Selective porous gates made from colloidal silica nanoparticles

• Roberto Nisticò,
• Paola Avetta,
• Paola Calza,
• Debora Fabbri,
• Giuliana Magnacca and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2105–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.215

• then calcined using the same conditions applied for the coating preparation (400 °C for 2 h, ramp of 2 °C/min). Silica powders thus obtained were analyzed by HRTEM to verify that their morphology was identical to that of thin spin-coated films obtained from the same micellar solution. Physicochemical

• characterization Transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used to evaluate the morphology of colloidal silica nanoparticle coatings after the removal of the templates. Micrographs were obtained by using a JEOL JEM 2010 instrument (300 kV) equipped with a LaB6 filament. For the specimen preparation a few drops

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• HRTEM is expressed by Equation 1 [25]. A quantitative description of different lens aberrations in electron microscopy has been extensively discussed in the literature [24]. where λ is the wavelength of the electrons and C3 is the third-order spherical aberration coefficient of the objective lens. It

• reduction of the resolving power. Using a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) for demonstration, a high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image acquired at 200 kV using a conventional FEI Tecnai G2 microscope is shown in Figure 2a, where the spatial resolution is about 1.5 Å. When the accelerating voltage is lowered

• , HRTEM on defect-free graphene at 100 kV causes damage to the sample, including pentagons, heptagons and octagons [35]. The experimental results clearly show that a Td of 23 eV and 22 eV (corresponding to an incident beam of approx. 110 kV) is overestimated. Such a difference may indicate that the

Thermal treatment of magnetite nanoparticles

• Beata Kalska-Szostko,
• Urszula Wykowska,
• Dariusz Satula and
• Per Nordblad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1385–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.143

• treated as single crystals, have been obtained. This can be seen in HRTEM studies [49]. Therefore, oxide penetration is hampered and becomes much slower. The stepwise decomposition of the Fe(acac)3 complex causes the presence of grain-like growth of each subsequent layer. This introduces many more grain

Influence of the shape and surface oxidation in the magnetization reversal of thin iron nanowires grown by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Luis A. Rodríguez,
• Lorenz Deen,
• Rosa Córdoba,
• César Magén,
• Etienne Snoeck,
• Bert Koopmans and
• José M. De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1319–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.136

• microstructure were determined by bright field (BF) TEM and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) imaging, and chemical composition of the sections was determined by combining high angle annular dark field (HAADF) imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) mode

• parameters obtained from Figure 3d (half profile) and establishing z0 as the tNom of the nanowires. The HRTEM images of the nanowires, shown in Figure S3 (Supporting Information File 1), indicate that the Fe is nanocrystalline, as previously reported [14][18]. This microstructure will produce negligible

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• microscopy (HRTEM) and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) confirms their bimetal nature on the nanoscale. The obtained bimetal nanoparticles supported on nanocarbon were tested as catalysts in ammonia synthesis and are shown to be active at low temperature

• on the size of nanoparticles obtained than the choice of the initial nanocarbon material. HRTEM and HAADF-STEM studies In order to further study the structure of the supported Ru–Pt nanoparticles, the sample supported on MWNTs derived from Ru5PtC(CO)14(COD) (4) is characterized by high resolution

• transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM). HRTEM images of nanoparticles derived from cluster 4 reveal that they are not well crystallized (Figure 4a

High photocatalytic activity of V-doped SrTiO₃ porous nanofibers produced from a combined electrospinning and thermal diffusion process

• Panpan Jing,
• Wei Lan,
• Qing Su and
• Erqing Xie

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1281–1286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.132

• SrTiO3 nanofibers, which is consistent with the results from the SEM image. Moreover, Figure 1f displays a HRTEM image of V-doped SrTiO3. The average fringe spacing was measured to be about 1.42 Å which is larger than the 1.38 Å of the (220) plane of standard SrTiO3. Correlating these XRD results, it

• be filled by oxygen, owing to balance between the positive and negative charges. The lattice of the V-doped SrTiO3 increases and is larger than that of pure SrTiO3, which is similar with the result observed from XRD and HRTEM. Hence, it is concluded that V-doped SrTiO3 nanofibers were successfully

• using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, TecnaiTM G2F30, FEI), X-ray diffraction (XRD, Cu Kα, λ = 1.5406 Å), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Kratos AXIS

The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles

• Olga A. Guselnikova,
• Andrey I. Galanov,
• Anton K. Gutakovskii and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1192–1198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.121

• a 10 nm thick organic layer to provide long-term protection in air for the highly reactive zerovalent iron core up to 180 °C. The surface-modified iron NPs possess a high grafting density of the aryl group on the NPs surface of 1.23 mmol/g. FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, HRTEM, TGA/DTA, and elemental

• ). In the darkfield image, the nanocrystals are indicated by bright areas. In the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image, the atomic planes of the iron crystal lattice are clearly visualized. The NPs are mostly uniform in size with an average core particle diameter of 21 nm with

• °C/min under a flow of air at 80 mL/min. HRTEM observations were performed on a JEM-4000EX (JEOL) electron microscope. Elemental analysis was acquired with a Leco 628 carbon/hydrogen/nitrogen analyzer. The specific surface area was measured using a Micromeritics Tristar II 3020 surface area analyzer

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• likely originated from the starting copper ingot which is known to contain some oxygen. As Si has a higher affinity for oxygen than Cu, oxygen released by the evaporation of the copper or dissolved in the copper would be taken up by the silicon during particle formation. From HRTEM images, it is clear

• electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), selective area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) analysis. These measurements were performed on a JEM-2010 TEM (JEOL, Japan, 200 kV accelerating voltage, 0.14 nm resolution) equipped with an EDX (EDAX Co

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

•  5A) it is apparent that the hydrothermal conditions are more severe and lead to rougher nanoribbon surfaces. An investigation with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) (Figure 5B) revealed that nanoparticles with a trapezoidal shape were formed on the surfaces of the nanoribbons

Microwave assisted synthesis and characterisation of a zinc oxide/tobacco mosaic virus hybrid material. An active hybrid semiconductor in a field-effect transistor device

• Shawn Sanctis,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann,
• Sabine Eiben and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 785–791, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.81

• HRTEM investigations of the as-synthesized particles formed from the precursor solution, which yield stable zinc oxide nanoparticles (Figure 2a). TEM also indicates the successful formation of ZnO nanocrystals in solution after the completion of the microwave irradiation process. Grazing incidence X-ray

• compound. a) HRTEM image of the ZnO nanoparticle obtained from solution and b) GI-XRD spectra of the ZnO thin film after 6 deposition cycles (* = peak intensity arising from the Si/SiO2 substrate). AFM micrographs of (a) the bare wt TMV template immobilized on a Si/SiO2 substrate as well as (b) the wt TMV

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), butanol and hexane as surfactant, co-surfactant and oil phase, respectively. The silica coating of the Gd2(CO3)3:Tb complex was done by using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) under ammonical conditions. The synthesized NPs were characterized by HRTEM, EDX and FTIR. The size of the

• Gd2(CO3)3:Tb complex was found to be 8–12 nm with high degree of narrow size distribution. The coating with silica was confirmed by HRTEM studies in which the outer material covering the hybrid nanocomposites appeared as a thin layer with diameter of 6 nm. The magnetic properties of the NPs were

• (TMAH). Finally, bioconjugation on silica surface of the magnetic NPs and quantum dots was accomplished by using oleyl-O-poly(ethylene glycol)succinyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester. The characterization of these NPs was done by using UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, HRTEM, STEM and SQUID studies. The

Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO₂ for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Hong Ye Chu,
• Shaliza Ibrahim and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.43

• field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS), Raman and photoluminescence (PL) analyses. The simple and smart synthesis anchored well the deposition

• activity. The HRTEM images (Figure 2d and Figure 2e) further confirm the formation of Pd/TiO2 without changing the original morphology of TiO2. It also further confirms the particles size of palladium. The lattice fringes with spacings of 0.22 and 0.35 nm as seen in Figure 2f can be clearly attributed to

• microscope (HRTEM, JEM-2100F, Jeol) images were obtained at 200 kV. The phase composition of the prepared photocatalysts was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 advance X-ray powder diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation λ = 0.154 nm). A micro-PL/Raman spectroscope (Renishaw, inVia Raman Microscope

Tunable white light emission by variation of composition and defects of electrospun Al₂O₃–SiO₂ nanofibers

• Jinyuan Zhou,
• Gengzhi Sun,
• Hao Zhao,
• Xiaojun Pan,
• Zhenxing Zhang,
• Yujun Fu,
• Yanzhe Mao and
• Erqing Xie

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 313–320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.29

• results. Additionally, many nanocrystals can be observed in the enlarged TEM image shown in Figure 3b with dimensions from several nm to several tens of nm. The HRTEM image in Figure 3c illustrates that the lattice fringes are well-defined, suggesting that the composite nanowires have a high degree of

• insets are their corresponding enlarged SEM images. (a) Low magnification TEM image of Al4Si6 nanofibers; (b) locally enlarged TEM image; (c) HRTEM image of one area shown in (b); and (d) enlarged TEM image of the fiber surface, the inset is the SAED pattern collected from the fiber’s edge. FTIR spectra

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

Morphology, structural properties and reducibility of size-selected CeO_2−x nanoparticle films

• Maria Chiara Spadaro,
• Sergio D’Addato,
• Gabriele Gasperi,
• Francesco Benedetti,
• Paola Luches,
• Vincenzo Grillo,
• Giovanni Bertoni and
• Sergio Valeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 60–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.7

• structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The thermal stability of the NPs was investigated by XPS. The aim of this work is to investigate the fundamental relationship between NPs chemical and physical properties, in order to improve the

• deposited’ sample was then annealed at T = 1020 K in UHV. HRTEM experiments were performed by using a JEOL JEM-2200FS instrument working at 200 keV and equipped with a Schottky emitter. The instrument has an objective lens spherical aberration coefficient of 0.5 mm, providing a point-to-point resolution of

• 9 nm (lateral size distribution in the inset) (b) and NPs diameter 14 nm (c). STM images of the non-epitaxial (d) and epitaxial (e) ultra-thin ceria films acquired at 1.5 V and 0.04 nA. STEM (a) and HRTEM (b) images of ceria NPs corresponding to the sample with average diameter of 9 nm, the inset in

Synthesis and characterization of fluorescence-labelled silica core-shell and noble metal-decorated ceria nanoparticles

• Rudolf Herrmann,
• Markus Rennhak and
• Armin Reller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2413–2423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.251

• size can be determined from TEM images by measuring the diameter of the circumscribed sphere. Up to now we were able to obtain average particle sizes between 39 ± 4 and 260 ± 40 nm. Typical images are shown in Figure 6. The HRTEM image (right) shows that the large particle is indeed composed of 8–10 nm

Hybrid spin-crossover nanostructures

• Carlos M. Quintero,
• Gautier Félix,
• Iurii Suleimanov,
• José Sánchez Costa,
• Gábor Molnár,
• Lionel Salmon,
• William Nicolazzi and
• Azzedine Bousseksou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2230–2239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.232

• the particles. Adapted with permission from [23], copyright 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Schematic representation of single layer Au@PBA nanoparticles, double layer Au@PBA@PBA core–shell NPs, and hollow PBA NPs. On the right, TEM and HRTEM images of the Au@KNiFe NPs. Adapted with permission

• from [25], copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH. HRTEM images of core–multishell PBA nanoparticles a) RbCoFe@KNiCr@RbCoFe and b) KNiCr@RbCoFe@KNiCr, and c) shows the field-cooled magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature before and after light irradiation of RbCoFe@KNiCr. Adapted with permission from

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• -resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been widely employed to visualize CNOs and to study the mechanisms of CNO formation and their structural properties. Raman spectroscopy is another useful technique for the structural characterization of CNOs and corroborates the basic graphitic

• , which corroborated the presence of alkyl groups on the CNO surface. Additional HRTEM and SEM experiments were carried out to further support the successful functionalization and excellent solubility of CNO-C16. The authors also studied the reversibility of this alkylation reaction, which could be

• particles have demonstrated high cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity and lower inflammatory potential than CNTs and a very promising future for biomedical applications. HRTEM images of (a) diamond nanoparticles, (b) spherical carbon onions, and (c) polyhedral carbon onions. Diamond nanoparticles are

Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

• Pravin Kumar,
• Udai Bhan Singh,
• Kedar Mal,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Indra Sulania,
• Dinakar Kanjilal,
• Dinesh Singh and
• Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

• /Sn) from 1 to 10. The irradiated films were characterized using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A TEM image of a cross section of the

• RBS within a few nm) and this is probably the reason why the Pt edge has a small shift (compared to pristine) in the RBS measurement of the sample. Figure 5c covers the near-surface region of HRTEM analysis which shows that ≈5 nm crystalline NPs are uniformly distributed below the surface. The density

• in Figure 6) upon 50 keV neon ion irradiation, which seems to be responsible for the Pt diffusion, matches well with the NP distribution (obtained from the cross sectional HRTEM analysis) in the film irradiated under the same conditions. Total vacancies produced in the system for a chosen ion–target

Room temperature, ppb-level NO₂ gas sensing of multiple-networked ZnSe nanowire sensors under UV illumination

• Sunghoon Park,
• Soohyun Kim,
• Wan In Lee,
• Kyoung-Kook Kim and
• Chongmu Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1836–1841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.194

• approximately 80 nm. The HRTEM image in Figure 2b confirmed that the core region of the nanowire was perfectly crystalline, whereas the edge region showed twinning along the axis of the nanowire. Fringes with spacings of 0.346 and 0.331 nm corresponding to the interplanar distances of the {100} and {002

The influence of molecular mobility on the properties of networks of gold nanoparticles and organic ligands

• Edwin J. Devid,
• Paulo N. Martinho,
• M. Venkata Kamalakar,
• Úna Prendergast,
• Christian Kübel,
• Tibebe Lemma,
• Jean-François Dayen,
• Tia. E. Keyes,
• Bernard Doudin,
• Mario Ruben and
• Sense Jan van der Molen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1664–1674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.177

• results of the structural and spectroscopic characterisation of the synthesized 2D ligand-gold nanoparticle arrays (in short Au-NP–S-BPP-arrays), by means of UV-vis and electron microscopy (SEM, HRTEM and 3D TEM) experiments, will be presented. Specifically, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS

• -STEM, HRTEM and 3D TEM) are also used to accurately characterise the nanoscale structuring of the multilayered networks on carbon-covered TEM grids. It should be noted that, whereas regular 2D structures are readily obtained on flat (oxidized) silicon substrates, the ordered assembly on the TEM grids

Growth evolution and phase transition from chalcocite to digenite in nanocrystalline copper sulfide: Morphological, optical and electrical properties

• Priscilla Vasthi Quintana-Ramirez,
• Ma. Concepción Arenas-Arrocena,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Marina Vega-González,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• Víctor Manuel Castaño-Meneses,
• Laura Susana Acosta-Torres and
• Javier de la Fuente-Hernández

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1542–1552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.166

• strain decreases in the samples shown that the least stress was at 260 °C (−8.26 × 10−5) and the highest was at 230 °C (−2.73 × 10−3). Morphology from TEM and HRTEM TEM images revel that amorphous CuxS from aqueous solution is constituted of nanometric particles with undefined shape that are agglomerated

• phase, from chalcocite to digenite. In order to verify the full transition of the digenite phase an HRTEM analysis of the crystals was made. The distance between the lines in the HRTEM image (Figure 3) is approximately 0.32 nm. This corresponds to the (0015) plane spacing of the digenite phase, which

• predominant phase is the digenite. TEM images of copper sulfide synthesized in organic solution at a) 220, b) 230, c) 240 and d) 260 °C. The morphology of the CuxS change from irregular nanoparticles to nanoprisms with increasing temperature. The encircled area shows an alignment of the nanorrods (b). HRTEM

Probing the electronic transport on the reconstructed Au/Ge(001) surface

• Franciszek Krok,
• Mark R. Kaspers,
• Alexander M. Bernhart,
• Marek Nikiel,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Paulina Indyka,
• Mateusz Wojtaszek,
• Rolf Möller and
• Christian A. Bobisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1463–1471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.159

• observations show that the excess amount of Au forms clusters of [110]-orientation, in agreement to previous STM studies of the same system by Wang et al. [20]. Also, HRTEM images with atomic resolution show that the Au clusters are crystalline. Apart from that, in Figure 4a, a thin layer exhibiting the

• atomic wires at the surface are not coupled to each other. Our HRTEM data supports this assumption. In Figure 5, an atomically resolved HRTEM image of the interface between the Au cluster and the substrate surface is shown. In image a), on the right side the substrate surface level is indicated by a

• atomic structure of Ge(001) bulk is visible. a) An atomically resolved HRTEM image of the interface between the Au cluster and the surrounding substrate surface. The substrate surface level is indicated with the dashed line. The arrow points to the discontinuity region (“cavity”) between the crystalline

Synthesis, characterization, and growth simulations of Cu–Pt bimetallic nanoclusters

• Subarna Khanal,
• Ana Spitale,
• Nabraj Bhattarai,
• Daniel Bahena,
• J. Jesus Velazquez-Salazar,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Marcelo M. Mariscal and
• Miguel José-Yacaman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1371–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.150

• characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) by using a JEOL 2010F operated at 200 kV. The STEM images were recorded in a Cs-corrected JEOL JEM-ARM 200F operated at 200 kV. HAADF STEM images were obtained with a convergence angle of 26 mrad

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• characterized by tetragonal morphologies, more agglomeration in the nanocrystals, and lack of the distinct presence of the isolated nanocrystals. The inset in Figure 2a shows a high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image, which demonstrates the presence of crystalline planes with an interplanar spacing d of 0.34 nm

• . Figure 2b shows the TEM micrograph of CIGSe nanocrystals with a size of 100–120 nm and exhibiting a slight improvement in the appearance of the tetragonal morphology, which is characteristic of these chalcopyrites-based nanocrystals. The inset depicts the HRTEM micrograph with well-aligned crystalline

• in terms of crystallinity can be seen due to the emergence of nanocrystals of the size of 150–200 nm. The HRTEM micrograph shown as an inset in Figure 2c depicts the presence of sharp crystalline planes with an interplanar spacing of 0.325 nm. However, a similar trend was observed upon light-soaking