Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• . Keywords: dielectric; encapsulation layer; flexible substrate; organic field effect transistor; Parylene C; Review Introduction An improvement of the performance of organic transistors by means of boosting charge-carrier mobility is one of the main quests in organic electronics, calling for novel design

• flexibility is a substrate that is not only flexible (relatively low Young's modulus) but also offers a smooth and pinhole-free structure. An equally important role is played by the encapsulation layer. Firstly, it protects the semiconductor thin film against the negative influence of water and oxygen

• transistors as both substrate and encapsulation layer. The present work is focused on the unique performance of one polymer material used in OFETs. This material is poly(chloro-p-xylylene) (Parylene C) the applicability of which in the field of OFET manufacturing appears to be continuously growing. Three

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• their drug encapsulation, release profile and anticancer activity on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line in particular. Safety and apoptotic efficacy of blank and PCX-loaded cationic or anionic amphiphilic CD nanoparticles were evaluated with cell culture studies against a series of healthy and cancer

• prepared with ethanol and without any surfactant (PF68). Delivering the therapeutic load to the target site and maintaining therapeutic blood levels for the drug in an effective dose is the most important objective for targeted nanomedicines. Drug encapsulation efficiency is highly affected by the nature

• of the polymer/polysaccharide used to prepare the nanoparticles. Therefore, in order to determine the effect of surface charge on drug loading capacity of nanoparticles, PCX was chosen as a model anticancer drug frequently used in chemotherapy for patients with breast cancer. The encapsulation

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• mePEG-PCL nanoparticles increased by 13–23 nm during this period. However, this increase is not statistically significant. Consequently, it can be said that aqueous dispersions of drug-loaded nanoparticles are physically stable for a period of 1 month. Encapsulation efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles

• The docetaxel concentration in nanoparticle formulations was directly quantified with a validated HPLC method and expressed in terms of associated drug (%). In the literature, the encapsulation efficacy for PCL nanoparticles was found to be between 65−71% [60][70] and for mePEG-PCL nanoparticles to be

• 80−90% [56][58]. According to our results, the encapsulation efficacy of mePEG-PCL nanoparticles was not found to be as high as reported in the literature. This may be caused by the differences in the molecular weight of the PCL used in mePEG-PCL. The zeta potential of DOC solutions was measured as

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• dielectric substrates. Besides, the encapsulation of graphene for further processing while maintaining its properties poses a challenge. Regarding the graphene/metal contact intensive research was done and recently substantial advancements were made towards contact resistances applicable for electronic

• devices. Generally speaking the crucial issues for graphene integration are identified today and the corresponding research tasks can be clearly defined. Keywords: contacts; deposition; encapsulation; graphene; process integration; Introduction Since the discovery of the electronic properties of

• compressive strain of approximately −0.1% [49]. On epitaxial germanium(001) with a higher surface roughness there is a higher compressive strain in the range between −0.37% and −0.25% [33]. Thus, it is crucial to provide substrates as smooth as possible for graphene integration. 4 Encapsulation In order to

Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Hanaul Noh,
• Alfredo J. Diaz and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 579–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.62

• samples buried under a top electrode and an encapsulation layer, we mostly used fresh samples to evaluate the properties of the features in order to avoid additional uncertainty (any deviations from this approach are noted in the text). In order to further characterize the features, we analyze the

Copper atomic-scale transistors

• Fangqing Xie,
• Maryna N. Kavalenka,
• Moritz Röger,
• Daniel Albrecht,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Jürgen Leuthold and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 530–538, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.57

• . Keywords: electrochemistry; encapsulation; metallic atomic-scale transistor; nanotechnology; photolithography; Introduction Enormous research efforts worldwide are aimed at finding new solutions and technologies to manufacturing electronic components "beyond the silicon age". Resistive switching is one of

• (0.1 M), and a glass slide was placed on the top of the chip to encapsulate the electrolyte in the circular window. A higher concentration of CuSO4 was used for fabricating the point contact in the encapsulation. The insulating SU-8 layer is stable in the strong acidic electrolyte in which the devices

Association of aescin with β- and γ-cyclodextrins studied by DFT calculations and spectroscopic methods

• Ana I. Ramos,
• Pedro D. Vaz,
• Susana S. Braga and
• Artur M. S. Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.37

• in the Figure 6 and will be hereafter named complex β1 and complex β2. The first observation that strikes to the sight is that the cavity of β-CD is not large enough to allow a deep encapsulation of the guest molecule. This was reflected by the calculated NMR chemical shifts, which yielded negligible

• observing that the main interactions in the γ-CD·aescin complexes γ1 and γ2 occur for an almost complete encapsulation while for complex γ3 the interaction occurs at the upper rim of γ-CD. The formation energies of the structures represented in the Figure 7 follow the order complex γ1 ≤ complex γ2

• influence of encapsulation on the foam-forming properties of aescin. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the University of Aveiro and FCT/MEC (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Ministério da Educação e da Ciência), through national funds and, where applicable, co-financed by the FEDER (European

Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties

• Tatiana N. Pashirova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Lenar I. Musin,
• Julia K. Voronina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Lucia Ya. Zakharova,
• Shamil K. Latypov and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.34

• nanoparticles For the preparation of solid isoindigo nanoparticles (SIPs), the method of nanoprecipitation was used. Precipitation is a commonly used technique in pharmaceutical technology [42][55][56]. This method is documented for protein encapsulation [57], hydrophobic drugs [58], and also for targeting

Impact of contact resistance on the electrical properties of MoS₂ transistors at practical operating temperatures

• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Aurora Piazza,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Giuseppe Greco,
• Simonpietro Agnello and
• Fabrizio Roccaforte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.28

• (water/oxygen) [9] with respect to single or few layer devices [11], for which encapsulation is instead required to achieve good electrical performance [3]. Furthermore, as reported in the literature, carrier mobility is only slightly dependent on MoS2 thickness for transistors fabricated on ≈20 to ≈70

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• ]), deteriorates the graphene crystallinity. Additionally, these processes are operated at high temperatures, which restricts the application of graphene, including its use in flexible electronics and biomolecule encapsulation [21]. In this work, we employed a wet-chemical room temperature transfer process onto

A dioxaborine cyanine dye as a photoluminescence probe for sensing carbon nanotubes

• Mohammed Al Araimi,
• Petro Lutsyk,
• Anatoly Verbitsky,
• Yuri Piryatinski,
• Mykola Shandura and
• Aleksey Rozhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1991–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.190

• target molecules, i.e., carbon nanotubes. The amplification of the PL signal from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be obtained via covalent formation of sp3-defects on the tube surface [7], encapsulation of small organic molecules inside the SWNTs [8] and non-covalent interaction of the tube

Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improved anticancer efficacy and bioavailability of mifepristone

• Huijuan Zhang,
• Fuqiang Wu,
• Yazhen Li,
• Xiping Yang,
• Jiamei Huang,
• Tingting Lv,
• Yingying Zhang,
• Jianzhong Chen,
• Haijun Chen,
• Yu Gao,
• Guannan Liu and
• Lee Jia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1861–1870, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.178

• ) were prepared by convenient ionic gelation techniques between chitosan (Cs) and tripolyphosphate (TPP). The preparation conditions, including Cs concentration, TPP concentration, Cs/MIF mass ratio, and pH value of the TPP solution, were optimized to gain better encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug

• preparation, has been extensively studied for obtaining nanocarrier systems with a good capacity of drug encapsulation and an adjustable drug release rate [22][23]. The aim of this work was to prepare MIF-encapsulated CNs (MCNs) to regulate the drug release rate of MIF for bioavailability improvement, and

• concentration, TPP concentration, Cs/TPP mass ratio could have an influence on particle size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug loading capacity (DL) of the nanoparticles [23][26]. In order to select optimum conditions for preparation of MCNs, the effects of Cs concentration, TPP concentration, and Cs/MIF

Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers as templates for stacked, spherical large-mesopore silica coatings: dependence of silica pore size on the PS/PEO ratio

• Roberto Nisticò,
• Giuliana Magnacca,
• Sushilkumar A. Jadhav and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1454–1460, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.137

• ; mesoporous silica; soft templating; sol–gel; Introduction Mesoporous materials with large, tunable porosity are currently being investigated as selective molecular sieves, finding potential applications in many fields such as catalysis, encapsulation of proteins, filtration and separation of large molecules

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• towards a better handling of fully active enzyme preparations. A broad range of different immobilization methods is applied, ranging from protein adsorption, covalent coupling, entrapment and encapsulation to intermolecular cross-linking with filler components, specific high-affinity docking and

• investigated, though with promising prospects in most of the few cases published [88][132][152][153][154][155]. By contrast, enzyme encapsulation inside viral cavities is a matter of much broader research [72][156][157], in analogy to synthetic polymersomes that are tested extensively for uses as nanoreactors

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• process (at 160–180 °C for 4–20 h) and used this functionalized carbon for in situ encapsulation of Ag and Au NPs. The size of the produced NPs with this method could be controlled in the range of 8–50 nm [144]. In a similar work, Yu and Yam used D-glucose in a hydrothermal process for synthesis of Ag NPs

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• this will require significant technological improvements to become economically viable for large scale material production. Chemical methods, such as encapsulation or confinement strategies used in the design of energy storage and conversion materials, also constitute new synthetic routes that have

A facile method for the preparation of bifunctional Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe₃O₄ magnetic and fluorescent nanocrystals

• Houcine Labiadh,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Romain Sibille,
• Lavinia Balan and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1743–1751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.178

• the last decades, different strategies have been developed toward this goal such as epitaxial heterocrystalline growth, co-encapsulation of preformed QDs and magnetic particles in silica beads, doping of QDs with transition metal ions, conjugation between magnetic chelates or magnetic nanocrystals

Using natural language processing techniques to inform research on nanotechnology

• Nastassja A. Lewinski and
• Bridget T. McInnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.149

• the numeric values and dendrimer property terms. The entities associated with PAMAM were based on the NanoParticle Ontology and included: (1) hydrodynamic diameter, (2) particle diameter, (3) molecular weight, (4) zeta potential, (5) cytotoxicity, (6) IC50, (7) cell viability, (8) encapsulation

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• cell line A549. Encapsulated calcitriol retained its biological activity, reducing the cell growth. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that encapsulation of calcitriol enhanced its inhibitory effect on cell growth at a concentration of 2.4 μM for the S2-013 cells (91%) and for A549 cells (70%) comparared

• biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, FDA approval and low synthesis complexity. One of the most attractive candidates is poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which is a copolymer of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) [18][19]. We expect that vitamin D3 encapsulation in these

• active targeting, using functionalized NPs [21]. Thus, the drug toxicity on healthy cells could be reduced, increasing NPs accumulation in the target tissues [19]. Although several studies on vitamin D3 encapsulation for food fortification have been conducted, very few works reported the use of

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• ]. Chitosan/alginate, multilayered, 3D networks prepared by the layer-by-layer method enabled encapsulation of bone marrow stromal cells on the surface of dental or joint implants [18]. Polyelectrolyte (chitosan, poly(L-glutamic acid), and poly-L-lysine) coatings increased the surface ionic nature and

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• retains its tetragonal structure even after silica encapsulation. Further FTIR studies were carried out to characterize the NPs. The absorption peaks at 800, 965, 1110 and 830 cm−1 were attributed to Si–OH bending vibrations, Si–OH, Si–O–Si stretching vibrations and V–O vibrations of YVO4, respectively

• , and UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy studies. The TEM micrographs and EDX studies clearly indicate the encapsulation of both Fe2O3/CdSe(ZnS) NPs inside the silica shell. In cryo-TEM studies CdSe(ZnS)/SiO2/PNIPAAm NPs displayed a fuzzy corona-like structure. All these studies lead to the conclusion

• and QDs that were then encapsulated inside silica by using cyclohexane and TEOS. The TEM micrographs clearly indicated the incorporation of both types of NPs inside the silica shell. Such encapsulation studies were carried out at different time intervals but only after 48 h the spherical shaped silica

The effect of surface charge on nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots

• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Anna Pietuch,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Thomas Basché and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 281–292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.26

• ]. Various functionalization strategies have been employed in order to increase the stability of the surface ligand shell and to reduce the cytotoxicity of QDs, such as the use of cross-linked polymer coatings [10][12][13] or encapsulation in a silica shell [14][15][16]. These approaches, however, also

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• application are addressed. It is shown how to overcome the different issues by the use of a polymeric encapsulation system, based on an amphiphilic polyisoprene-block-poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer. On the basis of this simple molecule, the development of a versatile and powerful phase transfer

• solvents, which are selective for only one of the blocks [7]. The formation of polymeric vesicles (polymerosomes) and spherical micelles is an interesting tool for the encapsulation of hydrophobic nanoparticles and since the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is comparatively low [8][9], a high stability

• termination reactions, which gives the opportunity to easily functionalize the polymer chains using specific terminating reagents [11][12]. In this short review we summarize our experiences with amphiphilic diblock copolymers for the encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles for their use in biomedical

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• at 72 h and 96 h. The amount of radioactivity that was released into the buffer after the first 24 h could be attributed to free 65Zn ions from the encapsulation technique. Further loss of the label during the course of time could indicate a small but continuous bleeding of the radioactive isotope

• oleic acid and 22 mL of 1-octadecene was held at 320 °C under nitrogen for about 80 min. The 11 nm core diameter particles showed a narrow size distribution (less than 10% standard deviation) as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Encapsulation with the PMAOD solution was achieved using

• incubation of monodisperse, oleic acid-stabilized core particles (CdSe/CdS/ZnS-quantum dots, 5.5 or 7 nm; SPIOs, 11 nm) in chloroform with water-free 51CrCl3 or 65ZnCl2. The hydrophobic cores were then transferred into aqueous medium by encapsulation with a well-characterized amphiphilic polymer, poly[maleic