Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• isomeric shift resulting from the monopolar electric interaction is very sensitive to the valence states of Fe. Taking into account the characteristic measurement time of 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, estimated at 10−8 s at the Larmor frequency, the ultrafine structure of magnetite at 300 K (and above the

• acceleration. The velocity of the source was calibrated using α-Fe as the standard at RT. The measurement was performed on solid pellets made of dried nanoparticles containing approx. 5 mg Fe/cm2. The Mössbauer spectra were fitted using the MOSFIT program (the Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients, a

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• transmittance spectra of the as-deposited and annealed ITO/Mo bilayer structure thin films. The measurement was taken in the wavelength range of 300–800 nm. The as-deposited sample shows the lowest optical transmittance with an average close to 80% at a wavelength of 550 nm. The annealed samples exhibit an

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• spectroscopy experiments [6][7][8], and has been studied with density functional theory (DFT) [9][10]. Previous work [11] has used dI/dV spectroscopy as a measurement of the density of electronic states [12] and identified this interface state starting at 0.6 eV. One characteristic of a two-dimensional

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• solid electrolyte with respect to the Li reference electrode. The sample for the CV measurement was prepared separately from the sample used for the KPFM measurement. The potential range was 0 to 5 V (vs Li/Li+). Initially, the potential was set to open-circuit voltage (3.2 V vs Li/Li+) and swept in the

• toward the negatively biased electrode, resulting in an ionic current flow. The ion current decays with time and, in principle, becomes zero when the electric field in the solid electrolyte is shielded by the accumulation and depletion of Li ions. Before starting each KPFM measurement, we waited 2–4 min

• measurement The KPFM measurements were performed at room temperature using a commercial atomic force microscope (Park Systems, NX10) placed in an Ar flow glove box (O2: <1 ppm, H2O: <1 ppm). We used Cr/Pt-coated Si cantilevers (Budget Sensors, Multi75E-G) with a nominal resonance frequency of 75 kHz and a

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• each activity measurement. The Tafel slope is considered as an important parameter to evaluate the PEC activity in water splitting. A smaller Tafel slope value indicates a more rapid increase in the reaction rate of the electrode. Figure 6b shows the high Tafel slope values of the individual materials

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• becomes negative at pH values above the PZC. As expected, the curves of the final pH as a function of the initial pH of the catalysts in 0.1 mol·L−1 NaCl show an intersection with the line y = x, which corresponds to the PZC of the sample (Figure 4). The measurement of the PZC exhibits a higher pHPZC

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• performed in 0.1 M KCl solution at a scan rate of 50 mV·s−1 with a three-electrode cell using Ag/AgCl and Pt wire as the reference and counter electrodes, respectively. The prepared TiO2@MWCNTs electrode is used as the working electrode. The measurement is carried out in a lab under 350 ± 10 lux of

• -electrode cell, including the photoanode and a Cu-based cathode. Hydrogen evolution at the cathode and the solar irradiance is recorded at 60 min intervals. The prepared photoelectrochemical electrode is wholly immersed in KOH electrolyte before each photoelectrochemical measurement. Only one electrode

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• and porosity measurements The measurement method is the buoyancy technique, which utilizes Archimedes' principle: a body immersed in fluid indicates an apparent loss in weight equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. In order to determine the porosity of the samples a preparation consisting of

• the samples in g, m2 is the mass of the samples in air after boiling in g, and m1 is the mass of the samples in water after boiling in g. The following formula was used for the calculation of the apparent porosity (open porosity), Pa: using the above annotations. The errors of measurement for density

• , voltage (mV), and temperature (°C). The precision of the pH measurement was 10−2. MTT assay The MTT assay was performed on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) previously isolated from six-months-old Wistar rat bone marrow, cultured in HiMesoXL™ mesenchymal stem cell expansion medium (HiMedia, India) and stored

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• chemical characterization of surfaces ranging from semiconductors and metals to polymers and biological materials [1][2][3][4][5]. In particular, a variety of mechanical property measurement methods have been developed, although most of them are restricted to relatively simple physical descriptions, such

• nanomechanical measurements would require their integration into streamlined strategies for addressing meaningful and far-reaching applications, such that the measurement provides information that is directly applicable, beyond long-term scientific relevance. As has often been proposed, we believe that this may

• ) providing immediate results that can be used to unambiguously evaluate disease progress. It is also necessary that the measurement device only require minimal training on the part of the user, which may be the physician or even the patient (at home). For non-topical tissue measurements, it would be

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• measuring geometry with filtered Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å, U = 40 kV and I = 30 mA). The samples were measured in the range of 10–60°. Measurement steps of 0.02° at a scan rate of 2°/min were used. A 1D strip detector (Dtex250) was used during the analysis. Specific surface area The SSA of LiCoO2 was

• impurities from the surface of the tested material. Adsorption measurements were performed with nitrogen at 77 K. For each sample, an analysis was performed at 15 measurement points in the range of 0.05–0.3 P/P0 (relative pressure). This is the range of the SSA study. Above this range, the trend line bends

• . Hence, the averaging of the measurement results is inaccurate, and the results become unreliable [60]. SEM analysis The morphology of the LiCoO2 crystallites was determined using a scanning electron microscope Auriga CrossBeam Workstation (Carl Zeiss). Cross sections of the fabricated laminates were

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• measurement of current–voltage characteristic (IVC) and bolometric analysis of the emitted radiation. In all cases, we observe clear signatures of inter-array interaction. They occur when both arrays are biased at the same voltage and oscillate at the same frequency, coinciding with one of the cavity modes in

• bolometer is used for the detection of Josephson radiation. The detector and measurement procedure are the same as described in [9][12], where additional information can be found. The bolometer is based on a high-purity n-doped InSb crystal with dimension of 2–3 mm, which is placed approximately 0.5 cm

• measurement, the bias current in the outer array-a Ia was varied while the middle/inner array-b was biased at fixed values of current Ib = const. All other arrays remain unbiased and, therefore, inactive. Thus, we measure the dc voltage of array-b Vb and the full IVC of array-a Va(Ia). Simultaneously, the

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• taken out to measure the amount of the released drug by UV–vis spectroscopy, and an equal volume of fresh release medium was added to keep the volume constant. Photothermal measurement for AB-LNPs To study the photothermal properties of AB-LNPs, different concentrations of AB-LNPs with BDP

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• supernatant. Thus, the ability of NPs to penetrate first through the mucus layer and then reach the gelatin layer was assessed by measurement of the amount of DCX transported into the gelatin layer. Release kinetics study In vitro release profiles of DCX from DCX-PLGA NPs and CS/DCX-PLGA NPs formulations were

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• ) investigations. a) Schematic drawing of the principle of the measurement. The sample is submerged under water and keeps an air layer. The laser beam of the CLSM is reflected at the air–water interface. This enables the 3 dimensional analysis of the air layer. b) Result of the measurement directly after

• bright areas of the image while the MSM in between appear darker. It could be seen that the shape of the air layer is almost completely flat. c) Results of the measurement of the same sample after 2 weeks under water. Still the air–water interface is spanned between the tips of the MSM. The cross section

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1. In Figure 7, the peel-off force measurement is exemplified for the polished (Figure 7a) and LIPSS-covered (Figure 7b) steel samples. The applied weights and, hence, the normal forces are equal in Figure 7a and Figure 7b. The cone diameter d of the nanofiber

• in Table 1, the measured values of the randomly rough surfaces are listed in Table 2. All measurement results are also graphically shown as bar plots in Figure 8. According to Table 1, the mean peel-off forces per unit length were 2.02 N/m for the LIPSS-covered Ti alloy and 2.79 N/m for the LIPSS

• reduced by approximately 40% (P240 grit size) and 65% (80 grit size), respectively. The investigated randomly rough surfaces did not reach the low peel-off forces for the LIPSS-covered samples. To prove the statistical significance of the measurement results, a statistical analysis was performed using

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• mechanical properties of the cantilever beam directly affect the performance, measurement resolution, and image quality of the AFM instrument. AFM probe tips [9][10] are generally fabricated with coatings, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, or even protein functionalization. A combination of probe

• of the internal Pd nanowires will help probe more surface conductivity measurement, the nanowires with nanostructure or form good ohmic contact to the characterization of surface, external carbon nanotubes provide higher mechanical stability, can make the probe after many times of measuring still

• keep its original shape. Low-resistance ohmic contacts between the metal surface and the PdNWCNT probe were confirmed. Moreover, repeated current flow and surface contact did not cause any damage to PdNWCNTs, indicating that the PdNWCNT probe is suitable for multi-probe conductivity measurement. In the

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• on top of the nanofur are around the super hydrophobicity limit of 150° (see Figure 3b). This makes droplets easily roll off a sample even at minimal tilt (see the video in Supporting Information File 1). Contact angles were measured on a Dataphysics OCA 20 contact angle measurement machine using

• distilled water in the sessile drop method with a droplet volume of 1 µL. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the surface, drops tend to roll to areas with lower contact angles when performing measurements. This leads to slightly lowered average contact angles. The relatively high measurement uncertainty of

• , these contact angles are still sufficient for almost all typical applications, since the droplets easily roll off the surface even at minimal tilt of the sample. Furthermore the rather large measurement uncertainty of contact angle measurements, especially in the hydrophobic regime, has to be taken into

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• properties of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to assess the morphology of the materials. The crystal phase of the materials was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a measurement range of 10°–80°. Fourier

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• tuning fork force sensor became increasingly popular. In comparison to microfabricated cantilevers, the more macroscopic tuning forks, however, lack sensitivity, which limits the measurement bandwidth. Moreover, multimodal and multifrequency techniques, such as those available in cantilever-based AFM

• ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is beneficial for increasing measurement sensitivity, measuring samples at low temperatures [1], analyzing reactive surfaces [2], and studying atomic or molecular adsorbents with atomic or submolecular resolution [3]. The first AFM images with true atomic resolution were

• measurement bandwidths (typically below 10 Hz [13]) have to be used. These may be sufficient to record 2D images of a few square nanometers of scan size but will lead to extremely long measurement times for the acquisition of three-dimensional force volume maps (i.e., multiple 2D images). For example, the 3D

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• future applications in other disciplines [107]. Atchudan et al. reported a hydrothermal synthesis technique that yields CDs from Morus nigra (black mulberry) fruit juice [81]. This low-cost synthesis approach provides an effective, robust, and eco-friendly nanoscale sensor for the measurement of Fe3

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• value of WD was adjusted to maintain d constant while changing I. Since the range of WD was limited by the movement of the SEM stage, it was impossible to fit the whole range of I in a single value of d without the risk of hitting the sample with the electron gun. Therefore, this measurement was split

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• radii of the circles were measured and then averaged. The effective elastic modulus and pull-off force of propolis were measured with a microforce measurement device (Basalt-01; Tetra GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany) [22][23][24]. The device mainly consists of micromanipulators as a platform holding the

• -shaped tip of the bee mandible, starting at the sharp edge and moving towards the hairy edge (Figure 3C). Another measurement with an extended contact time of 60 s was performed on the flat area of the bee mandible. Afterwards, six reference measurements were carried out on a smooth, clean glass surface

• substance coating the mandible surface was measured on SEM images of fresh fractures of untreated bee mandibles using Gimp, version 2.10.14. For this purpose, two measurement lines were drawn: one along the surface of the cuticle and one along the surface of the substance on top of the cuticle. The angle

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• for an accurate measurement of the wax coverage. At 15.7 ± 2.6 µg·cm−2, it was the same as the wax coating of a wheat leaf (Figure 6). The wax coating of the technical surface thus corresponded in its chemical properties both qualitatively and quantitatively to the wax coating of the natural surface

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• gradient) between the tip and sample. CL techniques are more common than OL techniques due to the ease of implementation, wide-scale availability, and direct measurement of the apparent CPD. OL techniques, by contrast, are feedback-free and can be used to determine the CPD without the need to apply a DC

• ]. The regulation of tip–sample distance in KPFM imaging is generally performed by employing a feedback loop that maintains the mechanical oscillation amplitude of the cantilever at the fundamental eigenmode, ω1, at a fixed value. This precludes simultaneous measurement of electrostatic forces on this

• from measurements in order to access a true surface potential map [78][79]. A natural extension of AM-KPFM is dual-harmonic KPFM (DH-KPFM), which is an OL technique that utilizes the measurement of both the first and second harmonic of the electrostatic response (ωe and 2ωe). By combining these two

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• ratio of 7/3 could obtain the largest crystal diameter with a better crystallinity. Meanwhile, the perovskite oxides with the Fe/Ni ratio of 7/3 had the highest specific surface area according to the BET BET measurement, which was conducive to photocatalysis. Furthermore, with changing the conditions