Plasma-assisted synthesis and high-resolution characterization of anisotropic elemental and bimetallic core–shell magnetic nanoparticles

• M. Hennes,
• A. Lotnyk and
• S. G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 466–475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.54

• the target holder at elevated pressures in chamber A. Target morphology and intermittent mode Inhomogeneous depletion of the sputtered material in magnetron sputtering sources is known to result in pronounced circular trenches in the target (racetracks), as depicted in Figure 4b. In the present study

Change of the work function of platinum electrodes induced by halide adsorption

• Florian Gossenberger,
• Tanglaw Roman,
• Katrin Forster-Tonigold and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.15

• depletion far from the surface, and in combination with an electron buildup in the area around the adsorbed ion, to a decrease of the work function. In this paper we present a detailed study of the halogen-induced change of the work function on Pt(111) as a function of the halogen coverage, which has still

• on the left hand side denotes the metal slab. The topmost metal atoms are centered at z = 0 Å. The electron density difference profile shows a significant electron depletion far from the surface for the case of chlorine, bromine and iodine, followed by an electron buildup close to the surface, and

• electron buildup far from the surface, followed by an electron depletion close to the surface, the dipole moment on each face of the slab becomes more negative as a function of the coverage, which is consistent with a work function increase. For the other three halogens, the electron density difference

Constant-distance mode SECM as a tool to visualize local electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction catalysts

• Michaela Nebel,
• Thomas Erichsen and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 141–151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.14

• sufficiently low potential to reduce oxygen. Due to the catalyst reaction, oxygen is consumed and a gradual depletion of oxygen in front of the sample area occurs (consumption profile). Simultaneously, the tip is also polarized at a potential to reduce oxygen. Thus, sample and tip compete for the oxygen inside

• the gap between tip and sample which represents a leaking thin layer electrochemical cell. Due to the depletion of oxygen in the gap, a diffusion gradient is established leading to an in-diffusion of oxygen into the gap. Thus, depending on the tip-to-sample distance and the rates for oxygen reduction

Noise performance of frequency modulation Kelvin force microscopy

• Heinrich Diesinger,
• Dominique Deresmes and
• Thierry Mélin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.1

• underlying semiconductor that alternates between majority-carrier depletion and accumulation. The tip–substrate junction can be thought of as a capacitive voltage divider formed by the tip–substrate capacitance and the Mott–Schottky capacitance. We expect this description to be valid over a wide frequency

In situ growth optimization in focused electron-beam induced deposition

• Paul M. Weirich,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Christian H. Schwalb and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.103

• [9], the resistivity could be reduced during e-beam curing, however, independent of dwell-time and pitch. This can be expected because precursor depletion as the dominant factor during deposition does not play a role during e-beam curing. Furthermore, effects like the growth of existing Pt crystals

Evolution of microstructure and related optical properties of ZnO grown by atomic layer deposition

• Adib Abou Chaaya,
• Roman Viter,
• Mikhael Bechelany,
• Zanda Alute,
• Donats Erts,
• Anastasiya Zalesskaya,
• Kristaps Kovalevskis,
• Vincent Rouessac,
• Valentyn Smyntyna and
• Philippe Miele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 690–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.78

• than unity, which points to an oxygen-rich stoichiometry of the studied samples. In oxygen-rich films Zn vacancies, oxygen interstitials and oxygen interstates can be formed [46]. The excess oxygen may also localize on grain boundaries to form a negative surface charge [54] and depletion layer. The

• electric field of the surface charge in the depletion layer would stimulate dissociation of excitons in ZnO [18][48]. The absorption spectra of ultrathin ZnO ALD films show that the defect states are present in the gap. The defect states at 3.08–3.14 eV formed by neutral Zn vacancies and oxygen

• oxygen adsorbed on the grain surface. Therefore, a growing UV–vis intensity ratio in ZnO PL being observed (Figure 5) a decrease of the bending of surface band and the depletion layer is expected if the UV–vis intensity ratio grows in ZnO PL. The photo-generated electrons and holes are known to be

Plasticity of nanocrystalline alloys with chemical order: on the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline Ni–Fe

• Jonathan Schäfer and
• Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 542–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.63

• has an effect on the macroscopic mechanical properties. Here, an excess in Fe strengthens the structure, while a depletion in Fe decreases the strength. This is consistent with findings for miscible systems, where a maximum in the strengthening effect of solutes was observed for intermediate

In situ monitoring magnetism and resistance of nanophase platinum upon electrochemical oxidation

• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Stefan Topolovec,
• Stephan Landgraf,
• Heinz Krenn and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 394–399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.46

• monotonically decreases with increasing oxygen coverage [20]. This also demonstrates that a simple picture of voltage-induced filling or depletion of rigid electronic bands fails, because within such a picture positive charging, i.e., extraction of electrons from the nearly filled d-band of Pt would give rise

Photoresponse from single upright-standing ZnO nanorods explored by photoconductive AFM

• Igor Beinik,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Astrid Wachauer,
• Lin Wang,
• Yuri P. Piryatinski,
• Gerhard Brauer,
• Xin Yi Chen,
• Yuk Fan Hsu,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Christian Teichert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 208–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.21

• than the band gap of ZnO (3.37 eV). Discussion The standard model to explain the photoresponse in ZnO involves the photodesorption of oxygen molecules [22]. Adsorption of oxygen on the ZnO surface causes the capture of electrons leading to the formation of a negatively charged layer and a depletion

• holes move toward the surface in the electric field of the surface depletion region and recombine with the electrons there . This results in an excess of electrons, which were generated by the light absorption contributing to the photocurrent when the sample is biased. This model implies also that the

Nanostructure-directed chemical sensing: The IHSAB principle and the dynamics of acid/base-interface interaction

• James L. Gole and
• William Laminack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 20–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.3

• PS interface and attempts to extract electrons, the sensor resistance rises rapidly to a point where the electron depletion reaches a limiting value as nanostructured TiO2 islands coupled to the PS interface prevent further electron withdrawal and reverse the flow of electrons so as to increase the

Diamond nanophotonics

• Katja Beha,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Marco Wolfer,
• Merle C. Becker,
• Petr Siyushev,
• Mohammad Jamali,
• Anton Batalov,
• Christopher Hinz,
• Jakob Hees,
• Lutz Kirste,
• Harald Obloh,
• Etienne Gheeraert,
• Boris Naydenov,
• Ingmar Jakobi,
• Florian Dolde,
• Sébastien Pezzagna,
• Daniel Twittchen,
• Matthew Markham,
• Daniel Dregely,
• Harald Giessen,
• Jan Meijer,
• Fedor Jelezko,
• Christoph E. Nebel,
• Rudolf Bratschitsch,
• Alfred Leitenstorfer and
• Jörg Wrachtrup

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 895–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.100

• of a single implanted color center obtained with nonlinear optical excitation in ground state depletion (GSD) mode [6]. In this imaging mode, the color center is illuminated with a doughnut-shaped beam of high optical intensity. The saturation behavior of the optical transition provides a nonlinear

• (N+) are effectively stopped by the mask. The ions entering the channel create an implanted ion spot with a FWHM of about 100 nm, limited by straggle. Nonlinear optical microscopy of implanted color centers by using ground-state-depletion microscopy mode. (a) Images of a color center obtained with

• increasing depletion laser power. (b) Measured optical resolution as a function of laser power. The solid line shows a theoretical fit for the achievable resolution , where c is a proportionality constant, P is the optical power and r∞ represents the maximum achievable resolution at infinite power, which is

Pinch-off mechanism in double-lateral-gate junctionless transistors fabricated by scanning probe microscope based lithography

• Farhad Larki,
• Arash Dehzangi,
• Alam Abedini,
• Ahmad Makarimi Abdullah,
• Elias Saion,
• Sabar D. Hutagalung,
• Mohd N. Hamidon and
• Jumiah Hassan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 817–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.91

• normally in the on state and is driven into the off state by the application of a positive gate voltage. We demonstrate that the depletion starts from the bottom corner of the channel facing the gates and expands toward the center and top of the channel. Redistribution of the carriers due to the electric

• the gates and cause an off state. The transfer characteristic curves also show that the device has on–off ratio of 106 and 107 for the fabricated and simulated device between VG = 0 V and VG = 2 V, respectively. In the case of accumulation MOSFETs (AMOSFETs) and JLTs (gated resistors), the depletion

• proper gate voltage [5][23], but in a pinch-off device such as a DGJLT, the operation is implemented in the reverse direction, in order to force the device into the off state from the on state. The mechanism of depletion due to the lateral gate voltage can be demonstrated by the hole distribution in the

Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy

• Bharat Bhushan,
• Si Chen and
• Shirong Ge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 731–746, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.83

• induces a chapped and scaly appearance. Scanning electron microscope studies of SDS-treated stratum corneum revealed selective depletion of the lipids from the intercellular spaces accompanied by marked disruption of multiple lamellae structures, and lipid analysis showed a considerable and selective loss

Zeolites as nanoporous, gas-sensitive materials for in situ monitoring of DeNO_x-SCR

• Thomas Simons and
• Ulrich Simon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 667–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.76

• by pure as well as by Fe- or Cu-loaded H-form zeolites [28][29][30][31][32]. Due to the NH3 sensitivity of the zeolites, the loading of the catalyst with NH3 as well as the depletion due to the SCR reaction may be directly monitored by IS. A first step in this direction was made by Kubinski and

• impedance |Z| at 1 Hz was recorded (in steps of 5 min) to monitor NH3 depletion in the zeolite layer. The same measurements were repeated under SCR-like conditions, and the data are presented in Figure 3 as time-dependence plots of the normalized absolute value of the impedance |Z|/|Z|0 at 1 Hz, whereas |Z

Focused electron beam induced deposition: A perspective

• Michael Huth,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Schwalb,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Roland Sachser,
• Maja Dukic,
• Jonathan Adams and
• Georg Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 597–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.70

• depletion rate kd defined as and the depleted adsorbate density nd = sJ/kd. The initial adsorbate density n(t = 0) was set to the adsorbate density after long times nr in the absence of the dissociation term. It is defined by the replenishment rate kr given by via the relation nr = sJ/kr. The important

Functionalised zinc oxide nanowire gas sensors: Enhanced NO₂ gas sensor response by chemical modification of nanowire surfaces

• Eric R. Waclawik,
• Jin Chang,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Isabella Concina,
• Dario Zappa,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Nunzio Motta,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 368–377, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.43

• . It is proposed that the ΔR/R enhancement in this case originates from the changes induced in the depletion-layer width of the ZnO nanoparticles that bridge ZnO nanowires resulting from THMA ligand binding to the surface of the particle coating. The heightened response and selectivity to the NO2

• chemisorption involves electronic charge transfer, functionalisation of the surface of a metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensor with an organic monolayer will strongly influence the electronic properties of the surface. Transfer of electron density into the semiconductor will reduce the depletion layer, which is

• , which is comparable with the depth of the depletion region, the nanoparticles are likely to be fully depleted of electrons, different to the case of nanowires, which feature a depleted surface layer but also possess an unaltered “bulk” core due to their much larger diameter (about 50 nm, from Figure 1

Structural, electronic and photovoltaic characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes grown directly on stainless steel

• Luca Camilli,
• Manuela Scarselli,
• Silvano Del Gobbo,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Eric Gautron and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 360–367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.42

• depletion layer are collected before reaching the electrode and recombine. Further improvements should be devoted to enhance the efficiency of the device by improving the quality of the metallic contact, to avoid parasitic additional resistances. Experimental A sheet of AISI 316-SS (30 × 40 mm2, from

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• -type semiconductor: O2(g) + e− → O2–(ad). This produces a depletion layer near the nanowire surface, resulting in an upward band bending near the surface. Due to the large surface-to-volume ratio, the adsorption of O2 significantly reduces the conductivity of the nanowires. UV-light illumination with a

• -section indicates a depletion layer near the surface; (c) Under UV illumination the oxygen molecules desorb from ZnO and diffuse into the molecule network. Illustration for the device fabrication process. Acknowledgements We thank the QUT Vice-Chancellor’s Research Fellowship for financially supporting

Formation of SiC nanoparticles in an atmospheric microwave plasma

• Martin Vennekamp,
• Ingolf Bauer,
• Matthias Groh,
• Evgeni Sperling,
• Susanne Ueberlein,
• Maksym Myndyk,
• Gerrit Mäder and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.71

• nanoparticle for a large supersaturation of the system p"SiC" >> pv, as depicted in Figure 2: The high ambipolar diffusion coefficient of the species in the plasma results in the fast growth of the particle accompanied by the fast depletion of the educt in the plasma, which of course contradicts the simple

Influence of water on the properties of an Au/Mpy/Pd metal/molecule/metal junction

• Jan Kučera and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 384–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.44

• bonds. The calculated patterns suggest a hybridization between the pz orbitals of NMpy and Ow, and the orbital of the Pdb atoms upon the formation of the NMpy–Pdb–O contact with z being the coordinate along the surface normal. However, the regions of the charge depletion are relatively localized in the

• molecule further increases, but the electron depletion at the Au electrode remains practically unaltered. This means that the S–Au bond is hardly affected by the adsorption of water on the palladium layer. This is also reflected in the length of the S–Au bond, which does not change upon the water

• adsorption, remaining at 2.57 Å. The electron gain of Mpy due to the H2O→Pd→Mpy charge transfer is accompanied by charge depletion on the H2O molecule and a further polarization within the Pd layer through charge transfer from Pdb to Pdn. This inner polarization explains why a single H2O molecule does not

Schottky junction/ohmic contact behavior of a nanoporous TiO₂ thin film photoanode in contact with redox electrolyte solutions

• Masao Kaneko,
• Hirohito Ueno and
• Junichi Nemoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 127–134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.15

• solution) negatively charged. As the result the band structure of the SC (both the valence band (VB) and the conduction band) is bent as shown in Figure 3. This curved portion of the band structure is called a space charge layer (also called a depletion layer, where electrons are depleted). Under this

• representation for the formation of continuous Schottky junctions with space charge layer (i.e., depletion layer, green region) and conduction band (CB, gray region) in a nanoporous n-TiO2 thin film formed at the interface with an aqueous electrolyte solution containing an electron donor. In the space charge