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Search for "amorphous" in Full Text gives 495 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi2WO6 nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

  • Hong-long Shi,
  • Bin Zou,
  • Zi-an Li,
  • Min-ting Luo and
  • Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

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  • be a fundamental step for controllable engineering of defects. Electron-beam irradiation is a powerful technique to fabricate or modify materials at the nanoscale [21][22]. For example, electron irradiation can induce a phase transformation from crystalline to amorphous or vice versa [23][24]; the
  • amorphous layer. These observed features on the Bi2WO6 flake indicate that bonds were broken in the nanoflake, and atoms were expelled towards the surface of the irradiated flake by the released gas and/or the electron-beam-induced electric field [28][29]. The bubbles appeared to be mobile, and the bubbles
  • which the diffraction spots of Bi2WO6 gradually disappeared, and spots emerge at the extinction positions. Eventually, the precipitates grew up to 10–20 nm in size while the degraded amorphous layers become thinner and more uniform. Structural analysis by in situ SAED and HRTEM The above HRTEM
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Published 18 Jul 2019

BiOCl/TiO2/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

  • Minlin Ao,
  • Kun Liu,
  • Xuekun Tang,
  • Zishun Li,
  • Qian Peng and
  • Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

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  • agreement with the standard XRD data of JCPDS No.06-0249. In the pattern of TiO2/diatomite, an inconspicuous broad peak ranging from 15 to 25° shows the amorphous nature of diatomite, and other obvious peaks at 25.3°, 37.8°, 48°, 53.9° and 55.1° coincide well with anatase TiO2 (JCPDS No.21-1272). The
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Published 16 Jul 2019

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

  • Machiko Takigami,
  • Rieko Kobayashi,
  • Takafumi Ishii,
  • Yasuo Imashiro and
  • Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

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  • study employed a fullerene extraction residue as a starting material to construct WGLs. The oxidation of the material at 600 °C exposed the WGLs by removing the surrounding amorphous moieties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed the formation of WGLs by oxidation treatment at
  • combustion method produces a large amount of fullerenes by partial thermal oxidation of hydrocarbons. The residue is essentially amorphous but should include WGLs containing a non-benzenoid structure due to some incomplete formation of fullerenes [41][42]. Our previous study on extracting nanoshell
  • rate of 1 mV/s and a rotating speed of 1500 rpm. Results Carbon structure Figure 1 shows selected TEM images of the prepared carbons. NB-ORG did not show a stacking structure, even at higher magnification, but it did show dot-like structures. These results indicate the amorphous nature of this carbon
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Published 12 Jul 2019

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO2 nanowires and SnO2 sol–gel nanocomposites

  • Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
  • Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
  • Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
  • Olga A. Chuvenkova,
  • Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
  • Alexey A. Vasiliev,
  • Xavier Vilanova,
  • Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
  • Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

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  • forms of amorphous carbon are formed during material calcination. Figure 6 represents core Sn 3d5/2 (left) and O 1s (right) lines of the samples. The binding energy for the 3d5/2 tin and oxygen 1s lines in the SnO2 reference occurred at 487.1 eV and 531.1 eV, respectively. In the powder sample (SnO2 pwd
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Published 08 Jul 2019

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

  • Lukas Grünewald,
  • Dagmar Gerthsen and
  • Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

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  • (transmission) electron microscopy (S(T)EM). Phase-modulating thin-film devices (phase masks) made of amorphous silicon nitride are commonly used to generate a wide range of different beam shapes. An additional conductive layer on such a device is required to avoid charging under electron-beam irradiation
  • , which induces unwanted scattering events. Results: Phase masks of conductive amorphous carbon (aC) were successfully fabricated with optical lithography and focused ion beam milling. Analysis by TEM shows the successful generation of Bessel and vortex beams. No charging or degradation of the aC phase
  • masks was observed. Conclusion: Amorphous carbon can be used as an alternative to silicon nitride for phase masks at the expense of a more complex fabrication process. The quality of arbitrary beam shapes could benefit from the application of phase masks made of amorphous C. Keywords: amorphous carbon
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Published 25 Jun 2019

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO2 adsorption properties and catalytic performance

  • Giulia Tuci,
  • Andree Iemhoff,
  • Housseinou Ba,
  • Lapo Luconi,
  • Andrea Rossin,
  • Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
  • Regina Palkovits,
  • Jens Artz,
  • Cuong Pham-Huu and
  • Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

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  • used in large excess with respect to the monomer (ZnCl2/monomer = 5:1 molar ratio). After a sequential heating of the monomer/salt mixture at 400 °C and 600 °C for 10 + 10 h in sealed quartz ampules, CTFs have been isolated as amorphous and partially carbonized frameworks. The as-prepared samples
  • feature high specific surface areas showing variable N loadings and N configurations as a function of the type of monomer(s) used. X-ray powder diffraction analyses have confirmed, as expected, the substantially amorphous nature [19][33] of all CTF samples from this series (Supporting Information File 1
  • mixtures of 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI, III) and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (p-DCB, I) or 4,4′-dicyanobiphenyl (DCBP, II), has provided amorphous polymers with variable (from moderate to high) specific surface areas and bimodal micro-mesoporous morphologies. In particular, the greater the size of the para-dicyano
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Published 12 Jun 2019

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

  • Maike Schnucklake,
  • László Eifert,
  • Jonathan Schneider,
  • Roswitha Zeis and
  • Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

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  • to serve as electrodes in the VRFB, since they combine the desired properties of the two components, namely good electron conductivity and high surface area. The carbon fibers as supporting material possess a high electron conductivity, while the amorphous carbon coating provides the catalytic
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Published 28 May 2019

Quantitative analysis of annealing-induced instabilities of photo-leakage current and negative-bias-illumination-stress in a-InGaZnO thin-film transistors

  • Dapeng Wang and
  • Mamoru Furuta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1125–1130, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.112

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  • temperature on the initial electrical characteristics and photo-induced instabilities of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). The extracted electrical parameters from transfer curves suggest that a low-temperature treatment maintains a high density of defects in the IGZO
  • -panel displays (FPDs). Amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO), an outstanding active channel material, is generally adopted in TFTs because of its high electron mobility, great environmental/thermal stability, and preparation versatility. The enhanced mobility of a-IGZO originates from the fact that the electrical
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Published 27 May 2019

CuInSe2 quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO2 surfaces

  • Henrique Limborço,
  • Pedro M.P. Salomé,
  • Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
  • Jennifer P. Teixeira,
  • Nicoleta Nicoara,
  • Kamal Abderrafi,
  • Joaquim P. Leitão,
  • Juan C. Gonzalez and
  • Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

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  • , we report CuInSe2 nanodots grown through a vacuum-compatible co-evaporation growth process on an amorphous surface. The density, mean size, and peak optical emission energy of the nanodots can be controlled by changing the growth temperature. Scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements
  • materials [31]. The motivation behind the present work is to grow CIS nanodots on substrates covered with an amorphous layer using co-evaporation. The vacuum conditions of the co-evaporation process will allow for the CIS to keep adequate optoelectronic properties, as demonstrated by the photoluminescence
  • analysis. The use of a substrate with an amorphous surface, together with the use of an industrial standard growth technique, namely co-evaporation, opens the door to use the nanodots in advanced solar-cell architectures and a potential large-area industrialization of this process. Experimental Sample
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Published 22 May 2019

Concurrent nanoscale surface etching and SnO2 loading of carbon fibers for vanadium ion redox enhancement

  • Jun Maruyama,
  • Shohei Maruyama,
  • Tomoko Fukuhara,
  • Toru Nagaoka and
  • Kei Hanafusa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 985–992, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.99

Graphical Abstract
  • spectroscopy. Figure 2 shows the Raman spectra of TGP and the treated samples. After the coating of TGP with CSnPc, the Am and D2 peaks appeared in addition to the G and D peaks. The peaks are ascribed to amorphous carbon, the surface graphene layers as a disordered graphitic lattice, the ideal graphitic
  • lattice, and the graphene layer edges also as the disordered graphitic lattice, respectively [21][22]. The presence of the Am peak indicates that CSnPc is amorphous. The Am peak is decreased (Table 2) and the D peak is increased in the spectrum for TGP-CSnPc-550Air. The ratios between the intensities of
  • the D peak and the G peak (ID/IG) increased from 0.255 (TGP) to 0.382 (TGP-CSnPc-550Air), suggesting the exposure of the edge planes on the carbon fiber surface and also a slight retention of the amorphous carbon [23]. This assumption is based on the general recognition that the ratio is related to
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Published 30 Apr 2019

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

  • Meguya Ryu,
  • Reo Honda,
  • Adrian Cernescu,
  • Arturas Vailionis,
  • Armandas Balčytis,
  • Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
  • Jing-Liang Li,
  • Denver P. Linklater,
  • Elena P. Ivanova,
  • Vygantas Mizeikis,
  • Mark J. Tobin,
  • Junko Morikawa and
  • Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

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  • wavelength and 22.8 °C. (a) Far-field optical image of longitudinal slices of white silk embedded in an epoxy sheet. The inset shows schematics of a lateral silk slice composed of β-sheets interconnected with α-coils and amorphous segments. (b) Optical and topographic images of the silk slice shown in (a
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Published 23 Apr 2019

Co-doped MnFe2O4 nanoparticles: magnetic anisotropy and interparticle interactions

  • Bagher Aslibeiki,
  • Parviz Kameli,
  • Hadi Salamati,
  • Giorgio Concas,
  • Maria Salvador Fernandez,
  • Alessandro Talone,
  • Giuseppe Muscas and
  • Davide Peddis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 856–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.86

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  • %), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Merck, 98.5%) and citric acid (C6H6O7, Merck, 99.5%) powders were mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio of total metal nitrates to citric acid. The powders were milled for 1 h in a planetary ball mill using agate balls, producing an amorphous precursor (Supporting Information File 1
  • . Uncertainties in the last digit are given in parentheses. Supporting Information An example of a typical X-ray diffraction pattern of the amorphous phase obtained immediately after the milling process for sample C0 (Figure S1). ZFC and FC curves measured for all samples are shown in Figure S2. For sample C0
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Published 12 Apr 2019

Synthesis of MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs catalysts: low-temperature SCR activity and formation mechanism

  • Yanbing Zhang,
  • Lihua Liu,
  • Yingzan Chen,
  • Xianglong Cheng,
  • Chengjian Song,
  • Mingjie Ding and
  • Haipeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 848–855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.85

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  • conversions of 4% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs catalyst of 43.1–87.9% at 80–180 °C were achieved, which was ascribed to the generation of amorphous MnO2, CuO and Fe2O3, and a high surface-oxygen (Os) content. Keywords: amorphous materials; carbon nanotubes; low-dimensional materials; low-temperature catalysis; SCR
  • , only a weak peak of MnO2 (PDF#53-0633) can be observed when the loading was greater than or equal to 4%, whereas no diffraction peaks of metal oxides could be found, suggesting the formation of amorphous metal oxide phases. Amorphous catalytic materials are conducive to SCR activity [19], which is also
  • , also verifying the generation of metal oxide catalysts on the CNT surface. The EDX spectrum (Figure 3d) shows signals of Mn, Cu, Fe, O and C. Clear lattice fringes of the metal oxides cannot be observed in the HRTEM images, indicating the generation of amorphous materials, which is consistent with the
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Published 11 Apr 2019

Tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy

  • Tzuriel Levin,
  • Hagit Sade,
  • Rina Ben-Shabbat Binyamini,
  • Maayan Pour,
  • Iftach Nachman and
  • Jean-Paul Lellouche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 811–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.81

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  • WS2-NT-CM-PEI (Figure 2h) shows that the wavy-looking matrix surrounding the crystalline maghemite is amorphous. Table 1 shows the results of ICP analysis of CAN-mag nanoparticles and WS2-NT-CM composite. The ratios between iron and cerium are very close when comparing the nanoparticles and the
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Published 02 Apr 2019

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO2 hybrid composite

  • Mamta Sham Lal,
  • Thirugnanam Lavanya and
  • Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

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  • composites in the range of 1000–2000 cm−1. The amorphous degree of the sample was calculated from the relative intensity ratio of the D- and G-bands (ID/IG) as 2.38, 2.93, 3.16 and 3.35 for CNF, PCNF, Cu/PCNF and Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2, respectively. The morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared CNF, PCNF
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Published 01 Apr 2019

Renewable energy conversion using nano- and microstructured materials

  • Harry Mönig and
  • Martina Schmid

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 771–773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.76

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  • in nanoporous cobalt oxide photocathodes [7], and an approach in which silicon nanoparticles are embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix [8]. In terms of material saving, nano- and microstructured absorbers offer great potential, e.g., via ultrathin absorbers as highlighted for Sb2S3 hybrid solar
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Published 26 Mar 2019

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

  • Alberto Perrotta,
  • Julian Pilz,
  • Stefan Pachmajer,
  • Antonella Milella and
  • Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

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  • an inhibition of the crystal formation in the resulting TiO2 layers, and the authors attributed this to the amorphous titania being constrained in the organic matrix. As a consequence, an investigation of the crystallinity of Zn-alkoxide layers would shed a light on the evolution of the ZnO crystals
  • ]. From this, a control from amorphous zinc alkoxide (1 s plasma exposure) to crystalline ZnO (4 s plasma exposure) with a preferred (100) orientation as a function of plasma time can be concluded. During the calcination of samples deposited at 1 s plasma exposure time, ZnO peaks become visible starting
  • plasma exposure time and 4 s plasma exposure time are reported in Figure 5a, Figure 5d and Figure 5g, respectively. For the sample deposited with 1 s plasma exposure time (Figure 5a), no diffraction signal was measured, indicating an amorphous material. In the sample deposited with 2 s plasma exposure
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Published 21 Mar 2019

An iridescent film of porous anodic aluminum oxide with alternatingly electrodeposited Cu and SiO2 nanoparticles

  • Menglei Chang,
  • Huawen Hu,
  • Haiyan Quan,
  • Hongyang Wei,
  • Zhangyi Xiong,
  • Jiacong Lu,
  • Pin Luo,
  • Yaoheng Liang,
  • Jianzhen Ou and
  • Dongchu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 735–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.73

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  • ), Al(220), Al(311), respectively. There is no diffraction that can be indexed to SiO2, which might because it is present in the film as an amorphous state. Also, no signal can be noted for Cu species, which is most likely due to the low content of Cu that is below the detection limit of the XRD
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Published 19 Mar 2019

Choosing a substrate for the ion irradiation of two-dimensional materials

  • Egor A. Kolesov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 531–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.54

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  • [35]. TRIM treats a target as an amorphous matrix with a homogenous mass distribution and calculates collision impact regardless of collision density. Thus, it is very important to underline that when applied in a straightforward manner, this method fits bulk materials only and is not applicable for
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Published 22 Feb 2019

Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Aβ42, Aβ40, and α-synuclein fibrils: a coarse-grained method to complement experimental studies

  • Adolfo B. Poma,
  • Horacio V. Guzman,
  • Mai Suan Li and
  • Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 500–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.51

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  • dominated by extended regions of amorphous aggregates. Such regions will induce the overall softening of the fibril and therefore a drop in the elastic modulus. Figure 5b shows the distributions of the characteristic native distances (see Figure 2 for their definition). For β-amyloid and α-synuclein fibrils
  • [27]. The YT value for α-synuclein is comparable to that of Aβ42. The experimental data on YT for α-syn fibril has been reported [30] and it is by a factor of two smaller than that of Aβ40. Such difference is attributed to an uncontrollable growth of amorphous aggregates during fibrillization that
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Published 19 Feb 2019

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

  • Teguh Ariyanto,
  • Jan Glaesel,
  • Andreas Kern,
  • Gui-Rong Zhang and
  • Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

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  • using halogen gases at elevated temperatures. Depending on the carbide and parameters employed during the synthesis, CDC can be varied from extremely amorphous to highly crystalline microstructures and from ultramicro- to mesoporous pore structures. Therefore, CDC is known as material with tunable
  • Raman spectroscopy. The XRD patterns for the different catalyst loadings are given in Figure 3a. The CDC-Ni0 reference material shows no reflexes indicating an amorphous character, which is in agreement with the literature [15]. Once adding graphitization catalyst (CDC-Ni5 to CDC-Ni60) clearly graphitic
  • ). Despite the relative constant crystal sizes, the increasing intensity of the XRD reflexes indicates that the amount of crystalline carbon compared to amorphous phase is increasing with higher nickel loading. TPO was employed to probe the ratio between of amorphous and crystalline carbon, based on the
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Published 11 Feb 2019

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO2 nanorods

  • Julian Kalb,
  • Vanessa Knittel and
  • Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

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  • transformation into rutile TiO2 on these facets [41]. Thus, it is possible to promote a position-controlled hydrothermal growth by generating anatase nanoparticles locally by scratching across an anatase film using a conventional AFM tip. Experimental We fabricated a 40 nm thin amorphous TiO2 film by DC sputter
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Published 08 Feb 2019

Biocompatible organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on nucleobases and titanium developed by molecular layer deposition

  • Leva Momtazi,
  • Henrik H. Sønsteby and
  • Ola Nilsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 399–411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.39

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  • , confirming the hybrid nature of the as-deposited films with an amorphous structure where partial inclusion of the TTIP molecule occurs during growth. The films are highly hydrophilic, while the nucleobases do leach in water providing an amorphous structure mainly of TiO2 with reduced density and index of
  • N1–H (1508 cm−1) after coordination with titanium, as reported previously in Na-uracil thin films and explained by N–H···O hydrogen bond pairs formed between uracil molecules [30]. This may be due to the amorphous nature of our Ti-based complex, hampering the arrangement of the nucleobases. The
  • the initial 15 minutes of immersion in water, one may question the bioactivity of these films in comparison to pure TiO2. Clearly, these films obtained a lower density, amorphous structure (except for thymine deposited at 250 °C) with porous morphology, when compared to anatase TiO2. This is verified
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Published 08 Feb 2019

One-step nonhydrolytic sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 phosphonate hybrid materials

  • Yanhui Wang,
  • P. Hubert Mutin and
  • Johan G. Alauzun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 356–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.35

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  • with the P/Ti ratio, leading to an increase of the specific surface area and a decrease of the pore size of the hybrid samples. For a P/Ti ratio of 0.2, the volume fraction of organic octyl groups exceeds 50%. The hybrid material becomes nonporous and can be described as amorphous TiO2 clusters
  • and TiP0.05 showed the presence of well-crystallized anatase nanocrystals (JCPDS 21-1272), as in the TiO2 sample. There was no evidence of rutile. The TiP0.1 sample appeared partially crystallized, while the TiP0.2 sample was amorphous in XRD experiments. The crystallite size (Table 1) of the hybrid
  • to amorphous TiO2 domains [15][39]. The low values found for the BET C constant (from 42 for TiP0.02 to 28 for TiP0.1) confirm that the surface of the anatase nanoparticles is capped by apolar octyl groups. C values of 47 and 34 have been reported for oxide nanoparticles post-modified by
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Published 05 Feb 2019

Geometrical optimisation of core–shell nanowire arrays for enhanced absorption in thin crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells

  • Robin Vismara,
  • Olindo Isabella,
  • Andrea Ingenito,
  • Fai Tong Si and
  • Miro Zeman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 322–331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.31

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  • manufacturing costs and, in the case of amorphous silicon alloys, reduce the effect of light-induced degradation [1][2][3]. An alternative approach involves the utilisation of nanostructures that are similar in size to the wavelength of light. This allows for an increase of the electromagnetic (EM) field
  • . Multiple studies of nanowire solar cells can be found in literature, using different materials: indium phosphide [18][19], gallium arsenide [20][21], zinc oxide [15][22], crystalline silicon [6][8][11][12][13][16][17][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], amorphous silicon alloys [35][36][37
  • ], and recently perovskite [38][39][40][41]. In this contribution, the performance of crystalline silicon (c-Si) nanowire arrays is investigated. The study is divided in two parts. First, a proof-of-concept device was realised, consisting of a heterojunction of amorphous silicon on a p-type c-Si nanowire
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Published 31 Jan 2019
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