A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• indentation are calculated with respect to time with the aid of the probe position detection system (e.g., a laser beam detector). The most important assumptions in our linear viscoelastic analysis, which is described in subsequent sections, are that the sample is homogeneous and isotropic, and that the

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• simultaneous injection of particles into cells [47]. Microneedles have also been used for diagnosing allergy [48], for cosmetic applications [49], dissolvable delivery of drugs into neural tissue [50], and as microelectrode arrays for neural probes [51]. They have also been used for the detection of different

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• aluminum holder, explaining the detection of these elements. Oxygen may have been detected due to contamination of the sample, the grid, or the holder. Measurement results of the white product obtained by the direct injection of the Sb precursor into oleylamine at 150 °C without the addition of sulfur: (a

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• anodizing stage, the remaining Al was selectively dissolved in 10 vol % Br2 solution in CH3OH. Then, the barrier layer of the AAO template was removed by chemical etching in 3.5 M H3PO4 with electrochemical detection of the pore opening moment as described elsewhere [40]. The prepared AAO templates were

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• extracted from approximately 50 leaves taken from 6–7 month old plants cultivated in a greenhouse for previous experiments. For the extraction, the wax leaves were dipped in chloroform at room temperature for 60 s. The wax composition was analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• detection of chemicals in different samples [1]. It became popular in the scientific community during the last decades due to great prospects for practical solutions of, particularly, analytical problems [2]. However, despite the promising potential, it turned out that a lot of practical, theoretical, and

• detection is to localize the molecules of interest at the plasmonic surface but at a proper distance (2–4 nm) [2][4]. It is a common practice to demonstrate the SERS effectivity of a SERS-active substrate by using analytes that are strongly adsorbed at the plasmonic metal surfaces and located at the “hot

• spots”. The detection of analytes that are not interacting with (or adsorbing to) plasmonic surfaces remains an important practical task. This problem significantly hampers a wider practical application of SERS because even optimally fabricated SERS substrates lose their effectiveness when the analyte

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• , regression (prediction of quantitative data values), translation (for instance of languages), anomaly detection, de-noising, clustering (grouping similar objects together), and data generation. In this review our major concern is with images, which are most relevant to certain aspects of machine learning as

• set: Red blood cells in wide-field images can be classified into ten different classes based on morphological differences [8]. More advanced tasks in computer vision are object localization and detection. “Detection” of objects in an image is usually performed by defining bounding boxes around the

• objects of interest, outputting the spatial coordinates defining locations and sizes of bounding boxes, while “localization” is a specific case of detection of a single object in an image [9]. An even finer distinction is “segmentation”. This involves dividing an image into several parts, sets of pixels

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• myocardial infarction or coronary artery stenosis [158][159]. It has also been used to assess stroke patients [160], fallopian tube patency [161], and in the detection of ureteric reflux [162]. MB-mediated US effects have also been used as a means of nucleating cavitation in the target tissue to increase the

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• possible combination of stem cells and nanotechnology in the treatment of diseases. This study aims to investigate the in vitro effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) through detection of cardiac markers. For

• ), Wnt-3 (sc-74537), and β-catenin (sc-7963), and were incubated with secondary antibody (1:5000). In the following, the protein bands were detected using ECL detection Kit. The intensity of protein bands was measured using the ImageJ 1.6 software [50][51][52]. Statistical analysis The results were

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• , with which cancer cells and non-cancerous cells can be distinguished. Furthermore, a cell sensor that uses MaBiDz for rapid detection and imaging of target mRNA biomarkers of metastatic breast cancer has been realized. Its function shows that it is likely to be used as a biomimetic organelle MNR in the

• were negligible. Yang’s team has provided a rapid and low-cost detection technique for medical testing in future clinical applications. Magnetic drive structures used in MNRs MNRs could move in the human body with little restrictions to reach confined and delicate parts. This offers the potential of

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• energy supplies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were used as electronic skin for pressure detection and material identification [50][51]. Pressure sensors based on piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) were used to detect tiny pressure deviations from water droplets [52][53], wind flow [53][54][55

• rehabilitation, sports training, human motion recognition, respiratory monitoring, and human 3D motion modeling [78][79][80]. These data can be used for real-time detection of human health or human–computer interaction [81][82]. Wen et al. [22] manufactured a transparent and stretchable wrinkled (maximum strain

• , and vocal cords [85][86]. Without external power supply, the back-end data processing technology can realize real-time detection and early warning of human health [87]. For example, voice can be recognized by vocal cord vibration, which can be recorded with a biosensor attached to the skin of the

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• papers enabled by the HIM have been published. True to its classification as a microscope, and indeed its originally intended purpose, the HIM is widely used for microscopy. The microscopy functionality is primarily based on the detection of the secondary electrons that are generated by the finely

• of patches of a silicon nitride membrane that were subsequently perforated by helium ion beam milling to create solid-state nanopores for biomolecule detection. Following this approach, a low fluorescence background was achieved, facilitating the translocation detection of fluorescently labeled

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• increase of Al content was found together with the detection of Ga and As, probably related to the deposition of Al2O3 as a passivation layer on the substrate in the first few ALD cycles. Therefore, processing of the substrate surface expands (spreads) the interface. To get acquainted with the chemistry of

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• glass capillaries or on scanning force microscopy tips) in a very economic and fast (less than five minutes) coating process. The formed substrates, which are coated with a monolayer of silver nanoparticles, have been demonstrated to be highly reproducible and to perform very well in the detection of

• analytes, as demonstrated by the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) down to a concentration of 0.25 nM by utilizing microwave-coated glass capillaries [25]. While this approach relies on ethanol as reducing agent and applies no protecting agents, other protocols employ suitable surfactants and

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Agilent 7500cx or 7900, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clarita, CA) [41]. Spiked samples (cerium average recovery was 106%) and blank samples (that were below the detection limit) were included. At BASF, the eluate was diluted 10- to 100-fold and

• quantified by ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer Nexion 2000b, Perkin Elmer Inc., Waltham, USA) with a limit of detection of 0.01 ppb. Measurements were conducted in triplicate and averaged. Determination of dissolution half-life and dissolution rate The dissolution half-life was calculated as described [37][42] as a

• % sodium dodecyl sulfate for 20 min at room temperature, neutralized, and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane for slot-blot analysis with an anti-DNPH rabbit antibody and secondary anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase antibody, using reagents from the OxyBlot Protein Oxidation Detection Kit (Millipore

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• setup) or biaxial AFM with normal force detection is required. Experimentally, there are several methods for performing frequency-modulation lateral force microscopy, what we refer to as LFM in this manuscript. In 2002, Pfeiffer and co-workers excited a silicon cantilever in the first torsional mode [4

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• the comparably high kinetic energies (mean free path of electrons about 2 nm) may hinder the unambiguous detection of different chemical states in the uppermost layer. Analogously, also for the other substrate-related O 1s and Sr 3d spectra (Figure S2 and Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1), no

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• –800 pm and a typical quality factor of Q2 = 10,000) with the torsional resonance detection (frequency of ft ≈ 1.5 MHz, amplitude of At = 20–80 pm and a typical quality factor of Qt = 100,000) [50][52]. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) was performed in FM-KPFM mode by applying a DC compensation and

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• data related to the unique molecular signatures of each tumor subtype, have emerged as an important tool for detailed profiling of tumors. They provide an opportunity to develop targeting agents for early detection and diagnosis, and to select the most effective combinatorial treatment options

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• spintronic applications. However, to achieve a reliable injection and detection of spin-polarized electrons in spintronic devices, appropriate heterostructures between semiconductors and magnetic alloys [9][10] need to be formed. Hence, a tailored growth process that preserves the injection efficiency and

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• recovery rate. Also, it should work at low cost and with low power consumption [3]. In comparison to conventional gas sensors, nanostructure-based gas sensors are more sensitive because of their increased detection area [4]. The most common mode used in gas sensing is the resistance mode, where the change

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• identification remains a hotly debated topic [49]. To address this issue, Nobre et al. [50] examined ECoG activity at the VOT cortex of 27 patients with epilepsy during sentence reading, word detection, semantic priming, and object perception. The authors found a region in the posterior fusiform gyrus responding

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• below the limit of detection of the ICP-MS measurement (Figure 3a). The total Ag concentrations, however, showed no significant change (Figure 3b). A similar experiment for AgNO3 is shown in Figure 3c and Figure 3d, which shows 0.4% of Ag in the dissolved fraction and 60% in the total Ag fraction for a

• sample was measured in triplicate and indium (115In) was used as an internal standard. The detection limit was calculated as 0.024 µg Ag·L−1. The validity of analytical method was checked every twelve measurements with two quality controls (Blank and 5 µg Ag·L−1). A serial dilution of Ag standard

• detection limit of the UV–vis measurement. Dissolved and total Ag concentration in PVP-AgNPs and AgNO3. Dissolved Ag concentration measurements using centrifugal ultrafiltration units (a and c), and total Ag concentration (b and d) in RPMI medium at t = 0 and t = 24 h measured by ICP-MS. All experiments

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• primer (5′-CTAAGCAGTTGGTGGTGCAG-3′), on a CFX96TM Real-Time PCR Detection System cycler (Bio-Rad). Specifically, samples were denatured at 95 °C for 10 min, and the quantification program had 40 repeats (30 s annealing at 60 °C, 30s amplification at 72 °C). GAPDH was used as a “housekeeping” gene for the

• parameters for Fe determination were set as follows: wavelength 248.3 nm, slit width 0.2 nm, flame type: acetylene–air, flow: 2.0 L/min for acetylene and 13.5 L/min for air, deuterium background correction, method of the calibration curve in the range 0.1–10 mg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia CNM Technologies, Bielefeld, Germany Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.18 Abstract A dark-field scanning transmission ion microscopy detector was designed for the helium ion microscope. The detection

• can be optimized either for most efficient signal collection or for maximum image contrast. The designed setup allows for the imaging of thin low-density materials that otherwise provide little signal or contrast and for a clear end-point detection in the fabrication of nanopores. In addition, the

• yield is significantly increased because sputtering occurs not only in backward but also in forward direction [16][17]. To observe and control the milling process, the ion transmission signal is preferred over the SE signal because it is related to the membrane thickness. The detection of the