Surface roughness rather than surface chemistry essentially affects insect adhesion

• Matt W. England,
• Tomoya Sato,
• Makoto Yagihashi,
• Atsushi Hozumi,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Elena V. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1471–1479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.139

• is primarily responsible for natural anti-attachment properties has also not been fully resolved. Therefore, a comparative study of the attachment behavior of insects on artificially designed (low/high surface energy) surfaces of varying surface roughness, has been postulated as an effective strategy

• hydrocarbons [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Several hypotheses exist on how plant surfaces prevent insect attachment. These are typically based on (1) the reduction of the contact area between the substrate and the insect adhesive pad through surface micro-roughness, (2) a decrease in substrate surface energy

• substrates, as measured by the magnitude of CAs. It also seems that other factors, in addition to the surface energy, influence beetle attachment. These factors are presumably related to the different characters of chemical substances, which may mediate physical and chemical interactions in contact to

Fracture behaviors of pre-cracked monolayer molybdenum disulfide: A molecular dynamics study

• Qi-lin Xiong,
• Zhen-huan Li and
• Xiao-geng Tian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1411–1420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.132

• fracture strength of pre-cracked MoS2 sheet is where E is Young’s modulus, γs is the surface energy and F(w,a,a) is a function depending on the geometry parameters as defined in Equation 2. In Equation 2 a denotes a half of crack length, w is a half of MoS2 sheet width, and α is the kink angle of crack tip

• effect, are used to estimate the fracture stresses of pre-cracked MoS2 sheets with different crack lengths. The Equation 1 in the preceding section is Griffith's model with finite size effect. The surface energy can be estimated by the difference of potential energy of system before and after fracture

• . However, due to the significant difference between the fracture surface of different simulations, the surface energy varies dramatically (0.5–10 J/m2). With Young’s modulus calculated above and taking the surface energy of MoS2 sheet to be 5 J/m2 for calculating, the results obtained from three continuum

Three-gradient regular solution model for simple liquids wetting complex surface topologies

• Sabine Akerboom,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Frans A. M. Leermakers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1377–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.129

• possible explanation of the increase in θ on structured surfaces, is air entrapment [12][13]. Air acts as hydrophobic patch (θY for the water/air interface is 180°), and these patches lower the average surface energy of the surface (see Figure 1C) [14][15]. The resulting apparent contact angle for this so

• -called Cassie–Baxter state is then given by [16] with Φs the fraction under the droplet that is in contact with the solid and (1 − Φs) the fraction under the droplet in contact with air. This approach thus defines the solid as a new material with a different effective surface energy on a macroscopic

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• include a large surface-to-volume ratio and a chemical texture of the surface [1][2]. Surfaces are inherently high-energy sites. Because nano-fillers have high a surface area, they also have very high values of surface energy. When the nano-fillers are added to a polymer matrix this high surface energy

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

• Wanggang Zhang,
• Yiming Liu,
• Diaoyu Zhou,
• Hui Wang,
• Wei Liang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

• the curvature effect on the distribution or wetting of Ag on the surface of the TiO2 nanotubes. According to the Gibbs–Thomson relation [35][36], the equilibrium concentration of solute atoms on a curved surface is determined by the surface energy and the mean curvature. Thus, the equilibrium

Development of highly faceted reduced graphene oxide-coated copper oxide and copper nanoparticles on a copper foil surface

• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• Yasuhiro Matsumoto,
• Andrés M. Espinoza-Rivas,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán and
• Mauricio Ortega-López

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.93

• predominant inorganic phase in the core of the rGO-coated nanoparticles. Notice that the Cu2O and CuNPs developed a faceted shape, i.e., their equilibrium crystal shape which is determined by the surface energy [32]. Equilibrium crystal shape development In all cases, TEM or FE-SEM images revealed that

Microscopic characterization of Fe nanoparticles formed on SrTiO₃(001) and SrTiO₃(110) surfaces

• Miyoko Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.73

• plane. This type of modified Wulff construction, which takes into account the particle–substrate interaction, is denominated as the Winterbottom construction [58]. The Winterbottom theory describes the dependence of the particle shape upon the anisotropy of the surface energy of the particle and upon

Facile synthesis of water-soluble carbon nano-onions under alkaline conditions

• Gaber Hashem Gaber Ahmed,
• Rosana Badía Laíño,
• Josefa Angela García Calzón and
• Marta Elena Díaz García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 758–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.67

• into spherical particles composed of concentric graphitic layers (Figure 7), in order to minimize the surface energy of the newly formed edge planes of graphite [9]. Although similar open/closed geodesic structures have been used as models for quantum chemical modelling the growth and the molecular and

Cantilever bending based on humidity-actuated mesoporous silica/silicon bilayers

• Christian Ganser,
• Gerhard Fritz-Popovski,
• Roland Morak,
• Parvin Sharifi,
• Benedetta Marmiroli,
• Barbara Sartori,
• Heinz Amenitsch,
• Thomas Griesser,
• Christian Teichert and
• Oskar Paris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 637–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.56

• measured cantilever deflection, we assume for simplicity all mesopores being fully empty for the lowest RH (RH < 10%) and fully saturated with water without any menisci (meaning PL = 0 in Equation 3) for the highest RH (RH ≈ 85%). Then, γSL = Δγ is the difference between the surface energy of silica and

• ) and on nanostructural parameters of the film (mean curvature and volume fraction). The only material-dependent properties entering are the Young’s modulus of the substrate and the change of the surface energy of the pore wall material with wetting, which for the silica–water interface is well known

• of surface energy Δγ of silica upon full wetting with water. Acknowledgements Financial support from the Federal Government of Styria in the Framework of the Human Technology Interface: Sensors for Medical Applications (HTI:SMApp) initiative under contract A3-22.M-5/2012-32 is gratefully

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• [6][15][16]. The size of these microdomains (~60 nm, determined by the radial peak of a 2D Fourier transform of AFM topography) is comparable to the film thickness. Towards equilibrium, differences in the surface energy of PS and PMMA lead to the formation of a top surface layer of PS at the air

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• SiO2 or crystalline sapphire(0001) supports, highly (001)-textured FePt films can be fabricated by rapid thermal processing driven by stress-induced reorientation [21], while longer annealing times on the order of minutes lead to reorientation towards (111) texture due to surface energy-driven

• ) texture already in the as-reduced state as opposed to a 3 nm thick FePt film, which shows such a texture only after annealing at 460 °C for 30 min. By further annealing, this texture can be clearly improved because the symmetry of the surface-energy-favored (111) FePt facets matches the hexagonal symmetry

• change of their random orientation. At this point, it is worth adding a general remark on the competition between surface-energy-related driving forces favoring certain facets during NP growth implying corresponding rotational symmetries and forces that are related to the particle–substrate interface

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• AFM simulation. A multifrequency AFM simulation tool based on the above sample model is provided as supporting information. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; modeling; polymers; simulation; spectroscopy; standard linear solid; surface elasticity; surface energy; viscoelasticity; Introduction The

• may be difficult to properly define the surface energy (even conceptually) since the local material constituents (e.g., polymer chains) can significantly differ from their neighbors and can be, to a varying degree, flexible and mobile. At this scale, the surface is not a smooth continuum but may

• dangling bonds on the surface [29]. Loosely speaking (that is, without considering reconstruction and/or relaxation), the surface energy correlates with the number of bonds broken per unit area, divided between the two surfaces that are created (the breaking of the bond requires that the appropriate bond

Early breast cancer screening using iron/iron oxide-based nanoplatforms with sub-femtomolar limits of detection

• Dinusha N. Udukala,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Sebastian O. Wendel,
• Aruni P. Malalasekera,
• Thilani N. Samarakoon,
• Asanka S. Yapa,
• Gayani Abayaweera,
• Matthew T. Basel,
• Pamela Maynez,
• Raquel Ortega,
• Yubisela Toledo,
• Leonie Bossmann,
• Colette Robinson,
• Katharine E. Janik,
• Olga B. Koper,
• Ping Li,
• Massoud Motamedi,
• Daniel A. Higgins,
• Gary Gadbury,
• Gaohong Zhu,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 364–373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.33

• -resonance quenching (dipole–surface energy transfer (SET) [20][21]) from TCPP to Fe/Fe3O4 and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET [20][22]) from TCPP to cyanine 5.5. The latter is permanently tethered to the inorganic nanoparticle. For all of the employed consensus sequences, with the exceptions of

• effect” upon proteolytic cleavage: the fluorophore is switched on due to the increase in distance between the Fe/Fe3O4 core/shell nanoparticle, leading to decreased Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) [21][24], k1, and dipole–surface energy transfer (SET) [20][22], k2. Further explanations are

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• the solvent molecules [88][89]. In particular, it was discovered that effective solvents are those with a surface energy similar to graphene (≈0–50 mJ m−2) [88]: where ΔHmix is the enthalpy of the mixing, Vmix is the volume of the mixture, TNS is the thickness of a graphene nanosheet, ES,S and ES,G

• sonication [88][90]. Furthermore, some solvents are more suitable because they match the graphene surface energy, such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), benzyl benzoate, γ-butyrolactone (GBL), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), while ethanol, acetone

Chemical bath deposition of textured and compact zinc oxide thin films on vinyl-terminated polystyrene brushes

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Caroline G. Hofmeister,
• Peter Lindemann,
• Cheng Huang,
• Johannes Baier,
• Andreas Leineweber,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Christof Wöll,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 102–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.12

• 20 cycle sample. This Volmer–Weber-like growth [41] indicates that the surface energy of Si is smaller than the interface energy between ZnO and SiOx plus the surface energy of ZnO. In the case of the PS template, the growth of a homogeneous film is favored (Figure 5). A representative cross section

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• oriented 2D crystals, the irradiation induced the in-plane coalescence of these 2D crystals. One then obtains a 2D crystal with a surface area of approximately 10 µm2 with thickness of about 4.5 nm (equal to the X-ray penetration depth) [4]. However, the surface energy of the two surfaces of this platelet

• should differ since the interfaces are different (water/Ag below and organic molecule/air above). Such difference should induce a curvature of the platelet, which could rupture when the surface energy reaches a critical value. This could lead to the disorientation of the platelets and the formation of

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• observed due to the donor–acceptor character of the functional groups. The texture of supramolecular nanostructures formed by the studied materials on mica was analysed with atomic force microscopy and their specific surface energy was estimated by contact angle measurements. Significant differences in the

• operating mechanism of adsorption [34][35]. These two types of monolayers can differ significantly due to conformational variabilities observed for macromolecular chains. On the other hand, PSAMs offer improved surface stability, ease in processing, unique chemical specificity and tunable surface energy [12

• force microscopy (AFM) and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were used as analytic tools for the studies. The changes in the free surface energy of the prepared hydrophilic surfaces were also investigated for all LPSQ-COOH/X adsorbed on native and primed mica. The obtained

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• consequently increases their surface energy and biological effectiveness [6][7]. Therefore, nanotechnology attracted the attentions of many researchers in different research areas, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering [8]. Their investigations resulted in development of materials with new

Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration

• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Alberto Rebaudi,
• Pierpaolo Cortella,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Marco Salerno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2183–2192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.224

• with most metals, Ti in wet or even ambient air environment develops a thin layer of native oxide, namely TiO2 (titania). While it is generally recognized that surface topography is a major factor for osteointegration of all implants [4], the lower surface energy of titania as compared to that of

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• corresponding to lattice planes with a,b components will be decreased. The latter will raise the surface energy and also the apposition rate of ZnO species on the surfaces [68]. As a result main growth takes places perpendicular to a,b (Figure 3d). The hypothesis that the presence of Cl also influences the

Nanostructured superhydrophobic films synthesized by electrodeposition of fluorinated polyindoles

• Gabriela Ramos Chagas,
• Thierry Darmanin and
• Frédéric Guittard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2078–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.212

• oleophobic properties are obtained due to the presence of spherical nanoparticles and low surface energy compounds. Keywords: bioinspiration; conducting polymers; electrochemistry; nanostructures; polyindoles; superhydrophobic; Introduction The number of studies about materials with superhydrophobic

• , in both animals and plants, and allow them surviving against predators or hostile environments such as extremely humid or dry regions, for example [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Bioinspiration has shown the importance of developing structured surfaces in the presence of low surface energy materials that

• allow one to obtain more easily superhydrophobic properties with higher robustness [13][14][15]. Controlling the surface energy and the roughness is hence fundamental to achieve the superhydrophobicity. All kind of materials can be used to reach superhydrophobicity, but conducting polymers have many

Two-phase equilibrium states in individual Cu–Ni nanoparticles: size, depletion and hysteresis effects

• Aram S. Shirinyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1811–1820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.185

• total number of atoms N0 and the surface area can be defined as: for phase 1 case – for phase 2 case – for solution model – Here the f1, f2 and f are shape factors and the value f/N01/3 represents the well-known surface-to-volume ratio; σ1(X,T) and σ2(X,T) are surface energy functions of phase 1 and

• phase 2, respectively. As one can see in Equations 3–5 to the origin of size effect belong the finite volume or number of atoms, the surface area and surface energy. One may observe also that the Gibbs free energy density in a nanoscale system is increased by the surface energy input. If the nanophase 2

• for different systems (mainly for pure metals and polymorphic transitions when bulk bcc structures transform to fcc or hcp types in a nanoscale) [23][24]. Figure 1 shows three qualitative situations concerning the effects of size and composition dependence of the surface energy on the first-order

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

• is higher than the surface energy of a single large void, during the conversion process, multiple small voids tend to agglomerate and form a single large void to minimize the surface energy [32]. Until today, the explanation of such asymmetrical conversion mechanism is still under discussion. In

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• segments, could be removed. The ends of the Au-rich segments are rounded compared to the unheated segments and the gap sizes are in most of the cases increased. Rounding of the nanowire ends and removal of small bridges can be explained by surface diffusions of the atoms and the lower surface energy of

Surface excitations in the modelling of electron transport for electron-beam-induced deposition experiments

• Francesc Salvat-Pujol,
• Roser Valentí and
• Wolfgang S. Werner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1260–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.129

• features and trends of the surface excitation probability: Surface energy losses can be undergone by the charged projectile on either side of the interface, at the solid side or at the vacuum side. Indeed, a surface charge can be induced regardless of the side at which the projectile is moving on and, thus

• emerging direction. This effect, known as in-out asymmetry in surface energy-losses, has been long predicted but only recently observed experimentally [46]. In-out differences are most accentuated for surface-crossing directions close to the surface normal and for high kinetic energies (about 1 keV). Monte

• implies a modification of the sampling algorithm in the vicinity of the surface (typically 15 Å above and below the surface), as schematically shown in Figure 1. Technical details on the implementation of the algorithm for the simulation of surface energy losses can be found elsewhere in great detail [30