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Search for "agglomeration" in Full Text gives 269 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

  • Guenther Ruhl,
  • Sebastian Wittmann,
  • Matthias Koenig and
  • Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

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  • the type of metal removal. The first approach is based on the removal of the metal layer during the CVD process by evaporation [26] or agglomeration [27]. However, the evaporation process lowers the graphene quality. The other approach is the implementation of a dissolution–precipitation mechanism of
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Published 15 May 2017

Assembly of metallic nanoparticle arrays on glass via nanoimprinting and thin-film dewetting

  • Sun-Kyu Lee,
  • Sori Hwang,
  • Yoon-Kee Kim and
  • Yong-Jun Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1049–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.106

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  • junctions and the agglomeration of the film across the pits. Figure 7a–c shows the size distribution of NPs dewetted at different temperatures for a 14 nm thick Ag film. With increasing dewetting temperature, the plots became narrower, eliminating fine and coarse particles. At 500 °C, the plot showed the
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Published 12 May 2017

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO2 nanorods

  • Romana Cerc Korošec,
  • Polona Umek,
  • Alexandre Gloter,
  • Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
  • Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

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  • birnessite-type MnO2 nanoparticles, synthesized under ambient conditions from KMnO4 and ethylene glycol, doping with Co prevented agglomeration and increased the specific surface area. The prepared materials possess a very high specific capacity and are potential candidates for supercapacitors [23]. Co-doped
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Published 10 May 2017

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

  • Michelle Romero-Franco,
  • Hilary A. Godwin,
  • Muhammad Bilal and
  • Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

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  • consideration of various issues that include, but are not limited to the: behavior of ENMs in various media (e.g., dissolution, agglomeration/aggregation, adsorption); persistence (techniques to predict aspects of degradation of certain ENMs; transportation/distribution; predicted environmental concentrations
  • have been performed to date have frequently had to rely on expert judgment, which can result in ongoing debates about the validity of the results obtained from this approach [16][18]. Furthermore, the complexities of ENMs transformations (e.g., agglomeration, complex formation) make it difficult to
  • complexity associated with having to address the impact of particle size distribution and agglomeration on the fate and transport and bio-uptake of ENMs by ecological receptors. Given the complexity of quantifying environmental exposures to ENMs and the scarcity of toxicity data at the organism level
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Published 05 May 2017

BTEX detection with composites of ethylenevinyl acetate and nanostructured carbon

  • Santa Stepina,
  • Astrida Berzina,
  • Gita Sakale and
  • Maris Knite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 982–988, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.100

Graphical Abstract
  • microscope image and dividing it into 12 squares, which are further mathematically processed so that the indices for particle distribution (dIndex), for particle agglomeration (sIndex), and for an overall sample characterization (compIndex) can be calculated. We have adapted the formulas to the images
  • little agglomeration. A channel is visible if the electrical current that flows through the sample is greater than 170 pA. The channels vary in current strength from 170 pA to 20.6 nA. Figure 4b shows the channel size distribution histogram. The channels vary in size from 1 to 48 pixels and one pixel is
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Published 04 May 2017

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

  • Arpita Jana,
  • Elke Scheer and
  • Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

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  • have advantages compared to bare NPs, including reduced NP agglomeration, as well as increased electrical, electrochemical and optical properties. Encapsulating NPs with graphene increases the surface-to-volume ratio that is available for sensing [75]. Furthermore, the presence of graphene results in
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Published 24 Mar 2017

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

  • Anna Jagusiak,
  • Barbara Piekarska,
  • Tomasz Pańczyk,
  • Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
  • Elżbieta Bielańska,
  • Barbara Stopa,
  • Grzegorz Zemanek,
  • Janina Rybarska,
  • Irena Roterman and
  • Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

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  • based on the prolonged (2 hours) manual grinding of CR and purified SWNTs in agate mortar with the addition of water to avoid agglomeration of dried CR powder. A greenish black mixture was produced, which was readily dissolved in water [28]. In this paper we present a simpler and more reproducible
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Published 16 Mar 2017

Investigation of the photocatalytic efficiency of tantalum alkoxy carboxylate-derived Ta2O5 nanoparticles in rhodamine B removal

  • Subia Ambreen,
  • Mohammad Danish,
  • Narendra D. Pandey and
  • Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 604–613, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.65

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  • (Figure 2). SEM micrographs of calcined Ta2O5 nanoparticles are shown in Figure 3. Ta2O5 particles derived from different tantalum alkoxides show different morphologies, particle sizes and distributions. Apparently, the particles are roughly spherical and agglomerated to some level. The agglomeration is
  • Ta2O5 particles derived from different precursors exhibit different particle sizes and distributions. Figure 4 shows the particle size and distribution of TOPO-coated Ta2O5 obtained from different precursors. Ta(On-Bu)4(OOCCCl3)-derived nanoparticles were found to display agglomeration in the suspension
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Published 13 Mar 2017

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

  • Ruchi Deshmukh,
  • Anurag Mehra and
  • Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

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  • shapes are an outcome of agglomeration of initial spherical seed nanoparticles the aggregation of which is facilitated by particle–particle collisions, magnetic moment and directed by the presence of a stabilizing agent (such as TMAH, NH4OH, TEAH, or TBAH), yielding different nanostructures. The magnetic
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Published 23 Feb 2017

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

  • Florent Pessina and
  • Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

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  • stirring. Achieving a high level of supersaturation results in a higher nucleation rate, but aggregation increases rapidly. For this solvent/compound system, they produced smaller particles and reduced the agglomeration by sonication and the particles were finally obtained by drying. This method may be
  • colloid. This technique was also applied on HMX [17] with a particle size around 30 nm and the same conclusions were drawn. Bayat et al. [18], through an optimization of the microemulsion process, crystallized 80 nm plate-like β-CL-20 particles. The severe agglomeration and plate-like morphology could be
  • size of 340 nm claimed. The particles also exhibit a certain degree of agglomeration which can be explained again by the pool of surfactant and the air-drying method used. Luo et al. [20] reached an impressive mean diameter of 30 nm of RDX. They used an unusual technique where RDX is dispersed in
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Published 17 Feb 2017

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

  • Tapas Ghosh and
  • Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

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  • rapid thermal annealing has been performed under various atmospheric conditions. In spite of the general tendency of the agglomeration of nanoparticles to lower the surface energy at elevated temperatures, our plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray
  • spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the thermal oxidation of the copper nanoparticles and formation of cupric oxide (CuO) on silicon surfaces leads to wetting rather than agglomeration. In contrast, agglomeration has been observed when copper nanoparticles were annealed in a
  • annealing of thin films on a substrate leads to the formation of islands, which is the consequence of the Gibbs–Thomson effect for the energy minimization [31]. There are different theoretical explanations regarding the mechanism of particle agglomeration. In general, a copper thin film is agglomerated via
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Published 13 Feb 2017

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

  • Olga Rotan,
  • Katharina N. Severin,
  • Simon Pöpsel,
  • Alexander Peetsch,
  • Melisa Merdanovic,
  • Michael Ehrmann and
  • Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

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  • dispersion. Both cationic (with PEI) and anionic (with CMC) nanoparticles were prepared. Note that the difference between the particle size by SEM and by dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicates a moderate degree of agglomeration of the nanoparticles in pure water. It can be safely assumed that the
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Published 07 Feb 2017

Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties

  • Tatiana N. Pashirova,
  • Andrei V. Bogdanov,
  • Lenar I. Musin,
  • Julia K. Voronina,
  • Irek R. Nizameev,
  • Marsil K. Kadirov,
  • Vladimir F. Mironov,
  • Lucia Ya. Zakharova,
  • Shamil K. Latypov and
  • Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.34

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  • . The samples based on compounds 2a–f were not used in this experiment due to their low stability in the presence of Sudan I. In these cases, gradual agglomeration and precipitation were observed in the systems. As seen in Figure 4a an increase in absorbance occurs at concentrations above 0.2 mМ (for 2g
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Published 01 Feb 2017

Functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

  • Antoine R. M. Dalod,
  • Lars Henriksen,
  • Tor Grande and
  • Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

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  • the crystallite sizes determined by XRD, which suggest only weakly agglomeration in the powders after drying. The nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms of TiO2 and in situ surface-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles demonstrate the hysteresis profile similar to mesoporous materials (Figure 4a
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Published 31 Jan 2017

Photocatalysis applications of some hybrid polymeric composites incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles and their combinations with SiO2/Fe2O3

  • Andreea Laura Chibac,
  • Tinca Buruiana,
  • Violeta Melinte and
  • Emil C. Buruiana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 272–286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.30

Graphical Abstract
  • in the polymeric matrix, as can be observed for the hybrid composites S1 and S4 in the inset of Figure 4a and Figure 4d, respectively. Therefore, it is clear that the introduction of the TiO2 nanoparticles in a polymer template avoids their agglomeration. The hybrid polymeric films, S1–S4 (thickness
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Published 27 Jan 2017

Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles

  • Anurag Roy,
  • Partha Pratim Das,
  • Mukta Tathavadekar,
  • Sumita Das and
  • Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 210–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.23

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  • agglomeration forms more interparticle gaps. This leads to the higher possibility of electron recombination and entrapment resulting in poor photovoltaic performance for particles. On the contrary, the multioriented 1D ZnO nanorods promote better light harvesting and faster electron injection, resulting in
  • surface area of the nanoparticles, more CdS was loaded on them than on the nanorods but uncontrolled agglomeration may result in random electron conduction and further may enhance the recombination rate. Whereas, the nanorods (due to their superior one-dimensional structure and reduced grain boundaries
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Published 23 Jan 2017

Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles: critical role of oligonucleotides on stability and fractal aggregation

  • Roberta D'Agata,
  • Pasquale Palladino and
  • Giuseppe Spoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.1

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  • expected, an almost negligible shift of the plasmon band (521 nm), which is a consequence of the disfavoured adsorption of BiotinDNA onto the more negatively charged citrate-stabilized AuNPs at higher pH, was observed in this case. Different methods for detecting aggregation or agglomeration of gold
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Published 02 Jan 2017

Solvent-mediated conductance increase of dodecanethiol-stabilized gold nanoparticle monolayers

  • Patrick A. Reissner,
  • Jean-Nicolas Tisserant,
  • Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer,
  • Raffaele Mezzenga and
  • Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2057–2064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.196

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  • dependence can be expected if the decrease in lattice constant is driven by an energy minimization process. Attractive van-der-Waals forces between adjacent nanoparticles can cause agglomeration of nanoparticles, which we observed after removing the alkane ligands by UV/ozone treatment. However, van-der
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Published 23 Dec 2016

In situ formation of reduced graphene oxide structures in ceria by combined sol–gel and solvothermal processing

  • Jingxia Yang,
  • Johannes Ofner,
  • Bernhard Lendl and
  • Ulrich Schubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1815–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.174

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  • 0.05 and 0.02 g, the Raman mapping showed no obvious phase separation, indicating that rGO and CeO2 were homogeneously dispersed. However, when the GO proportion was 0.2 g, phase separation (agglomeration of rGO) was observed by partial disappearance of the CeO2 signal and the enhancement of the rGO
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Published 23 Nov 2016

Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces

  • Ana C. S. Alcântara,
  • Margarita Darder,
  • Pilar Aranda and
  • Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170

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  • phase (soluble in alcohol, denoted as EXT) and a solid or precipitate phase (insoluble in alcohol, denoted as PCT), resulting from the agglomeration of the insoluble components (Figure 1A). The aqueous clay suspension was then added to this system with the two phases of zein in absolute ethanol. The
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Published 18 Nov 2016

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

  • Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
  • Jacek Wojnarowicz,
  • Agnieszka Chodara,
  • Tadeusz Chudoba,
  • Stanislaw Gierlotka and
  • Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

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  • hundred nanometers. It was impossible to determine the length distribution of these structures precisely due to their agglomeration (Figure 6). The average nanoparticle size for Type 2 HAp was 7.3 nm (Figure 7). An analysis of the histogram reveals that the sample contained a considerable fraction of
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Published 04 Nov 2016

Development of adsorptive membranes by confinement of activated biochar into electrospun nanofibers

  • Mehrdad Taheran,
  • Mitra Naghdi,
  • Satinder K. Brar,
  • Emile Knystautas,
  • Mausam Verma,
  • Rao. Y. Surampalli and
  • Jose. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1556–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.149

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  • infrared and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that at 1.5% of biochar loading, the surface area reached the maximum value of 12.4 m2/g and beyond this loading value, agglomeration of particles inhibited fine interaction with nanofibrous matrix. Also, the adsorption tests using
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Published 01 Nov 2016

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

  • Oihane K. Arriortua,
  • Eneko Garaio,
  • Borja Herrero de la Parte,
  • Maite Insausti,
  • Luis Lezama,
  • Fernando Plazaola,
  • Jose Angel García,
  • Jesús M. Aizpurua,
  • Maialen Sagartzazu,
  • Mireia Irazola,
  • Nestor Etxebarria,
  • Ignacio García-Alonso,
  • Alberto Saiz-López and
  • José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

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  • ), maintaining monodispersity and size distribution. To better define the degree of agglomeration of the nanoparticles in solution, DLS measurements were performed at 24 h. The hydrodynamic diameter for Fe3O4@OA (in toluene) and Fe3O4@PMAO (in a 1:10 PBS/H2O solution) samples was 57 and 78 nm, respectively
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Published 28 Oct 2016

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

  • Claudia Messerschmidt,
  • Daniel Hofmann,
  • Anja Kroeger,
  • Katharina Landfester,
  • Volker Mailänder and
  • Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

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  • aggregates. Figure 2 exemplarily shows aggregates of SiNP-22 as seen by TEM after drying from DMEM+FCS containing medium. On closer inspection of the micrographs one can even recognize an adsorption layer around the SiNPs (Figure 2B). Hence, we might attribute the immediate agglomeration of SiNPs to the
  • agglomeration of NPs plays a crucial role in their uptake into cells. Accordingly, one has to examine the adsorption of the NP agglomerates on the cell membrane. Figure 3 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of a HeLa cell exposed to 100 µg·mL−1 SiNP-22 for 15 min prior to fixation. It is worth
  • process. Furthermore, we observed necrotic structures in TEM analysis, e.g., vacuolization and membrane disintegration supporting the evidences of necrotic cell death. Agglomeration of NPs in a protein containing environment and their interaction with the cell membrane All the NPs under examination showed
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Published 16 Sep 2016

Influence of synthesis conditions on microstructure and phase transformations of annealed Sr2FeMoO6−x nanopowders formed by the citrate–gel method

  • Marta Yarmolich,
  • Nikolai Kalanda,
  • Sergey Demyanov,
  • Herman Terryn,
  • Jon Ustarroz,
  • Maksim Silibin and
  • Gennadii Gorokh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1202–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.111

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  • pH leads to the growth of grain sizes from 150 to 650 nm. In the case of SFMO-4 (the lowest pH), grains down to 150–350 nm were obtained, as displayed in Figure 1d. Despite the agglomeration that occurs upon drying, the effect of pH is also visible in the FESEM images, as SFMO-4 (Figure 1a) presents
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Published 22 Aug 2016
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