First-principles study of the structure of water layers on flat and stepped Pb electrodes

• Xiaohang Lin,
• Ferdinand Evers and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 533–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.47

• rearrangement. On Pb(100), there is a charge accumulation below the water molecules which bind through their oxygen atom to the Pb atoms and a charge depletion below the water molecule in the H-down configuration. However, the polarization of the adsorbed water molecules on Pb(100) is significantly smaller than

• yellow, charge depletion in blue. Upper two panels: Snapshots of the AIMD simulation of water layers at a temperature of 140 K on a) Pb(111), b) Pb(100), c) Pb(311) d) Pb(511) and e) Pb(711) in top and side view; lower panel: trajectories of the oxygen atoms of the water molecules along the AIMD run

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• an early stage, but since superposition of the signals from components in the modified BBM or the cyanobacteria themselves together with gold have been found, no useful data for the depletion of gold ions from the solution could be collected in this case [29]. Therefore another spectroscopic element

Hydration of magnesia cubes: a helium ion microscopy study

• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Johannes Schneider,
• Gilles R. Bourret and
• Oliver Diwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 302–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.28

• the case of solid-to-solid transformations [26][27][28]. Such transformations can very often lead to hollow structures due to the depletion of the reactant in the center of the nanoparticle that diffuses to react on the outside of the nanoparticle. In such cases, the volume expansion after the

Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological environment

• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Ivona Capjak,
• Tea Crnković,
• Marija Lovrić,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Ivana Vinković Vrček and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 246–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.23

• surface. BSA may be bound by a relatively strong covalent bond between the NPs surface and cysteine groups or via protein–protein electrostatic or depletion interactions. If both interactions take place simultaneously, the thickness of a PC will vary depending on the type of NP. The ELS data showed that

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• are: heating the sample ex situ while hydrogen etching for 30 min at 950 °C; preparing a silicon rich phase (3 × 3) in a Si flux and then heating the sample for 30 min at 1000 °C; or heating the sample at around 1000 °C under Si flux to remove the native oxide and to avoid silicon depletion of the

Core-level spectra and molecular deformation in adsorption: V-shaped pentacene on Al(001)

• Anu Baby,
• He Lin,
• Gian Paolo Brivio,
• Luca Floreano and
• Guido Fratesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2242–2251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.230

• density depletion in the close proximity of the C–Al bond, with overall electron transfer from the surface to pentacene. An excess electronic charge of ΔQ = 0.56e is calculated on the adsorbed molecule, by means of Löwdin charge partitioning scheme [29][30]. One also observes (see the red regions in

• it also involves large contributions from the π system polarizing towards the surface, because the planar symmetry of pentacene is lost at the B site. Note in particular the region of electron depletion (blue coloured) that is observed in Figure 5h,i just above the Al atom located below the 1s

• -excited C1: such depletion corresponds to a reduction of the C–Al bond shown in Figure 2c, and is absent in Figure 5k,l for excitation on C2. Hence, a larger destabilization of adsorption is expected for the core hole in C1 than in C2. Therefore the presence of core hole reduces the binding energy of C2

Kelvin probe force microscopy for local characterisation of active nanoelectronic devices

• Tino Wagner,
• Hannes Beyer,
• Patrick Reissner,
• Philipp Mensch,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2193–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.225

• surface state density and Schottky depletion region in semiconductor nanowires [4][5] or to determine the mean free path in carbon nanotubes [6]. KFM also allows one to determine intrinsic doping of two-dimensional crystals such as graphene [7][8], where surface potential and electronic properties depend

Comprehensive characterization and understanding of micro-fuel cells operating at high methanol concentrations

• Aldo S. Gago,
• Juan-Pablo Esquivel,
• Neus Sabaté,
• Joaquín Santander and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2000–2006, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.203

• consumption starts; the anode potential decreases by 70 mV and the cathode potential increases by 50 mV. The evolution of the anode potential is in good agreement with the evolution of the overall cell voltage. It confirms the depletion of CH3OH molecules at the surface of the Pt–Ru catalyst, which causes the

Two-phase equilibrium states in individual Cu–Ni nanoparticles: size, depletion and hysteresis effects

• Aram S. Shirinyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1811–1820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.185

• transformation of binary alloyed nanoparticles taking into account size effects as well as depletion and hysteresis effects. In such a way the hysteresis in a form of nonsymmetry for forth and back transforming paths takes place; compositional splitting and the loops-like splitted path on the size dependent

• solubility curves; also intersection of nanoliquidus and nanosolidus is available. These findings lead to the necessity to reconsider such basic concepts in materials science as phase diagram and solubility diagram. Keywords: chemical depletion; nanomelting and nanosolidification loops; phase diagram of

• elements, are accompanied with the less known “chemical depletion” effect: the amount of one of the chemical components may not be sufficient for the formation of a new phase nucleus of the different composition [11][12][13]. The similar arguments may be applied for the cases of density change during the

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• surface diffusion is negligible. This condition can be met by performing FEBIP in the so-called reaction rate limited growth regime (also called the electron-limited growth regime) where the extent of adsorbate depletion caused by electrons is negligible [4][10][19][20][21]. The strict definition of

• called the adsorbate-limited growth regime) is defined as . In the mass transport limited regime, the magnitude of the electron flux is sufficiently high to cause significant depletion of precursor adsorbates, and adsorbate diffusion into the area irradiated by electrons makes an important contribution

• dimensionless parameters, originally employed by Utke et al. [15], which are useful for describing adsorbate kinetics in FEBIP [1] and giving concise scaling laws for the lateral resolution of the FEBIP process. Irradiative depletion is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the adsorbate concentration at

Enhanced fullerene–Au(111) coupling in (2√3 × 2√3)R30° superstructures with intermolecular interactions

• Michael Paßens,
• Rainer Waser and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1421–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.147

• after 5 days at room temperature (Figure 4) reveals that the dis-R30° superstructure, especially in the vicinity of the stripes, gets poor in bright C60 (x = 0.25). This depletion in combination with the periodic assembly of the stripes points to a thermodynamic activated process, like the diffusion of

Structural transitions in electron beam deposited Co–carbonyl suspended nanowires at high electrical current densities

• Gian Carlo Gazzadi and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1298–1305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.134

• /cm2, it drops down not to zero but to I = 17 μA, where it keeps following a bent-up trend to 2 V and finishes the cycle drawing a symmetric negative branch. The SEM image taken at the end of the measurement (Figure 6c) clearly shows a gap in the SNW with Co depletion in the terminal of the right

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• five seconds of the first pulse. The decrease is due to the reduction of ions in the vicinity of the cathode and the formation of a depletion zone growing into the bulk solution. An approximately constant current is flowing during the growth of cylindrical wires. When the voltage is switched to U2 an

Superluminescence from an optically pumped molecular tunneling junction by injection of plasmon induced hot electrons

• Kai Braun,
• Xiao Wang,
• Andreas M. Kern,
• Hilmar Adler,
• Heiko Peisert,
• Thomas Chassé,
• Dai Zhang and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1100–1106, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.111

• . Depletion of the HOMO via elastic tunneling to the tip and generation of hot electrons by irradiating the plasmonic system with incident laser light apparently leads to a population inversion between an empty HOMO-level and the higher energy level of hot electrons; thus gain is expected under the very

• coefficients for spontaneous recombination, A, and stimulated recombination, B, as well as the corresponding coefficient for spontaneous nonradiative recombination, Anr, which are related to, , and the photonic energy density, , in the gap. The last term describes the HOMO levels depletion through tunneling to

Entropy effects in the collective dynamic behavior of alkyl monolayers tethered to Si(111)

• Christian Godet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 583–594, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.60

• in the reverse bias regime at low temperatures (130–300 K). In addition, low doping is interesting for providing a low depletion capacitance, which increases the high frequency cutoff (typically 1 MHz) arising from the series resistance RS (due to bulk Si and rear contact resistance) [40][41]. In the

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• person diagnosed with PD shows typical motor symptoms such as resting tremor, spasticity, unstable posture, walking difficulty, dementia, slowness of body movements (bradykinesia) and involuntary movements (dyskinesia). This is due to depletion of dopamine (a catecholamine neurotransmitter) in the brain

Kelvin probe force microscopy in liquid using electrochemical force microscopy

• Liam Collins,
• Stephen Jesse,
• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Alexander Tselev,
• M. Baris Okatan,
• Sergei V. Kalinin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 201–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.19

• , particularly as the non-uniform evolution of ion concentration (e.g., ion depletion in the neutral bulk electrolyte) cannot be adequately modelled by homogenous circuit elements [37]. Furthermore, the RC time is not the only relevant timescale for equilibration of an electrochemical cell, as illustrated by the

• electrolyte becomes depleted [5]. It is likely that τ2 is related to ion depletion and subsequent ion diffusion from the bulk electrolyte, suggesting a similarity to τL as previously reported [38]. As seen in Figure 2j, more sophisticated descriptions of the electrostatic force than those described in

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• Caveolin-1 (Figure 8). Control cells showed 1.2 × 107 ± 0.1 × 107 sum-intensity per cell and therefore 41% more than cells with a knockdown of Caveolin-1. This effect was statistically significant (γ = 95%, p = 0.0019). Depletion of Dynamin 2, Flotillin-1 and Clathrin showed no effect on the detectable

• 4 °C were performed. 0.8 ± 0.1 pg Fe/cell were detected and subtracted from every measurement. Carboxylated SPIONs were not included because of their very similar behavior compared to the PEGylated SPIONs. Control cells internalized 34.8 ± 0.4 pg Fe/cell (Figure 9). Depletion of CDC42 decreased this

• nanoparticles dropped between 23% and 41% compared to non-transfected control cells. Depletion of CDC42 resulted in a reduced endocytosis of PEGylated SPIONs by 46% compared to control cells. Knockdown of other target proteins like Dynamin 2, Clathrin, Flotillin-1 and PIP5Kα did not show significant effects on

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• there for prolonged periods of time [30]. The SPIO-loaded Kupffer cells undergo apoptotic cell death, which leads to partial depletion of Kupffer cells in the liver of mice five days after injection. The iron-mediated Kupffer cell toxicity in vivo could be prevented by the ROS scavenger edaravone

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• . Reported studies on nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress use different read-outs for radical production including fluorochromic assays [39], depletion of antioxidants [40], enzyme activity (e.g., catalase [41], superoxide dismutase), or oxidative DNA damage. For example, reactive oxygen species-mediated

In situ metalation of free base phthalocyanine covalently bonded to silicon surfaces

• Fabio Lupo,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Federico Bertani,
• Enrico Dalcanale and
• Guglielmo G. Condorelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2222–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.231

• itself, induce an electron depletion in the phthalocyanine ring and, in turn, a high energy shift (about 1.5 eV) from 398.8 to about 400.3 eV of the main N 1s component due to deprotonated nitrogen atoms [28][29][31]. Possible local interactions (i.e., H-bonds) between the phthalocyanine ring lying down

Low cost, p-ZnO/n-Si, rectifying, nano heterojunction diode: Fabrication and electrical characterization

• Vinay Kabra,
• Lubna Aamir and
• M. M. Malik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2216–2221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.230

• the other hand, in the reverse bias condition, the depletion width increases to produce a barrier in the flow of these photo-generated carriers. This effect, in turn, reduces the current and thus causes better rectification [8]. An increase in the current density from 0.28 mA/cm2 (dark) to 0.5 mA/cm2

• , and Nip and Nin are the carrier concentrations and intrinsic carrier concentrations of p-ZnO and n-Si, respectively, and where Nc and Nv are the material constants. The total depletion width, the depletion width for the n- and p-side, and the maximum electric field at zero bias are calculated using

• Equations 4–6 [9][10] as follows: where Vbi is the built-in voltage, Xn and Xp are the depletion width for the n- and p-side, and εn and εp are the dielectric constants of n-Si and p-ZnO, respectively. The dielectric constants εp and εn were found to be 7 and 11.7, respectively, as derived from impedance

Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review

• Wei Liu,
• Christofer Hierold and
• Miroslav Haluska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.229

• current through the barrier contains the contributions from two components: the thermionic emission current (over the Schottky barrier) and the tunneling current (through the depletion region) [22]. The band bending diagram at the metal–SWCNT interface is illustrated in Figure 3a, assuming the drain

Room temperature, ppb-level NO₂ gas sensing of multiple-networked ZnSe nanowire sensors under UV illumination

• Sunghoon Park,
• Soohyun Kim,
• Wan In Lee,
• Kyoung-Kook Kim and
• Chongmu Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1836–1841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.194

• ) modulation of the depletion layer width and (2) the UV-activated adsorption, and desorption of NO2 species. Experimental Synthesis of ZnSe nanowires Similar to that previously described [31], ZnSe nanowires were synthesized on 3 nm-thick gold (Au) layer-coated, c-plane sapphire (Al2O3(0001)) substrates by

Real-time monitoring of calcium carbonate and cationic peptide deposition on carboxylate-SAM using a microfluidic SAW biosensor

• Anna Pohl and
• Ingrid M. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1823–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.193

• of citric acid is required to reach the equilibrium level that leads to a depletion of mass, represented by the phase signal. A maximum turn-over is reached at 200 µL of citric acid or 400 µL of pure water. The observation that the changes of the phase signals caused by citric acid occur much faster