Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• aggregation of NPs was observed in the RPMI medium over the exposure time (24 h). A dose-dependent relationship between PBMC uptake and Ag concentration was detected for both AgNP and AgNO3 treatment. There was approximately a two-fold increase in cellular Ag uptake in the AgNO3 vs the NP treatment

• images do not show any evidence of aggregation of NPs. Figure 1b and Figure 1d show a skewed distribution and a greater polydispersity of PVP-AgNPs in RPMI medium after 24 h of exposure. As a comparison, the extinction spectra of PVP-AgNPs at concentrations of 100, 500 and 1000 µg·L−1 in RPMI medium

• of NPs are related to Ostwald ripening of NPs [36], as evidenced in our STEM results. The subsequent reduction in size is explained as further transformations that are dominated by dissolution [36]. UV–vis spectroscopy data suggest some aggregation and possible shape changes after reprecipitation at

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• ” synthesis method. These techniques are usually accompanied by the addition of stabilizers to provide stability, prevent aggregation, control morphology, and provide physiologically compatible properties [140][141][142]. Chemical methods were previously used to produce silver nanoparticles including sol–gel

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• -functionalized particles is small enough for the particles to be internalized via the endocytic uptake [51]. (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APS) was not chosen as the amine ligand due to the increased aggregation of APS-functionalized particles in the cell culture medium [51]. In addition, particles with a

• aggregation of silica nanoparticles that occurred after redispersion in buffered solution and in physiological medium [54]. They reported that various proteins in a medium containing FBS were adsorbed onto the surface of bare SiO2 and amine-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles, forming a protein corona with a

• nanoparticles more negative; hence, it reduces the stability of positively charged particles [52][58][59]. Although the particles in this work showed increased aggregation in DMEM, they can still be taken up by macrophages, such as RAW 264.7 cells [45]. This is also indicated by the different cytotoxicity

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• that coating, as required for SEM, introduces artefacts such as a granular structure on the cell surfaces and a partial closing of pores, thus highlighting one of the benefits of HIM. Bazou et al. also studied tumour cell-induced platelet aggregation by fluorescence microscopy and HIM. In this study

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• aggregation during the electrochemical reactions, leading to a relatively high stability. The NiFe-PBA/PP-900 developed in this study suggests that inexpensive and economically viable ORR catalysts for Li–O2 cells are achieved by rationally designing the morphology and tuning the composition of the catalysts

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• efficaciously traverse biological barriers [11][12][13]. Despite a series of advantages, the practical application of CNTs has been restricted by a number of drawbacks, such as high hydrophobicity and rapid aggregation in aqueous media, which are associated with cytotoxicity and other harmful cellular effects

• [14][15][16][17][18]. Numerous attempts and efforts have been devoted to improve the dispersibility in water and to reduce the aggregation of CNTs [19][20][21]. The most commonly used approach is noncovalent coating with hydrophilic carboxylic acid groups by oxidizing acid treatment [22][23][24

• PEG and PEI. The main intrinsic drawbacks of SWCNTs are the strong hydrophobicity and easy aggregation in aqueous media [9]. The raw SWCNTs are purified with concentrated acid to obtain carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-COOH), which significantly improves their water solubility [35][36]. NHS-PEG

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• advantages in using CaP for gene delivery, the transfection efficiency of CaP/DNA is relatively low according to various preparation parameters [10]. In particular, particle aggregation needs to be improved in order to reduce cellular uptake through the endocytic pathway. Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

• are still many limitations, such as low transfection efficiency and reproducibility, that must be overcome for these methods to be successfully used in clinical applications. We were able to successfully produce HAp nanoparticles with less aggregation using the W/O emulsion method, as shown in a

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• fabricated by a chemical method. They show that the Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) planted on the surface of Si create impurity states in the Si bandgap. In pulsed laser ablation, the interaction between laser and material particles leads to severe particle aggregation and broad particle size distributions via

• taking into account the transmittance of the ablation liquid at 1064 nm. The ablation time for each sample was set to 20 min. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the pulsed laser ablation system used in this work. A rotating motor was used to help prevent the aggregation and agglomeration of particles during

• intensity of peaks (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) due to the reduced agglomeration and aggregation of particles and the small size of the Ag2S particles prepared under the effect of the CTAB surfactant [29]. Inset of Figure 4 is the Raman spectrum of thiourea solution, in which three peaks were

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• , Supporting Information File 1). In contrast to recent reports on F16CoPc/hBN/Cu(111) [37] and PTCDA/NaCl/Ag(111) [83], an additional effect of the molecular aggregation and packing density, namely the screening by neighboring molecules, yielding a reduction of the STS-derived HOMO–LUMO gap, did not seem to

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• , eliminating an additional step to prevent particle aggregation [86]. In addition, cell culture procedures are not necessary in this case, which allows for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles in a non-aseptic environment [87]. Furthermore, plant-based processes are cost-effective and safe for humans and

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• behavior in mice by activating ligand–receptor pairs [16]. Jia at al. used nanoparticles to modulate focal ischemia through controlling infarct size and occlusion duration by micromagnet-mediated aggregation [12]. Functionalization and vectorization of nanoparticles can be performed both by noncovalent

• ]. This results from the difference of fundamentals of both methods and the possible spontaneous aggregation of ferrimagnetic iron oxide particles. The nanoparticle distribution was also analyzed in the standard salt solution (synaptosomal incubation medium). After addition of the nanoparticles to the

• Protein Data Bank (PDB) service (see Supporting Information File 1) [28][29][30][31][32]. Discussion The conditions in biological systems can alter the properties of nanoparticles. Salts of biological fluids influence surface charges, which leads to destabilization and aggregation of nanoparticles [18

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• ). Similar pictures depicting many primary nanoparticles attached to the surface of a larger magnetite particle were recently observed in spherical nanoparticles [9]. This was considered as evidence for magnetite nucleation and the growth mechanism, consisting of the aggregation of primary nanoparticles. As

• external magnetic field. Furthermore, the magnetic field can trigger the aggregation of chain-like structures into column-like structures (Figure 7C), thus contributing to the growth of the aggregates. Note that at comparable amounts of hydroxyl and iron ions (R = 2.1) the magnetite particles are only

• slightly charged, since the resulting pH of the solution (pH 6.1) is close to the isoelectric point of magnetite particles (6.0–6.7 [6][22][28]). As expected, the low charge of the nanoparticles favors their aggregation and contact crystallization. Hence, under a magnetic field the primary nanocrystals

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• gold nanoparticle aggregation was implemented [54]. According to this strategy, the spherical nanoparticles, with a typical localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption at 520 nm, aggregated in situ at the surface of the bacterial membrane. The gold nanoparticle aggregation induced a change in

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• for bio-imaging and cancer therapy [6][7]. In most cases, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles is carried out by the reaction between HAuCl4 and a reducing agent (in particular NaBH4) in the presence of a suitable compound to simultaneously prevent the aggregation of the nanoparticles and to stabilize

• general [18][19] but also specifically for gold nanoparticles [20][21][22]. Indeed, due to the well-defined three-dimensional structure of dendrimers they are suitable templates for the synthesis of nanoparticles in the presence of a reducing agent [23] and prevent nanoparticle aggregation and oxidation

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• hydrophobic surfaces that induce aggregation and/or the formation of large clusters. When in contact with biological structures, this mechanism provokes capillary clotting and reduces tissue and cellular absorption. To prevent this, nanoparticles are coated with stabilizers, which are added during preparation

• same nanoparticles are measured in a culture medium, phosphate buffer, or blood serum, the hydrodynamic diameter can vary from hundreds of nanometers to few micrometers, due to corona formation or aggregation [54]. Therefore, the hydrodynamic diameter is important for biological and medical

• vitro and in vivo [24]. Also, the synthesis of nanoparticles larger than 20 nm requires a certain surface coverage of the nanoparticles to obtain a monodisperse colloidal solution and to prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles. The substances used for the synthesis are either lipids or surfactants. In

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• . Graphene sheets exfoliated from graphite are evidence of the interaction between FLG and Ce6 in pure water. Ce6 stabilizes graphene sheets, avoiding aggregation due to its high attraction through π–π stacking interactions, and the oxygenated moieties on Ce6 allow the stabilization of the hybrid

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• obtained from hot toluene consisting of a stable fibrillar network. The aggregation of bundles of pBzG338-α-helices with a thickness of 1.5 nm and a length of 50.7 nm results in a three-dimensional network with much higher dimensions in the range of micrometers. It was proposed that additional

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• crystallographic open database (CrOD) files. TEM images of Ni/CTF-1-600-22 showing (a) Ni nanoparticles supported on CTF, (b,c) the aggregation of the primary Ni nanoparticles and (d) the lattice planes of the Ni nanoparticles. SEM images and EDX elemental mappings of Ni for (a) Ni/CTF-1-400-20, (b) Ni/CTF1-400-35

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• deposition in AFT1, no obvious nanoparticles can be observed in the TNC array, and not much Ag aggregation is present around the nanopore marked with the red circle. This implies that Ag can still enter the nanocolumn easily. In contrast, Ag nanoparticles can be clearly seen on the inner wall of the TNC of

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The resulting composites exhibit a double function, they support the metal nanoparticles and prevent their aggregation. For example, polystyrene microspheres have been decorated with silver nanoparticles and were used as catalysts, Raman-enhancing materials

• reports indicating a profound resistance of bacteria grown in biofilms to antimicrobials. Bacterial biofilms are generally less susceptible to silver nanoparticles than planktonic cells, probably due to the extracellular matrix coating the cells in a biofilm, aggregation of the cells to reduce their

• exposed surface and the retardation of the nanoparticle diffusion caused by aggregation [48]. Some species develop less complicated biofilm structures or even are not capable to form biofilms. The S. epidermidis strain used in our experiments probably does not form complex biofilm structures, as the three

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• the fluorescent quenching to the aggregation of CDs, which increased the particle size from 2.6 ± 0.2 nm to 4.4 ± 0.2 nm. However, there are few studies in the literature focusing on the comparison of the PL behavior of CDs made from the same biomass precursor with different synthetic or processing

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• purpose of investigating the role of surface curvature and chemistry on platelet aggregation, activation and adhesion. Substantial differences were found in the composition of the protein corona depending on the chemical nature of the nanoparticles, while the surface curvature was found to play a minor

• , the results presented herein suggest the existence of independent modes of action that are differently affected by the physicochemical properties of the materials, potentially leading to vessel occlusion and/or formation of thrombi in vivo. Keywords: aggregation; nanoparticles; platelet aggregation

• other hand, contrasting data have been reported on the potential of isometric carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) like carbon black, fullerenes and diesel exhaust particles to induce platelet activation and NP aggregation [10][11][13]. Systemic administration of carbon black in mice resulted in fibrinogen and

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• biochemical processes [14][15][16][17]. The large molecular mass of GFP might affect the folding process of tagged proteins, or a possible aggregation may lead to cytotoxicity. Beyond molecular and biomolecular luminescent materials, colloidal luminescent nanomaterials have gained attention in recent years

• of colors covering ultraviolet to near-infrared (NIR). Furthermore, SCQDs offer better sensitivity, stability against photobleaching, and a narrow spectral bandwidth compared to conventional organic dyes. However, due to their cytotoxicity, the tendency to undergo aggregation inside the cells, and

• to their aggregation tendencies, polydispersity and difficulties in controlling the directionalities. In this context, atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) opened a new opportunity for the field of colloidal science [38][39][40]. Atomically precise NCs with a core diameter below 3 nm contain

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• formation and aggregation. This sequential adsorption of layers finally leads to electrostatically bound multilayers in which charge inversion is the main driving force controlling the assembly [40]. The strength and physical principles governing electrostatic interactions was recently explored by Lytle et

• resonance of the outer shell electrons present in noble metals. The absorbed light is converted to heat energy, which causes layer damage, thereby opening the capsules and releasing the encapsulated material [83]. The parameters such as the preparation condition of capsules, the distribution and aggregation

• of copper in CuAAC may be undesirable in certain biological applications as it is toxic to cells. This copper content can also cause aggregation of proteins and degradation of some biomolecules, which can be avoided by using chelating agents [101]. Incorporation of biomolecules Biomolecular ligands

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• thermodynamic stability with respect to the desorption of capping ligands and subsequent particle aggregation [68]. The nature and the length of the spacer aglycon are known to affect the presentation of carbohydrate ligands [84][85][86][87][88][89][90]. This, in turn, determines the molecular recognition of

• glyco-GNPs 3 and 4. The TEM data of the prepared Ara6-GNPs 3 and 4 (Figure 2) clearly suggest that coupling of the Ara6 glycosides 1 and 2 with GNPs did not change the size of nanoparticles (d = 15 nm) and that aggregation is absent. The addition of NaCl solution to conjugates of GNPs with Ara6

• the prepared glyco-GNPs 3 and 4 against aggregation followed from the experiments with three different types of solutions of glyco-GNPs 3 and 4, which (1) contained an excess of Ara6 glycosides 1 and 2 (pH ≈9.7; these solutions were used for immunization), (2) were prepared in water from glyco-GNPs 3