matrix does not significantly affect the conductivity [11][16][17]. Again using the same IL, Martinelli and coworkers have provided a set of interesting studies on how the ion flexibility and dynamics affect

• where the IL confinement leads to an intermediate state between liquid and solid (conductivity vs mechanical strength, respectively), since σ298 K = 3.15 × 10−3 S·cm−1 and σ343 K = 1.12 × 10−2 S·cm−1 for one of the best polymer nanocomposite ionogel composed of modified PMMA bearing trimethoxysilane

• what has been reported so far [23][24]. These data therefore show that all organosilica monoliths yield stable monolithic IGs with high IL loading. DSC data (Figure 11) and EIS analysis (Figure 12-14) show that (i) the confinement of the IL in the matrix does not affect its physical properties and (ii

Fiber optic sensors based on hybrid phenyl-silica xerogel films to detect n-hexane: determination of the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption

• Jesús C. Echeverría,
• Ignacio Calleja,
• Paula Moriones and
• Julián J. Garrido

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 475–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.51

• confinement effects related to the condensation of adsorbates in narrower mesopores [27][28]. The solid–fluid interaction increases as the pore size diminishes and, therefore, the adsorption enthalpy in the phase transition region [26]. Conclusion We investigated the response, in the presence of n-hexane, of

Flexible photonic crystal membranes with nanoparticle high refractive index layers

• Torben Karrock,
• Moritz Paulsen and
• Martina Gerken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 203–209, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.22

• . As seen from Equation 2 these two changes have opposite effects on the resonance wavelength λ. Additional, the effective refractive index for modes of higher wavelength reduces due to the smaller confinement factor in the waveguide layer. Figure 3 plots the experimentally observed resonance shifts

Tunable plasmons in regular planar arrays of graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag-shaped edges

• Cristian Vacacela Gomez,
• Michele Pisarra,
• Mario Gravina and
• Antonello Sindona

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 172–182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.18

• platform for controlling the propagation of surface-plasmon waves [15], because of its unique electronic and optical properties [16]. In particular, the extrinsic plasmons of this one-atom-thick hexagonal lattice of sp-bonded carbon atoms have shown much stronger confinement, larger tunablity and lower

• evidently absent in graphene. Quantum confinement and chirality are key factors for plasmon resonances at frequencies smaller than 2 eV. We see that zigzag systems exhibit an intraband plasmon, while armchair systems present an interband plasmon. These two modes correspond to the surface and edge plasmons

Effect of Anderson localization on light emission from gold nanoparticle aggregates

• Mohamed H. Abdellatif,
• Marco Salerno,
• Gaser N. Abdelrasoul,
• Ioannis Liakos,
• Alice Scarpellini,
• Sergio Marras and
• Alberto Diaspro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2013–2022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.192

• , respectively. The photon localization phenomena have been used intensively in optical antennas [9]. The understanding of the behavior of optical confinement would help the growing areas of photodetection [10], light emission [11], sensing [12] and spectroscopy [1]. Another crucial property of metals is the

• -similar pattern allowed nanofocusing and high field enhancement to be achieved in the subwavelength regime. The principle of confinement of optical pulses in metal nanoparticles arises from the existence of plasmons in metals, consisting of collective oscillations of an electron gas. In this work, we

• symmetric plasmon has a larger dipole moment and couples easily with light giving rise to plasmon absorption [20]. This can be seen in the PL emission from the AuNPs, since field enhancement due to confinement is possible by controlling the gaps and distances between the nanoparticles to create hot spots

Zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons: one-dimensional resonant channels in two-dimensional atomic crystals

• Carlos. J. Páez,
• Dario. A. Bahamon,
• Ana L. C. Pereira and
• Peter. A. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1983–1990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.189

• Paulo, SP, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.7.189 Abstract We theoretically investigate phosphorene zigzag nanoribbons as a platform for constriction engineering. In the presence of a constriction at one of the edges, quantum confinement of edge-protected states reveals conductance peaks, if the edge is uncoupled

• different character than the resonances in the central band we will be focusing on. These transmission plateaus are due to the lateral confinement in a nanoribbon. This is confirmed by the green curve for mZ = 15, a deep step leading to a large shifting of the valence and conduction bands transmission

• would become rather involved with the presence of defect-induced barriers. However, scanning probe microscopy remains a way to reveal the edge quantum confinement. Conclusion So far, we have ignored the effect of Coulomb interactions. It is well known that the interplay of Coulomb blockade and quantum

Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• , Université H. Poincarré-CNRS, F-5406 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France Interfaces, Confinement, Matériaux et Nanostructures, UMR7374 Université d'Orléans-CNRS, F-45071 Orléans cedex, France Université Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, Inst NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France 10.3762/bjnano

Precise in situ etch depth control of multilayered III−V semiconductor samples with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) equipment

• Ann-Kathrin Kleinschmidt,
• Lars Barzen,
• Johannes Strassner,
• Christoph Doering,
• Henning Fouckhardt,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Michael Wahl and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1783–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.171

• mask of photoresist has been used to define the stripes (laser ridges). Adjacent to each of the ridges the upper cladding, the active region, and the lower cladding are removed by dry-etching to achieve strong optical confinement (compare [35]). In a second lithographic process (process II, see Figure

Fingerprints of a size-dependent crossover in the dimensionality of electronic conduction in Au-seeded Ge nanowires

• Maria Koleśnik-Gray,
• Gillian Collins,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Vojislav Krstić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1574–1578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.151

• have quasi one-dimensional character as reflected by the extracted screening lengths. Keywords: electrical transport; germanium nanowires; quasi-1D confinement; screening length; VLS growth; Results and Discussion Synthetic germanium nanowires (Ge NWs) have been proposed as potential next-generation