On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• %), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (7.2%) or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (5.6%). It has the advantages of relatively low cost, simple sample preparation, quick measurements, and automated analysis, offering clear benefits for quality control applications. It has been demonstrated in several

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• structure. The pigments are obtained via the addition of coloring ions to boehmite from recycled metallic aluminium. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the crystallographic phase. Additionally, the oxidation state 3+ responsible for the greenish (chromium) and reddish (iron

• obtaining boehmite, we added chromium and iron ions to obtain colored mixed oxides with a corundum-type structure. The stability of the synthesized pigments in acid and alkaline environments was evaluated by colorimetric measurements. Results and Discussion X-ray diffractometry (XRD) The XRD of the pristine

• characteristic of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles [21]. The same morphology was observed for concentrations of 5 and 20 wt % of coloring ions (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) The elemental composition of the samples evaluated by the analysis of XPS spectra is shown in

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• magnifications of the morphology of NiFe and CoNiFe after GO addition are presented in Figure S1 and S2, respectively, in Supporting Information File 1. Figure 2 presents the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) maps with corresponding SEM images of the catalysts. The analysis confirms the presence of the following

• probably inhibited the electrodeposition process of NiFe and CoNiFe on its surface. This may be the reason for the slower stabilization of the synthesis current density observed in the chronoamperograms (Figure 1a). X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy

• Figure 3a–d shows the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of the L3 edge of nickel (a), iron (b), cobalt (c), and carbon (d) in the studied catalysts. The appearance of a shoulder peak at the L3 edge of the nickel (Figure 3a) at 855 eV indicates the presence of oxides in the structure of the catalysts (Ni in

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• anticancer effects [76]. After QT was delivered to tumor tissue by the active targeting ability of the membrane, the sensitivity to radiotherapy was effectively improved, and a strong anticancer effect was exerted under X-ray irradiation [76]. Gong et al. designed a pH-responsive multifunctional biomimetic

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• accelerating voltage of 20 kV and identical work parameters of the EDS detector. The quality of platinum coating on the carbon material was assessed based on images made using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). TEM measurements were carried out

• the prepared platinum-coated carbon support, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used (Prevac, Poland) with an R3000 VG analyzer (Scienta, Sweden) and an X-ray source with an Al Kα anode (Prevac, Poland) emitting X-rays with a photon energy of 1486.6 eV. The analysis of the XPS spectra

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• annealed at 1050 °C was named 15Au5Ni. The morphology was imaged by optical microscopy (OM, Zeiss Axiotech) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM, Hitachi S-4800) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Thermo Scientific). The SEM images were recorded by using mixed

• atomic numbers show brighter contrasts. EDS measurements were performed to obtain the element distribution in the target areas. X-ray diffraction (XRD, Siemens D-5000) analyses were conducted in Bragg–Brentano mode using Cu Kα irradiation at 40 kV. The height distribution of the areas of interest was

Characterisation of a micrometer-scale active plasmonic element by means of complementary computational and experimental methods

• Ciarán Barron,
• Giulia Di Fazio,
• Samuel Kenny,
• Silas O’Toole,
• Robin O’Reilly and
• Dominic Zerulla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 110–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.12

• reference light is recorded after the aperture and reflected from a cube beam splitter, with the signal photodiode placed on the 2θ arm of a high-accuracy (18 arcsec resolution) Siemens θ–2θ X-ray diffractometer stage with inbuilt goniometer to collect light reflected from the interface. The absolute

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• SERS properties of the nanoporous structure. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) the morphology and surface composition of each nanoporous structure were respectively evaluated and used to describe the SERS properties of the samples. Results and

• to the alloy thin film. Three different silver compositions were selected, namely 18, 30, and 36 atom %, and characterized by SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Figure 1 displays the SEM micrograph of the as-deposited thin films. The thin films exhibit a columnar morphology (see the

• a sample and on two samples made in the same conditions. To evaluate the surface composition and oxidation state, XPS was used. The XPS measurements were carried out on a PHI 5000 VersaProbe using a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (1486.6 eV). The high-resolution spectra were recorded with a pass

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• powder was exfoliated in each liquid medium by exposure to mechanical energy provided by an ultrasonic bath (full details in the Experimental section). Talc was manually milled down to a fine powder and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Figure 1a displays the results. All peaks are assigned to

• obtaining information on thousands of flakes and using appropriate statistical descriptions to analyze the data. Experimental Materials. Talc was obtained through a donation of a sample from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to characterize the sample composition. The rock

• measurements were performed on silicon substrates with an oxide layer, Si/SiOx. Substrates were functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) following the procedure reported by Fernandes and co-workers [24]. X-ray diffraction. XRD was performed in a Rigaku Geigerflex 2037 diffractometer with a

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• the rectangle function in ZEN 2012 Service Pack 2 software (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Jena, Germany). XPS spectra after each surface modification step were collected with ULVAC-PHI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (PHI QuanteraII, Kanagawa, Japan). Selective wet chemical etching processes and metal

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• , and composition via several techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflectance, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The effect of unsaturated oleic (OA) and

• were uniform and the single spots were not visible proved that the crystallites were very small. These results correspond well with data from X-ray diffraction (XRD), according to which the average size of the crystallites for all prepared nanoparticles was 4.5–9 nm. The average crystallite size did

• crystallites obtained by estimating the expansion of the X-ray diffraction line (DXRD calculated with Scherer, optionally Rietveld, refinement), which indicated a single magnetic domain characteristic of the TMO-I nanoparticle sample. When a stabilizer with a shorter carbon chain (i.e., UA) is used under the

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• the samples were placed behind the focal plane of the lens (low intensity and big spot). The crystalline properties of the films were determined using X-ray diffraction (PANalytical diffractometer, λ = 1.5406 Å). The XRD measurements were carried out in 2θ mode between 20° and 80°. Topology and

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• of materials The morphology, the phase, and the vibrational characteristics of the surface functional groups of the materials were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Diffuse reflectance

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• SEM, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) analysis. The XRD and UV–vis results were published in our previous article [17]. We present this data again in this article as it is necessary for the discussion of the results. Zeta potential measurements were also presented in another

• was performed using a powder X-ray diffractometer (Figure 1a). The XRD spectra revealed that the diffraction peaks at 2θ = 30.2°, 35.3°, 43.7°, 53.9°, 57.1°, and 62.7° (Figure 1a) correspond to those of Fe3O4 (reference code COD 01-089-3854); they belong to a cubic structure system corresponding to

• the facets (220), (311), (400), (422), (511), and (440) of Fe3O4, respectively [21]. The absence of the (210) and (211) peaks confirms that the catalysts were indeed magnetite. The mean size of the catalyst crystallites (D) was calculated from the high-reflection X-ray diffraction profiles by

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• -scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and linear sweep voltammetry. The results show that the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite has an optical bandgap of 2.5 eV, which is a significant improvement in visible-light absorption capability compared to TiO2 (3.14 eV). The

• nanocomposite characterizations The surface morphology of MWCNTs and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite is characterized by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, S4800) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL-1400). The crystallization behavior of the catalysts is analyzed by X-ray

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• pineapple peel extracts and their behavior on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 is shown. Bioreactions were monitored at different temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used to characterize nanoparticle development. The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used as a test model to study the cytotoxic behavior of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles and, as a counterpart, the nanoparticles were also

• nanoparticles. Crystalline behavior In all of the reactions, the X-ray diffraction patterns shown in Figure 2 confirm the transformation of AgNO3 into metallic Ag. The characteristic peaks of AgNO3 salt and metallic Ag are indicated by short lines and can be used as a reference for comparison with the

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• and porosity were ±0.05 g/cm3 and ±0.05%, respectively. X-ray diffraction With the help of a Bruker D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffractometer, the evolution of the formation of hydroxyapatite and of the intermediate compounds was studied, on samples calcined at different temperatures, as well as after burning

• peak of each diffractogram with the highest intensity, the average size of the crystallite, Dhkl, was calculated using the Scherrer equation: where k is a dimensionless constant called the form factor, usually having a value of 0.9. λ is the X-ray wavelength, in this case λ = 1.54060 Å, FWHM (full

• special cleaning process for 6 min in a nitrogen plasma jet in a FISCHONE Plasma Cleaner. A FEI QUANTA INSPECT S SEM was used to observe structure and morphology of the samples after their treatment in simulated body fluid, as well as to acquire the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra and the elemental

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• reason may be the expected differences in the g-tensor values from nickel complexes on the surface and inside the crystallites. However, as shown in Figure 9 the mutual changes in the concentration of Ni3+(I) and Ni3+(II) complexes are too small in relation to the changes in surface area measured by X

• -ray experiments. Therefore, the assumption that the two different nickel complexes are derived from the crystallites and the surface can probably be rejected. The second reason why two complexes are visible in the EPR spectra is the assumption that two LCO phases are formed during the synthesis: a low

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

• scanning electron microscopy and structural characteristics were analysed by using energy-dispersive X-ray, UV–vis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and

• with graphene. The spectrum of Gr in Figure 2c obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) clearly demonstrates the presence of a high amount of carbon with a minimum amount of oxygen, indicating the purity of Gr. Figure 2d clearly shows the presence of carbon, oxygen, and AuNPs in the

• Oxford Instrument energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. UV–vis was performed on a Libra S80 Biochrom spectrophotometer and FTIR was performed on a Spectrum 400 PerkinElmer spectrometer (U.S.). Electrochemical studies of the electrodes The electrochemical behaviour of different modified SPCE surfaces was

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• times with DI water, and dried overnight at 60 °C. The commercially available HBN was used as a control sample. Characterization techniques A Rigaku Smart Lab high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (HR-XRD) equipped with a HyPix-3000 detector and Cu anode emitting Kα radiation was employed to obtain the

• attachment using BaSO4 as the standard. The electronic arrangement of the studied materials was revealed through a PHI 5000 versa probe III high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (HR-XPS). The mineralization efficiency was estimated through the variation in the total organic carbon content by using

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• of solar cells. In this study, we synthesized Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se-based alloyed QDs by colloidal hot injection and characterized them. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis confirms the +1, +2, +3, −2, and −2 oxidation states of, respectively, Ag, Zn, Ga, S, and Se in the QDs, and the energy-dispersive

• X-ray spectrum analysis confirms the 1:1:1:1.5:1.5 stoichiometric ratio of, respectively, Ag, Zn, Ga, S, and Se. These two results indicate the formation of I-II-III-VI3-type alloyed crystals (AgZnGaS1.5Se1.5 nanocrystals). TEM image analysis reveals the QD nature of the synthesized Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se

• nanocrystals. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the hexagonal structure. Due to the near-infrared light absorption capability, the synthesized QDs were used as the sensitizer to fabricate QDSCs. The fabricated QDSCs were characterized by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photovoltaic

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• intermediates from the synthesis process into photocatalysts to alter the energy band structure and increase photocatalytic activity [89]. A simple two-step technique was used to develop a novel compound photocatalyst of Bi/BiOBr-Bi5+ [90]. X-ray diffraction, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and

• X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the coexistence of self-doped Bi5+ and in situ deposited Bi(M). Compared to Bi/BiOBr or BiOBr–Bi5+, the photocatalytic activity of Bi/BiOBr-Bi5+ regarding RhB degradation under visible light was significantly increased. OVs helped in separating photoexcited

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• under mild conditions. A large quantity of these polycrystalline nanostructures with a diameter between 100 and 900 nm and a wall thickness around 50 nm were synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• properties of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to assess the morphology of the materials. The crystal phase of the materials was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a measurement range of 10°–80°. Fourier

• -transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the chemical bond composition of the materials. Differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) determined the change in the bandgap of the materials. The elements of the materials were identified by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• , Vietnam 10.3762/bjnano.13.94 Abstract Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized by a green method using rosin and zinc chloride as salt precursors. The phase structure, morphology, and particle size of ZnO were determined by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning

• reactions that form zinc resinate are shown in Equation 1 and Equation 2. The schematic illustration of the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is shown in Figure 1. Methods for determining the characterization of the synthesized material The phase of the synthesized material was determined by X-ray diffraction

• (XRD) using a Bruker D8 advanced X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). The morphology and size of the synthesized material were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) on a Hitachi S-4800 at 15 kV and high-resolution transmission electron