High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• (XPS). The electrophysical and gas sensing properties of the materials were investigated by in situ conductivity measurements in the presence of the reducing gases CO and NH3 (20 ppm), in dry conditions (relative humidity at 25 °C RH25 = 0) and in humid air (RH25 = 30%) in the temperature range 400–550

• sensor properties of the synthesized materials were investigated by in situ conductivity measurements. Figure 8 shows the change in the resistance of ZnO nanofibers and ZnO/SiC nanocomposites with a periodic change in the composition of the gas phase in the presence of NH3 (Figure 8a,b) and CO (Figure 8c

• sensor tests were performed by in situ conductivity measurements in an automatic set up with a flow chamber. The sensor resistance was measured at 1.3 V DC-voltage in situ under a controlled gas flow of 100 ± 0.1 mL/min at a temperature fixed in the range of 400–550 °C. Purified air with a pre-assigned

Growth of lithium hydride thin films from solutions: Towards solution atomic layer deposition of lithiated films

• Ivan Kundrata,
• Karol Fröhlich,
• Lubomír Vančo,
• Matej Mičušík and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.142

• homogeneous air-sensitive thin films, characterized by using ellipsometry, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), in situ quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning electron microscopy, was observed. Lithium hydride diffraction peaks have been observed in as-deposited films by GIXRD. X-ray photoelectron

• scan speed was changed as necessary. Ellipsometry measurements were performed using SENTECH SENpro ellipsometer, using the included halogen lamp. Frequency measurements on a quartz crystal were performed in situ using an OpenQCM module at 10 MHz. Results and Discussion Structure and possible reaction

• crystalline when deposited at room temperature, making further post-processing unnecessary. The air sensitivity of this solid requires in situ materials characterization using methods such as spectroscopic ellipsometry, XPS and Auger spectroscopy. Further development of the process, especially more

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• evolution of Bi2WO6 under in situ electron irradiation. Our experimental results reveal that under 200 keV electron irradiation, the breaking of relatively weak Bi–O bonds leads to the formation of oxygen vacancies in Bi2WO6. With prolonged electron irradiation, the reduced Bi cations tend to form Bi

• observations of the oxygen-vacancy formation by in situ spectroscopy and microscopy methods. Therefore, it is desirable to perform in situ microscopy experiments to investigate the generation and evolution of oxygen vacancies at the insulating layer of Bi2WO6 crystals upon an external stimulation, which will

• oxygen vacancies and or bismuth defects, can be generated in Bi2WO6 nanoflakes and simultaneously be observed by in situ TEM. In this study, Bi2WO6 nanoflowers aggregated from numerous nanoflakes of ca. 10 nm in thickness and ca. 100 nm in flake size, were synthesized by a solvothermal method. A series

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• rationally designed and prepared by a facile in situ thermal reduction–precipitation method. The fabricated Au/CBO composites showed a higher photocatalytic activity in the removal of a typical antibiotic (tetracycline, TC, 10 mg/L) under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) than pristine CBO. Furthermore

• photogenerated electron–hole pairs, thus greatly improving the photocatalytic activity of the semiconductor photocatalyst. Conclusion 0D/1D heterostructure Au/CBO composite photocatalysts were synthesized by a simple in situ thermal reduction–precipitation method. Due to the plasmon resonance effect of the Au

Molecular attachment to a microscope tip: inelastic tunneling, Kondo screening, and thermopower

• Rouzhaji Tuerhong,
• Mauro Boero and
• Jean-Pierre Bucher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1243–1250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.124

• chamber. All STM/STS measurements have been performed at T = 4.5 K. Tungsten tips were flash-annealed in UHV and conditioned in situ by indentation into the Au substrate. STM images were acquired in constant-current mode, while the bias voltage is applied to the sample with respect to the tip kept at a

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• , industrial and agricultural wastewater. They are based on the in situ generation of reactive species as hydroxyl radicals (OH•) with high oxidizing capability [24]. AOP include Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions based on the combination of chemical oxidants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, and UV irradiation, and

• nanostructured materials prepared by in situ formation of NPs can be achieved by applying various procedures such as impregnation by precipitation, sol–gel, solvothermal and microwave-assisted reactions. As already indicated, clay-based nanoarchitectures containing TiO2 NPs (anatase phase) are currently the most

• extensively studied clay–semiconductor systems for photocatalysis applications. Various procedures have been reported to produce kaolinite clay mineral fully coated with TiO2 NPs [94][95][96][97][98]. An example of these methods is the in situ formation of titanium dioxide and its anchorage on the external

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• contains nitrogen in its constitution [11][37], and by in situ methods in which nitrogen precursors are introduced during the hydrothermal carbonization [38]. An additional strategy that can be applied to biomass processing is ball milling, which has been proposed as a green, cheap and easy method to

In situ AFM visualization of Li–O₂ battery discharge products during redox cycling in an atmospherically controlled sample cell

• Kumar Virwani,
• Younes Ansari,
• Khanh Nguyen,
• Francisco José Alía Moreno-Ortiz,
• Jangwoo Kim,
• Maxwell J. Giammona,
• Ho-Cheol Kim and
• Young-Hye La

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.94

• /bjnano.10.94 Abstract The in situ observation of electrochemical reactions is challenging due to a constantly changing electrode surface under highly sensitive conditions. This study reports the development of an in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique for electrochemical systems, including the

• conditions. Keywords: AFM; battery; EIS; in situ; Li–O2; Introduction Italian anatomist Luigi Galvani [1] is credited with the birth of electrochemistry in the year 1791. Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move from one element to another causing oxidation (loss of

• deposition [3], corrosion and molecular adsorbates on a variety of surfaces [4] have also been investigated with scanning probe microscopy. In situ local probe techniques at electrical interfaces [5] use scanning probe microscopy to probe surface changes and reactions. A recent review by Yang et al. [6

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• effective strategy, the combination of C-doping with nanocomposite semiconductors, is presented in this work. C-doped g-C3N4 (CCN) was prepared by supramolecular self-assembly and subsequently a number of CdIn2S4/CCN composite photocatalysts were designed and fabricated though in situ decoration of CdIn2S4

• photogenerated holes and electrons. Yang et al. designed and constructed a 2D/2D nanocomposite photocatalyst through the in situ generation of ZnIn2S4 nanoleaf structures on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets by a facile one-step solvothermal method with surfactant, which exhibited distinct high-speed charge

• tested in a closed circulation reactor system for in situ photocatalytic H2 production (CEL-SPH2N, AuLight, Beijing) at 6 °C and −0.1 MPa. Before the reaction, 40 mg of the photocatalyst was dispersed into 40 mL of aqueous methanol solution (CH3OH/H2O = 1:4 v/v). A 300 W Xe lamp (CEL-HXF300, AuLight

Comparing a porphyrin- and a coumarin-based dye adsorbed on NiO(001)

• Sara Freund,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Nathalie Marinakis,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 874–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.88

• surfaces, mandatory for reliable SPM studies, are difficult to prepare because of the hardness of the material and its high reactivity [12][13][14][15][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Figure 2a shows a topographic image measured by nc-AFM of the bare NiO(001) surface that was prepared by in situ

• (001) surface was prepared by in situ cleavage with prior and subsequent annealing (at 600 °C and 500 °C, respectively) resulting in an atomically clean surface. Molecules were then thermally evaporated, from commercially available molecular powders, at RT and under UHV conditions (p < 1 × 10−10 mbar

Synthesis of MnO₂–CuO–Fe₂O₃/CNTs catalysts: low-temperature SCR activity and formation mechanism

• Yanbing Zhang,
• Lihua Liu,
• Yingzan Chen,
• Xianglong Cheng,
• Chengjian Song,
• Mingjie Ding and
• Haipeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 848–855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.85

• formed. The following formation mechanism was inferred: Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions are first adsorbed on the surface of acid-treated CNTs via electrostatic interaction. Then the Cu(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3 are partly hydrolyzed in situ into Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, and HNO3 on the CNTs. Afterwards, MnO2 is formed through the

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• doses below self-limiting values. Nanoporous ZnO thin films were subsequently obtained by calcination of the zincone-like layers between 100–600 °C. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were adopted in situ during calcination to investigate the removal of carbon impurities

• fractions. The calcination of the hybrid layers was investigated in situ with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Oxygen plasma was used as co-reactant together with diethylzinc (DEZ) in a room-temperature plasma-enhanced ALD process and, as a function of the plasma time exposure

• A, B, and C are fit parameters. An Urbach tail was used to account for absorption at lower wavelength. For the in situ temperature-dependent studies, the system was equipped with a THMS600 temperature stage (Linkam, UK), equipped with a sealing capping chamber. The temperature was varied from room

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• PBS nanocomposites. Nano-hybrid fillers (based on Mg2Al or Zn2Al LDH cations and with different anions from carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids, ascorbic acid and amino acids) were incorporated to PBS polymer by both methods: in situ polymerization and melt extrusion. Depending on the type of organic

• molecules, chain extension or plasticizing effects were observed. In the case of in situ polymerization, an increase in the Newtonian zero-shear viscosity of nearly 20–28 times was observed when LDHs with embedded PBS oligomers were used, whereas the smaller molecules increased η0 from 40–50 Pa s for

• compared to the in situ polymerization approach. The best results were obtained for Zn2Al/TYR and Zn2Al/cinnamic LDHs (5 wt %), from 115 to 245 and 360 Pa s respectively, while in other cases the differences were smaller. Our present results are here spectacular, since an increase of 80 times for η0 is

Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid

• Liji Sobhana,
• Lokesh Kesavan,
• Jan Gustafsson and
• Pedro Fardim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 589–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.60

• composites by utilizing the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in natural materials. These materials include wood pulp fibers, abietic acid (resin acid) and inexpensive metal salts. In this work, a hybrid composite was created using bleached and unbleached kraft pulp fibers as cellulose platform. In situ co

• unbound cellulose fibers as prepared above were hybridized with Mg–Al LDH through in situ co-precipitation. Typically, 3.0 g of disintegrated fibers (oven dry mass) was dispersed in a flask containing mixed metal-salt solutions (Mg and Al nitrate, molar ratio 3:1) under gentle stirring until a homogenous

• confirmed by XRD. Out of these three components, AA and cellulose (pulp) were commercially obtained ingredients, whereas LDH was synthesized in situ. XRD might be helpful for gathering more information about formation, purity and grafting on cellulose of LDH. The characteristic d003 line spacing of 0.77 nm

Direct observation of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS₂ using in situ optical spectroscopy

• Claudia Beatriz López-Posadas,
• Yaxu Wei,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Daniel Kahr,
• Michael Hohage and
• Lidong Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 557–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.57

• dichalcogenide (2D TMDC) materials. However, it is very challenging to carry out such studies during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Here, we report the first, real time, in situ study of the CVD growth of 2D TMDCs. More specifically, the CVD growth of a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayer on sapphire

• substrates has been monitored in situ using differential transmittance spectroscopy (DTS). The growth of the MoS2 monolayer can be precisely followed by observation of the evolution of the characteristic optical features. Consequently, a strong correlation between the growth rate of the MoS2 monolayer and

• the temperature distribution in the CVD reactor has been revealed. Our results demonstrate the great potential of real time, in situ optical spectroscopy to assist the precisely controlled growth of 2D semiconductor materials. Keywords: chemical vapor deposition (CVD); in situ differential optical

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• ) oxide nanoparticle layer, formed in situ at the surface of the hybrid nanocapsules, acts as oxygen scavenger and keeps external reactive molecular oxygen from entering into the capsules, eventually resulting in a reduction of the photooxidation of encapsulated fluorescent molecules. This approach shows

• likely reason for the reduced fluorescence stability and intensity. Conclusion In this work, we demonstrate that the armoring with CeO2 of polystyrene nanocapsules containing a model fluorophore molecule results in a significant enhancement of the fluorescence. The in situ crystallization of the metal

Biocompatible organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on nucleobases and titanium developed by molecular layer deposition

• Leva Momtazi,
• Henrik H. Sønsteby and
• Ola Nilsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 399–411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.39

• .; Eidet, J. R. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part A 2018, 106, 3090–3098. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36499]. The growth was followed by in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements and all systems exhibited atomic layer deposition (ALD) type of growth. The adenine system has an ALD temperature window between

• , compared to uncoated glass coverslips using alamarBlue® proliferation assay [23]. The current contribution describes the growth of the films based on nucleobases in more detail. Results The growth dynamics of all three systems were investigated using in situ QCM, as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 and

• precleaned single crystal substrates cut from Si(100) wafers. The growth dynamics were investigated in situ by a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) using a Maxtek TM400 unit and homemade crystal holders. A change in resonance frequency of the crystal is linearly proportional to the mass of the deposited film

Integration of LaMnO_3+δ films on platinized silicon substrates for resistive switching applications by PI-MOCVD

• Raquel Rodriguez-Lamas,
• Dolors Pla,
• Odette Chaix-Pluchery,
• Benjamin Meunier,
• Fabrice Wilhelm,
• Andrei Rogalev,
• Laetitia Rapenne,
• Xavier Mescot,
• Quentin Rafhay,
• Hervé Roussel,
• Michel Boudard,
• Carmen Jiménez and
• Mónica Burriel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 389–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.38

• and 5 Torr; III) two-step strategy scheme. Representation of the range of appropriate deposition conditions. Maximum temperature used versus time of exposure to temperatures above 500 °C. Red squares stand for single step strategy (strategy I), blue triangles for single step strategy with in situ

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• ) [16][17][18][19]. However, this fabrication strategy is complicated and unsafely [20]. In addition, the presence of non-conductive binders not only increases the internal resistance but also the total mass of electrode, thus reducing the electrochemical performance. Therefore, the in situ synthesis of

• no report on the in situ synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanosheets on Ni nanofoam through a simple and environmentally friendly method. In the present work, we propose a simple and environmentally friendly two-step preparation, including the dealloying of Ni40Zr20Ti40 metallic glass in HF solutions

• surface. The dealloyed strips were washed with deionized water for three times and then immersed in deionized water for two, five or seven days at 298 K. Thereafter, the Ni(OH)2 nanopetals network was grown in situ on the Ni nanofoam. As a result of this growing process Ni(OH)2/Ni-NF/MG electrodes (ca. 2

Removal of toxic heavy metals from river water samples using a porous silica surface modified with a new β-ketoenolic host

• Said Tighadouini,
• Smaail Radi,
• Abderrahman Elidrissi,
• Khadija Haboubi,
• Maryse Bacquet,
• Stéphanie Degoutin,
• Mustapha Zaghrioui and
• Yann Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 262–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.25

• from ethyl pyridine-2-carboxylate and 2-acetylfuran via in situ Claisen condensation reaction [49]. The reaction of the activated silica gel with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane in toluene afforded amino groups onto the silica surface (SiNH2), which were then reacted with L1 under gentle conditions

Raman study of flash-lamp annealed aqueous Cu₂ZnSnS₄ nanocrystals

• Yevhenii Havryliuk,
• Oleksandr Selyshchev,
• Mykhailo Valakh,
• Alexandra Raevskaya,
• Oleksandr Stroyuk,
• Constance Schmidt,
• Volodymyr Dzhagan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 222–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.20

• efficient diagnostic tool of the structure and composition of CZTS and related compounds [10][11][13][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Moreover, being a fast, contactless, and non-destructive technique, Raman spectroscopy/microscopy can be applied for in situ monitoring in CZTS film technology, as it

• valence states (Cu+, Zn2+, Sn4+, S2−), Cu(II) was reduced to Cu(I) and Sn(II) was oxidized to Sn(IV) in situ during the NC formation. The concentration of the as-prepared CZTS colloids was around 30 g/L and can be further increased by solvent evaporation or a precipitation/redispersion procedure [21

Mechanism of silica–lysozyme composite formation unravelled by in situ fast SAXS

• Tomasz M. Stawski,
• Daniela B. van den Heuvel,
• Rogier Besselink,
• Dominique J. Tobler and
• Liane G. Benning

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 182–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.17

• enzymatic activity. The inherent nature of the aggregation processes leading to NP–LZM composites involves structural changes at length scales from few to at least hundreds of nanometres but also time scales much smaller than one second. To unravel these we used in situ synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray

• at length scales from a few to hundreds of nanometres, which makes this system well-suited to be characterized by scattering methods. In particular, recent advances [25][26] in detector technology for synchrotron-based in situ and time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), now allow one to

• follow all steps in the formation of SiO2–LZM composites from the individual components. Nevertheless, although such scattering data will reflect the in situ state of a system during measurement, the quantitative information related to any changes in structural properties of the particles/species of

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• -ion microbatteries [29], as photocatalysts for brilliant green dye degradation in solution under solar light [30] and even as a component for supercapacitors [31]. The in situ synthesis of SnO2-based nanoparticles co-doped with F and Zn is demonstrated in this work. For this purpose we use the

Apparent tunneling barrier height and local work function of atomic arrays

• Neda Noei,
• Alexander Weismann and
• Richard Berndt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3048–3052, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.283

• operated at 4.5 K. Cu(111) surfaces were cleaned by Ar+ sputter/anneal cycles. W tips were electrochemically etched from polycrystalline wire. After sputtering, they were further prepared in situ by indenting them into the Cu(111) substrate. Because of this procedure, the tips were presumably covered with

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• , Austria 10.3762/bjnano.9.280 Abstract The mechanical strain response of nanoporous palladium (npPd) upon electrochemical hydrogenation using an in situ dilatometric technique is investigated. NpPd with an average ligament diameter of approximately 20 nm is produced via electrochemical dealloying. A

• are elucidated, taking into account characteristics of structure and deformation mechanism. Keywords: electrochemistry; hydride formation; in situ dilatometry; internal-stress plasticity; nanoporous palladium; Introduction Material properties on the nanoscale can differ substantially from their bulk

• studies up to this point. This work focuses on the strain response of npPd upon hydrogenation and aims to shed light on the active deformation mechanisms. Results Electrochemical characterisation A typical strain response of npPd was measured using an in situ dilatometer setup during a cyclic voltammogram