Biocompatibility of cerium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles with endothelial cells

• Claudia Strobel,
• Martin Förster and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1795–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.190

• depletion of nutrients and oxygen. Nevertheless, according to Thomassen et al. [37] we expect that this influence is rather low. ATP values lower than the threshold for cytotoxicity (according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5:2009-10, distinct cytotoxic effects) were observed only for HUVEC. In comparison, CeO2

Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

• Chieh-Chun Wu,
• Ling Tang and
• Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

• with the cell shown in Figure 7, but at nearly twice the current. The Ni:Ce atomic ratio was 1.79 at the surface, and 1.81 over the entire cross-section, compared to Ni:Ce = 2.60 at the surface of the coated anode before operation, i.e., depletion of Ni had occurred during operation, but Ni had not

• –4 and 7–10. Nickel and ceria phases were sintered into a porous two-phase network, with no signs of a ceria coating remaining. The measured Ni:Ce atomic ratio for the cross-section was 2.25, compared with 3.27 on the surface before operation, suggesting that nickel depletion from the interior had

• microstructures of the anodes changed greatly during operation and depended strongly on the testing conditions. The most notable changes occurred in the nickel phase: coarsening (in almost all cases), and nickel depletion from the interior in most anodes. The effects of the coatings and of the surfactant

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• agglomeration behavior [5]. The proteins chosen were albumin, transferrin and apolipoprotein A-1, which exist both in blood serum and in the lung epithelial lining fluid. Protein concentrations before and after NP incubation were determined by a depletion method using the Bio-Rad protein assay. In all cases, a

• proteins. This plethora of corona proteins will mediate the NP navigation within body fluids and across membranes and provides a plausible interpretation of the very many sites of retention and accumulation of NP in various organs and tissues of the organism. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) depletion in the

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• , at least more than 40%, is free in solution and can reduce the Debye length thus destabilizing the colloidal suspension. Analogously, Bonard et al. [59] evidenced that CNTs bundles form in the presence of a large excess of SDS surfactant (i.e., well above the CMC) due to the depletion interaction

• some free polymer is always present in the solution. It has been demonstrated that too much free polymer in the bulk solution can lead to aggregation of the CNTs because of the depletion effect. As an example, Meuer et al. showed [104] that CNTs dispersed by pyrene-substituted poly(methyl methacrylate

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• suggested that macropinocytosis and phagocytosis, as well as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, play a crucial role. The uptake of 40 nm nanoparticles in alveolar epithelial A549 cells was inhibited after depletion of cholesterol in the plasma membrane (preventing caveolin-mediated endocytosis) and inhibition

• , fluorescently labelled transferrin can be used to investigate clathrin-mediated endocytosis [32][41][42]. Caveolae and lipid raft internalizations are known to be inhibited by nystatin, filipin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβcd) through depletion of the cholesterol from the cell membrane by forming inclusion

Precise quantification of silica and ceria nanoparticle uptake revealed by 3D fluorescence microscopy

• Adriano A. Torrano and
• Christoph Bräuchle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1616–1624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.173

• to be accurate by independent stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, a super-resolution technique [28][29]. Although developed for the absolute quantification of the nanoparticle uptake by cells, this method was made flexible to allow for the quantification in absolute and also in relative

Probing the electronic transport on the reconstructed Au/Ge(001) surface

• Franciszek Krok,
• Mark R. Kaspers,
• Alexander M. Bernhart,
• Marek Nikiel,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Paulina Indyka,
• Mateusz Wojtaszek,
• Rolf Möller and
• Christian A. Bobisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1463–1471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.159

• dashed line. It is clearly seen that the substrate surface region does not propagate with crystalline order to the Au cluster. A discontinuity region (about 2 nm wide), called in the image “cavity”, may either be a substrate depletion filled with carbon or disordered germanium. In both cases, this

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• following model: Initial silver wires nucleate on the cathode and grow towards the anode, presumably with [112] as the preferred growth direction. Behind the growth front the wires do not increase their diameter due to the depletion effect. These two factors allow the wires, once they are initiated along

Model systems for studying cell adhesion and biomimetic actin networks

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johannes P. Frohnmayer and
• Joachim P. Spatz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1193–1202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.131

• with an inert membrane (containing PEG-lipids) is homogeneous and displays a depletion zone underneath the membrane. (B) Liposomes, which contain biotinylated lipids, encapsulate networks of biotinylated actin filaments that are coupled to the membrane via biotin–streptavidin bonds. The scale bars

An ultrasonic technology for production of antibacterial nanomaterials and their coating on textiles

• Anna V. Abramova,
• Vladimir O. Abramov,
• Aharon Gedanken,
• Ilana Perelshtein and
• Vadim M. Bayazitov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 532–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.62

• electrodes. This leads to the possibility to create a spatial electrical discharge in water. Creation of such discharge leads to the depletion of the electrodes and the formation of ZnO nanoparticles, which demonstrate antibacterial properties. At the end of this reaction the suspension of ZnO nanoparticles

Plasma-assisted synthesis and high-resolution characterization of anisotropic elemental and bimetallic core–shell magnetic nanoparticles

• M. Hennes,
• A. Lotnyk and
• S. G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 466–475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.54

• the target holder at elevated pressures in chamber A. Target morphology and intermittent mode Inhomogeneous depletion of the sputtered material in magnetron sputtering sources is known to result in pronounced circular trenches in the target (racetracks), as depicted in Figure 4b. In the present study

Change of the work function of platinum electrodes induced by halide adsorption

• Florian Gossenberger,
• Tanglaw Roman,
• Katrin Forster-Tonigold and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.15

• depletion far from the surface, and in combination with an electron buildup in the area around the adsorbed ion, to a decrease of the work function. In this paper we present a detailed study of the halogen-induced change of the work function on Pt(111) as a function of the halogen coverage, which has still

• on the left hand side denotes the metal slab. The topmost metal atoms are centered at z = 0 Å. The electron density difference profile shows a significant electron depletion far from the surface for the case of chlorine, bromine and iodine, followed by an electron buildup close to the surface, and

• electron buildup far from the surface, followed by an electron depletion close to the surface, the dipole moment on each face of the slab becomes more negative as a function of the coverage, which is consistent with a work function increase. For the other three halogens, the electron density difference

Constant-distance mode SECM as a tool to visualize local electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction catalysts

• Michaela Nebel,
• Thomas Erichsen and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 141–151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.14

• sufficiently low potential to reduce oxygen. Due to the catalyst reaction, oxygen is consumed and a gradual depletion of oxygen in front of the sample area occurs (consumption profile). Simultaneously, the tip is also polarized at a potential to reduce oxygen. Thus, sample and tip compete for the oxygen inside

• the gap between tip and sample which represents a leaking thin layer electrochemical cell. Due to the depletion of oxygen in the gap, a diffusion gradient is established leading to an in-diffusion of oxygen into the gap. Thus, depending on the tip-to-sample distance and the rates for oxygen reduction

Noise performance of frequency modulation Kelvin force microscopy

• Heinrich Diesinger,
• Dominique Deresmes and
• Thierry Mélin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.1

• underlying semiconductor that alternates between majority-carrier depletion and accumulation. The tip–substrate junction can be thought of as a capacitive voltage divider formed by the tip–substrate capacitance and the Mott–Schottky capacitance. We expect this description to be valid over a wide frequency

In situ growth optimization in focused electron-beam induced deposition

• Paul M. Weirich,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Christian H. Schwalb and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.103

• [9], the resistivity could be reduced during e-beam curing, however, independent of dwell-time and pitch. This can be expected because precursor depletion as the dominant factor during deposition does not play a role during e-beam curing. Furthermore, effects like the growth of existing Pt crystals

Evolution of microstructure and related optical properties of ZnO grown by atomic layer deposition

• Adib Abou Chaaya,
• Roman Viter,
• Mikhael Bechelany,
• Zanda Alute,
• Donats Erts,
• Anastasiya Zalesskaya,
• Kristaps Kovalevskis,
• Vincent Rouessac,
• Valentyn Smyntyna and
• Philippe Miele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 690–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.78

• than unity, which points to an oxygen-rich stoichiometry of the studied samples. In oxygen-rich films Zn vacancies, oxygen interstitials and oxygen interstates can be formed [46]. The excess oxygen may also localize on grain boundaries to form a negative surface charge [54] and depletion layer. The

• electric field of the surface charge in the depletion layer would stimulate dissociation of excitons in ZnO [18][48]. The absorption spectra of ultrathin ZnO ALD films show that the defect states are present in the gap. The defect states at 3.08–3.14 eV formed by neutral Zn vacancies and oxygen

• oxygen adsorbed on the grain surface. Therefore, a growing UV–vis intensity ratio in ZnO PL being observed (Figure 5) a decrease of the bending of surface band and the depletion layer is expected if the UV–vis intensity ratio grows in ZnO PL. The photo-generated electrons and holes are known to be

Plasticity of nanocrystalline alloys with chemical order: on the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline Ni–Fe

• Jonathan Schäfer and
• Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 542–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.63

• has an effect on the macroscopic mechanical properties. Here, an excess in Fe strengthens the structure, while a depletion in Fe decreases the strength. This is consistent with findings for miscible systems, where a maximum in the strengthening effect of solutes was observed for intermediate

In situ monitoring magnetism and resistance of nanophase platinum upon electrochemical oxidation

• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Stefan Topolovec,
• Stephan Landgraf,
• Heinz Krenn and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 394–399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.46

• monotonically decreases with increasing oxygen coverage [20]. This also demonstrates that a simple picture of voltage-induced filling or depletion of rigid electronic bands fails, because within such a picture positive charging, i.e., extraction of electrons from the nearly filled d-band of Pt would give rise

Photoresponse from single upright-standing ZnO nanorods explored by photoconductive AFM

• Igor Beinik,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Astrid Wachauer,
• Lin Wang,
• Yuri P. Piryatinski,
• Gerhard Brauer,
• Xin Yi Chen,
• Yuk Fan Hsu,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Christian Teichert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 208–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.21

• than the band gap of ZnO (3.37 eV). Discussion The standard model to explain the photoresponse in ZnO involves the photodesorption of oxygen molecules [22]. Adsorption of oxygen on the ZnO surface causes the capture of electrons leading to the formation of a negatively charged layer and a depletion

• holes move toward the surface in the electric field of the surface depletion region and recombine with the electrons there . This results in an excess of electrons, which were generated by the light absorption contributing to the photocurrent when the sample is biased. This model implies also that the

Nanostructure-directed chemical sensing: The IHSAB principle and the dynamics of acid/base-interface interaction

• James L. Gole and
• William Laminack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 20–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.3

• PS interface and attempts to extract electrons, the sensor resistance rises rapidly to a point where the electron depletion reaches a limiting value as nanostructured TiO2 islands coupled to the PS interface prevent further electron withdrawal and reverse the flow of electrons so as to increase the

Diamond nanophotonics

• Katja Beha,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Marco Wolfer,
• Merle C. Becker,
• Petr Siyushev,
• Mohammad Jamali,
• Anton Batalov,
• Christopher Hinz,
• Jakob Hees,
• Lutz Kirste,
• Harald Obloh,
• Etienne Gheeraert,
• Boris Naydenov,
• Ingmar Jakobi,
• Florian Dolde,
• Sébastien Pezzagna,
• Daniel Twittchen,
• Matthew Markham,
• Daniel Dregely,
• Harald Giessen,
• Jan Meijer,
• Fedor Jelezko,
• Christoph E. Nebel,
• Rudolf Bratschitsch,
• Alfred Leitenstorfer and
• Jörg Wrachtrup

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 895–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.100

• of a single implanted color center obtained with nonlinear optical excitation in ground state depletion (GSD) mode [6]. In this imaging mode, the color center is illuminated with a doughnut-shaped beam of high optical intensity. The saturation behavior of the optical transition provides a nonlinear

• (N+) are effectively stopped by the mask. The ions entering the channel create an implanted ion spot with a FWHM of about 100 nm, limited by straggle. Nonlinear optical microscopy of implanted color centers by using ground-state-depletion microscopy mode. (a) Images of a color center obtained with

• increasing depletion laser power. (b) Measured optical resolution as a function of laser power. The solid line shows a theoretical fit for the achievable resolution , where c is a proportionality constant, P is the optical power and r∞ represents the maximum achievable resolution at infinite power, which is

Pinch-off mechanism in double-lateral-gate junctionless transistors fabricated by scanning probe microscope based lithography

• Farhad Larki,
• Arash Dehzangi,
• Alam Abedini,
• Ahmad Makarimi Abdullah,
• Elias Saion,
• Sabar D. Hutagalung,
• Mohd N. Hamidon and
• Jumiah Hassan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 817–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.91

• normally in the on state and is driven into the off state by the application of a positive gate voltage. We demonstrate that the depletion starts from the bottom corner of the channel facing the gates and expands toward the center and top of the channel. Redistribution of the carriers due to the electric

• the gates and cause an off state. The transfer characteristic curves also show that the device has on–off ratio of 106 and 107 for the fabricated and simulated device between VG = 0 V and VG = 2 V, respectively. In the case of accumulation MOSFETs (AMOSFETs) and JLTs (gated resistors), the depletion

• proper gate voltage [5][23], but in a pinch-off device such as a DGJLT, the operation is implemented in the reverse direction, in order to force the device into the off state from the on state. The mechanism of depletion due to the lateral gate voltage can be demonstrated by the hole distribution in the

Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy

• Bharat Bhushan,
• Si Chen and
• Shirong Ge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 731–746, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.83

• induces a chapped and scaly appearance. Scanning electron microscope studies of SDS-treated stratum corneum revealed selective depletion of the lipids from the intercellular spaces accompanied by marked disruption of multiple lamellae structures, and lipid analysis showed a considerable and selective loss

Zeolites as nanoporous, gas-sensitive materials for in situ monitoring of DeNO_x-SCR

• Thomas Simons and
• Ulrich Simon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 667–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.76

• by pure as well as by Fe- or Cu-loaded H-form zeolites [28][29][30][31][32]. Due to the NH3 sensitivity of the zeolites, the loading of the catalyst with NH3 as well as the depletion due to the SCR reaction may be directly monitored by IS. A first step in this direction was made by Kubinski and

• impedance |Z| at 1 Hz was recorded (in steps of 5 min) to monitor NH3 depletion in the zeolite layer. The same measurements were repeated under SCR-like conditions, and the data are presented in Figure 3 as time-dependence plots of the normalized absolute value of the impedance |Z|/|Z|0 at 1 Hz, whereas |Z

Focused electron beam induced deposition: A perspective

• Michael Huth,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Schwalb,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Roland Sachser,
• Maja Dukic,
• Jonathan Adams and
• Georg Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 597–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.70

• depletion rate kd defined as and the depleted adsorbate density nd = sJ/kd. The initial adsorbate density n(t = 0) was set to the adsorbate density after long times nr in the absence of the dissociation term. It is defined by the replenishment rate kr given by via the relation nr = sJ/kr. The important