Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• known as chemical-modified graphene [51]. The schematic illustration of RGO preparation from graphite is shown in Figure 2. The composite formation of graphene with semiconductor materials has been reported by various methods, such as hydrothermal/solvothermal [52], sol−gel [53], self-assembly [54

• ], precipitation [55], and photo-reduction [13]. The hydrothermal/solvothermal method for the synthesis of graphene-based nanocomposites involves the treatment of its precursor in a confined volume, teflon-lined autoclave at elevated temperature, wherein high pressure is generated. This method is very important

• for the synthesis of inorganic nanocrystals and gives rise to highly crystalline nanostructures and also reduces GO to RGO. As the name suggests, water is the main solvent in hydrothermal synthesis method and major advantage of water as the solvent is its abundance in nature as well as its non-toxic

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• hydrothermal route [5]. Alternatively, in a convenient MW-based method, arginine was shown to be a useful starting material towards highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped CNDs (NCNDs) that were chosen for the present study (Scheme 1) [6]. Several works have reported incorporation of CNDs into hydrogels as an

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• ionic substitutions can also be integrated in the CaF2 lattice [24]. Various methods have been reported for the preparation of rare-earth doped CaF2 NPs such as co-precipitation [14][15][24][25][26], hydrothermal methods [27][28][29], flame synthesis [30], microemulsion methods [31][32] and a

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• characterization of different metal oxide (NiO, WO3, ZnO, SnO2 and Nb2O5) nanostructures for chemical sensing are presented. p-Type (NiO) and n-type (WO3, SnO2, ZnO and Nb2O5) metal oxide nanostructures were grown on alumina substrates using evaporation–condensation, thermal oxidation and hydrothermal techniques

• show the different sensing capabilities of oxides within a real application, using sensors arrays and electronic noses. Evaporation, thermal oxidation and hydrothermal methods were optimized for the direct integration of metal oxide nanowires into chemical sensor transducers, without using any transfer

• 797cm−1 are related to the stretching vibration of bridging oxygen in (W–O–W) bonds [7], and they are typical peaks of monoclinic tungsten trioxide. The other two major peaks at 262 cm−1 and 322 cm−1 are due to the bending vibration of (O–W–O) bonds [8]. Hydrothermal technique: Nb2O5 During the

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• Solides, Université Paris Sud, CNRS UMR 8502, F-91405 Orsay, France Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia 10.3762/bjnano.8.104 Abstract α-MnO2 nanorods were synthesized via the hydrothermal decomposition of KMnO4 in an acidic environment in the

• is especially important in some of the previously mentioned technological applications. The samples were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis at three different temperatures. Dopant content as well as the content of manganese and potassium were determined using scanning electron microscopy, coupled

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• ][15]. Commonly, the reported methods for the preparation of Fe2O3/TiO2 include impregnation [5][6][16][17][18], sol–gel [7][19], and hydrothermal methods [8][9][10]. A combination of several processes has also been employed, such as the electrospinning method combined with a hydrothermal approach [11

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• synthesis routes have been introduced; among them, hydrothermal methods are used extensively for the preparation of TiO2–graphene hybrid systems. Liang et al. prepared TiO2 NCs on the GO sheet by hydrolysis methods and then converted GO to graphene by hydrothermal treatment [88]. A TiO2–graphene

• nanocomposite hydrogel (TGH) was prepared by Zhang et al. by a facile one-pot hydrothermal approach where the spherical nanostructured TiO2 NPs were densely decorated onto the GS [89]. A 2D graphene–TiO2 sandwich structure was prepared by using ethylenediamine/H2O solvent in a reduction–hydrolysis technique

• –graphene hybrid systems using a hydrothermal method. These hybrids have excellent electrochemical performance due to the synergetic effect of well-dispersed TiO2 NPs and the conductive graphene network [91]. Nanometre-sized TiO2 sheets were prepared on the GSs by using a facial solvothermal synthetic route

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• precursor to prepare Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composites through a simple hydrothermal synthesis. When these composites were used as electrode material in lithium-ion batteries, a reversible capacity of 711.2 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 500 mA·g−1 after 400 cycles was obtained. The result indicated that Fe2O3

• /COOH-MWCNT composite is a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Keywords: anode material; carbon nanotubes; hydrothermal synthesis method; lithium-ion batteries; Introduction The depletion of non-renewable energy resources such as coal, petrol and natural gas has led to the urgent need

• . Liang et al. [20] employed a simple and easy hydrothermal method for the synthesis of α-Fe2O3 microspheres by using sodium citrate as surfactant. A reversible discharge capacity of 489.5 mAh·g−1 was obtained at a current density of 100 mA·g−1 of up to 50 cycles. The specific capacity of the synthesized

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• binder for instance, or would be able to do concomitant or co-crystallization. The production of nanoparticles through wet techniques has become a common industrial chemical process. The European project, Sustainable Hydrothermal Manufacturing of Nanometerials (SHYMAN), aims to increase the production

• rate of a continuous hydrothermal process from 1–10 tons/year to 100 tons/year for inorganic nanomaterials [123]. Tsuzuki et al. [124] statistically studied which methods for inorganic nanosynthesis are mostly employed in industry: vapor (39% mainly chemical vapor deposition (CVD)) and liquid (45

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• Densely packed ZnO nanocolumns (NCs), perpendicularly oriented to the fused-silica substrates were directly grown under hydrothermal conditions at 90 °C, with a growth rate of around 0.2 μm/h. The morphology of the nanostructures was visualized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The

• development of thin film solar cells based on ZnO NCs. Keywords: 3-dimensional solar cells; hydrothermal growth; optical spectroscopy; photothermal deflection spectroscopy; plasma treatment; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; ZnO nanocolumns; Introduction The widely accepted design of thin-film silicon (TF

• advantageously used for all other thin-film solar cells. So far, a wide diversity of methods have been used for the preparation of ZnO nanocolumns such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) [11], electrochemical deposition [12], sputtering [13], reactive ion etching [5] and the hydrothermal method

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• synthesized following different processes such as hydrothermal, chemical precipitation, electrochemical as well as other methods [4][5][6][7][13]. In this context the combination of the galvanic displacement reaction and the rapid thermal annealing process provides a simple and quick route for the synthesis

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• versatile hydrothermal synthesis route to in situ functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles was developed using titanium(IV) isopropoxide as Ti-precursor and selected silane coupling agents (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyldimethoxymethylsilane (AEAPS), and n-decyltriethoxysilane

• 700 °C leads to the formation of a nanometric amorphous SiO2 layer, preventing growth and phase transition of the in situ functionalized nanoparticles. Keywords: core–shell nanoparticles; functionalized nanoparticles; hydrothermal synthesis; oriented attachment; silane coupling agent; Introduction

• synthesis often leads to poorly crystalline particles [22]. Hydrothermal synthesis [23] is simple and cost efficient [24] and allows for improved crystallinity compared to sol–gel methods [22] giving improved TiO2 characteristics for applications such as photocatalysis and solar cell applications [2][25][26

Nanocrystalline ZrO₂ and Pt-doped ZrO₂ catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 264–271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.29

• nanoparticles such as sol–gel [21], precipitation [22], combustion [23], hydrothermal synthesis [24], solvothermal synthesis [25], reverse micelles [26], chemical vapor synthesis [27], aerosol pyrolysis [28], and sonochemical synthesis [29]. Dongare et al. [30] described the synthesis of ZrO2 by a sol–gel

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• characteristics and morphology is an important task for scientists. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be obtained using chemical, physical or biological methods. Among the best known chemical methods are coprecipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal method, solvothermal method and others [5][12][13]. An

• iron oxide nanoparticles by solvothermal method (NPS series). For the preparation of samples NPS1–NPS9, reaction mixtures (as indicated in Table 2) were loaded into Teflon autoclaves, which were placed in the hydrothermal stove after sealing. The temperature program consisted of heating at 1 °C/min, up

Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• Bielefeld, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.7.197 Abstract Highly uniform samples of carbon nanofoam from hydrothermal sucrose carbonization were studied by helium ion microscopy (HIM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. Foams with different densities were produced by changing the

• and a stronger sp3-type electronic contribution, related to the inclusion of sp3 connections in their surface network. Keywords: carbon nanofoam; helium ion microscopy; hydrothermal carbonization; nanocarbons; Introduction Nanofoams are of considerable current interest due to their unique structure

• [23] with potential application in high energy density electrochemical supercapacitors. A promising formation method for high-quality carbon nanofoam is the low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization of sucrose [24]. In order to produce advanced carbon nanomaterials, there is a need for further

Intercalation and structural aspects of macroRAFT agents into MgAl layered double hydroxides

• Dessislava Kostadinova,
• Ana Cenacchi Pereira,
• Muriel Lansalot,
• Franck D’Agosto,
• Elodie Bourgeat-Lami,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Christine Taviot-Guého,
• Sylvian Cadars and
• Vanessa Prevot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2000–2012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.191

• PAA49-CTPPA, P(AA8.5-stat-BA8.5)-CTPPA, P(AA14.5-stat-BA14.5)-CTPPA and P(AA19.5-stat-BA19.5)-CTPPA, respectively. The hybrid LDH materials were prepared through anion exchange at room temperature from MgAl-NO3 LDH precursor obtained by fast precipitation followed by moderate hydrothermal treatment

• (CTPPA) was synthesized following a protocol reported in the literature [50]. Preparation of MgAl-NO3-LDH precursor. LDH containing magnesium(II) and aluminium(III) metal cations and nitrate interlayer anions were prepared by flash coprecipitation followed by hydrothermal treatment [44][51][52

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Thus, the hydrothermal treatment of an equimolar mixture of citric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions in an autoclave at 160 °C for 4 h leads to the formation of O-dots having a quantum yield of about 22% [21]. Similarly, hydrothermal treatment of a solution of

• sodium citrate and ammonium bicarbonate at 180 °C for 4 h leads to the formation of O-dots with excellent photostability [22]. When a 0.328 M solution of ammonium citrate was subjected to hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave at 160 °C for 6 h, the resulting dots had a quantum yield of about 13.5% [23

• luminescent properties. A large number of studies have been devoted to the synthesis of citrate O-dots using urea as a nitrogen source [21][24][26][27][28][29][30]. For instance, highly luminescent O-dots were obtained by hydrothermal treatment of citric acid and urea or thiourea (molar ratio 1:3) solutions

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles with surface charge trigged by pH: synthesis, characterization and stability studies

• Giovanna Testa,
• Laura Fontana,
• Iole Venditti and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.175

• colloidal stability; hydrophobic or hydrophilic thiol-based ligands have been deeply exploited [14][15]. Among others, 2-diethylaminoethanethiol hydrochloride (DEA) has been used as a stabilizing thiol for gold nanoparticles used for the immobilization of lipase [16]. Among others, hydrothermal and

In situ formation of reduced graphene oxide structures in ceria by combined sol–gel and solvothermal processing

• Jingxia Yang,
• Johannes Ofner,
• Bernhard Lendl and
• Ulrich Schubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1815–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.174

• oxidation activity than the hydrothermally treated samples. A weight loss of ca. 12% was observed in TGA after solvothermal treatment of the gels with ethanol. This was not the case after hydrothermal treatment (only ca. 4%). We interpreted the high weight loss in the former samples to the presence of

Prediction of the mechanical properties of zeolite pellets for aerospace molecular decontamination applications

• Guillaume Rioland,
• Patrick Dutournié,
• Delphine Faye,
• T. Jean Daou and
• Joël Patarin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1761–1771, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.169

• protocol described below. The gel preparation and hydrothermal synthesis were performed using a polypropylene bottle. First, 1.5 g of hydrofluoric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 40% in water) was poured on 11 g of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 40% in water) used as structure-directing agent. 0.12 g of

Nanostructured TiO₂-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

• Wojciech Maziarz,
• Anna Kusior and
• Anita Trenczek-Zajac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1718–1726, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.164

• stoichiometry of the oxygen-to-titanium content ratio play a major role in the electrical properties of TiO2 [17]. Different ways in which TiO2 can be prepared include sol–gel process [18][19][20], flame spray synthesis [21], hydrothermal process [22], electrospinning methods [23], chemical and physical vapor

Role of RGO support and irradiation source on the photocatalytic activity of CdS–ZnO semiconductor nanostructures

• Suneel Kumar,
• Rahul Sharma,
• Vipul Sharma,
• Gurunarayanan Harith,
• Vaidyanathan Sivakumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1684–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.161

• the photocatalysts. In this work, we have investigated the role of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) support and the irradiation source on mixed metal chalcogenide semiconductor (CdS–ZnO) nanostructures. The photocatalyst material was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method and thoroughly

• nanocomposite CdS–ZnO binary nanocomposite was prepared by employing a reported hydrothermal strategy [39]. In short, 0.2 M ZnCl2 was dispersed in 40 mL deionized water, followed by the addition of 0.5 M NaOH solution dropwise with continuous stirring. Aqueous ammonia was added to maintain the pH value around 8

• of graphite and formation of GO with well-defined lamellar structure [42][43]. This interlayer distance weakens the van der Waal interactions between sheets and makes exfoliation possible [44]. Once GO is reduced to RGO during hydrothermal treatment, the (002) reflection peak of GO disappears. The

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles of tunable diameter were obtained by the precipitation method at room temperature and by microwave hydrothermal synthesis (MHS). The following parameters of the obtained nanostructured HAp were determined: pycnometric density, specific surface area, phase purity, lattice

• found when comparing the properties of some types of nanostructured hydroxyapatite with natural occurring apatite found in animal bones and teeth. Keywords: hydroxyapatite; microwave hydrothermal synthesis; nanoparticle size control; physical properties of HAp NPs; room temperature synthesis

• chemistry techniques, such as direct precipitation from aqueous solutions, electrochemical deposition [23], sol–gel processes [24] and hydrothermal synthesis [25][26][27] (Table 1). In the majority of cases, the synthesized powder is a stoichiometric hydroxyapatite, and oftentimes contains additional phases

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• reported in the literature, including hydrothermal, mechanochemical and sol–gel routes (to name but a few) [15][16][17][18][19], and in particular solution-phase approaches seem promising with respect to exercising control over size and shape [20][21]. As an example, the preparation of uniform 4–8 nm

High performance Ce-doped ZnO nanorods for sunlight-driven photocatalysis

• Bilel Chouchene,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Kevin Mozet,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1338–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.125

• (Figure 5a). Contrary to hydrothermal methods recently developed for the production of ZnO:Ce particles [32], the increase in Ce doping does not induce a change in morphology from rods to spheres. An increase in rods length was observed when increasing the Ce doping (ca. 175 nm for the 10% doping) and