Low-cost plasmonic solar cells prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Valdek Mikli,
• Arvo Mere,
• Ilmo Sildos and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2398–2402, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.249

• lamp is a light source which simulates the conventional AM1.5 spectrum for testing solar cells. The dispersed light from the Xe lamp (incident on the solar cell as monochromatic light) was optically chopped at 30 Hz. EQE is defined as the number of collected charge carriers per incident photon. The EQE

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• (Figure 1c) were performed on the PolLux scanning transmission STXM microscope at the Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland. The protocols for particle detection on human skin were newly developed and published in detail in our publication [4]. A detailed description of the

Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells

• Heike Sinnecker,
• Katrin Ramaker and
• Andreas Frey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2308–2315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.239

• , Germany) using the following settings: Oligochrome light source, objective lens 10×, filter set ET480/40×, T495LPXR, ET535/50m (FITC). Single wells were scanned by applying the Relative Tile experiment setting where a tile of 5 by 6 images around a selected position is acquired. The individual tiles were

Photodetectors based on carbon nanotubes deposited by using a spray technique on semi-insulating gallium arsenide

• Domenico Melisi,
• Maria Angela Nitti,
• Marco Valentini,
• Antonio Valentini,
• Teresa Ligonzo,
• Giuseppe De Pascali and
• Marianna Ambrico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1999–2006, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.208

• . The voltage supply was connected to the top ITO contact whereas the sample was grounded at the rear through the aluminium support. For the calculation of QE, a typical configuration for spectral photocurrent measurements with a light source, wavelength selector and reference diode has been used

• . Specifically, a Thorlabs OSL1 white light source with optical fiber and a focusing lens were used to obtain a light spot on the photodetector while single wavelengths (400, 500, 600 and 700 nm) in the visible light range were selected by means of a filter set. For the UV characterization in the spectral range

• of 150–210 nm the measurements were performed under vacuum by using a McPherson 30 W Deuterium lamp coupled with a monochromator (Mc Pherson TM/Div. of S.I. Corp. mod. 234/302) as spectral light source. In this configuration the response of an UV-calibrated NIST diode (International Radiation

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• = 25 µg mL−1). After incubation, the loaded cells were dried and fixed [75]. Subsequently, STXM-images were recorded at the PolLux scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy (STXM) microscope at the Swiss Light Source in the water window at 510 eV below the O K-edge, where the contrast for organic

Observation and analysis of structural changes in fused silica by continuous irradiation with femtosecond laser light having an energy density below the laser-induced damage threshold

• Wataru Nomura,
• Tadashi Kawazoe,
• Takashi Yatsui,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1334–1340, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.146

• from 8.2 J/cm2 to 14 J/cm2 compared with the mirror before planarization processing, according to a 200-on-1 laser resistance test based on ISO 11254-2 [13]. Figure 1a shows the experimental set-up. For the light source, we used a regeneratively amplified fs Ti:sapphire laser (Coherent, Inc., Legend

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• brightness of the deposits and the cluster growth mode are in line with the autocatalytic growth of EBID deposits upon dosage of additional Co(CO)3NO. The samples were further characterized at the PolLux soft X-ray STXM beamline [28] at the Swiss Light Source using a zone plate with a nominal resolution of

• , Poland. STXM experiments were performed at the PolLux beamline at the Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen (CH) [28]. The standard STXM setup uses high brilliance synchrotron radiation light that is focused on the sample by a Fresnel zone plate. The sample is raster-scanned with

• Information File 126: Additional SEM images. Acknowledgements We thank Benjamin Watts and Jörg Raabe at the Swiss Light Source for experimental assistance during beamtime at PolLux. The PolLux end station was financed by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung

Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by combining water soluble graphene with cobalt salts

• Jing Wang,
• Ke Feng,
• Hui-Hui Zhang,
• Bin Chen,
• Zhi-Jun Li,
• Qing-Yuan Meng,
• Li-Ping Zhang,
• Chen-Ho Tung and
• Li-Zhu Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1167–1174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.128

• , Co(TEOA)22+ is formed in situ and adsorbed at the surface or around the G-SO3 when cobalt salts and G-SO3 are introduced into the hydrogen evolution system. Upon irradiation by visible light (525 nm LEDs as light source) for 4 h, the system is able to produce hydrogen with a TON up to 148 with the

• in situ from cobalt salts and TEOA on the surface of G-SO3 or around it as the initial catalyst, the effective hydrogen evolution system is established. By using 525 nm LEDs as the light source, this system shows a 5.6 times higher efficiency than that of the same system without G-SO3, and the

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

• Li-wei Liu,
• Si-yi Hu,
• Ying Pan,
• Jia-qi Zhang,
• Yue-shu Feng and
• Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

• organic dyes, QDs have narrow emission peaks that can be systematically tuned from visible to near-infrared by manipulating their size, composition, and shape [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In addition, QDs exhibit a continuous absorption band behaviour that allows a single laser light source to excite

Direct observation of microcavitation in underwater adhesion of mushroom-shaped adhesive microstructure

• Lars Heepe,
• Alexander E. Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 903–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.103

• epi-illumination mode and the complete spectrum of the light source HXP 120 (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH) was used. Detachment behavior was recorded with an attached high-speed camera Photron Fastcam SA1.1 (VKT Video Kommunikation GmbH, Pfullingen, Germany) either with 54,000 frames/s or with 100,000

• ; LS, light source; BS, beam splitter; HC, high-speed camera. Individual MSAMS in contact with a substrate under ambient conditions (B) and submerged in water (C). P is the applied force. Schematic of the optical path in the RICM at the glass–water–PVS layers. The incoming beam with intensity I0 is

Enhancement of photocatalytic H₂ evolution of eosin Y-sensitized reduced graphene oxide through a simple photoreaction

• Weiying Zhang,
• Yuexiang Li,
• Shaoqin Peng and
• Xiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 801–811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.92

• Hg lamp (400 W) was used as the light source, equipped with a cutoff filter (λ ≥ 420 nm) to remove radiation below 420 nm. The IR fraction of the beam was removed by means of a cool water filter to ensure an illumination with visible light only. In a typical photocatalytic experiment, 6 mL of GO or

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• different light source and the EQE spectra. Figure 6c exhibits the photoresponse of CN, CNS and CN/CNS under different light sources. It can be observed that the photocurrent can be reproducibly produced under AM 1.5G simulated sunlight or visible light (λ > 420 nm) with the same trend following the order

• area of 1 cm2. After coating, the film was dried at 70 °C in ambient atmosphere, followed by annealing at 350 °C for 1 h under argon to improve physical and electrical contact. The light source used for photoelectrochemical measurement was a 300 W xenon lamp (Newport, Oriel, 91160) equipped with an AM

Adsorption and oxidation of formaldehyde on a polycrystalline Pt film electrode: An in situ IR spectroscopy search for adsorbed reaction intermediates

• Zenonas Jusys and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 747–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.87

• within the sample chamber of a Varian 670i IR-spectrometer, equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector and an automated AutoPro5 polarizer set to 90° angle to transmit only surface-sensitive p-polarized radiation from the light source. The spectral resolution was set

Visible light photooxidative performance of a high-nuclearity molecular bismuth vanadium oxide cluster

• Johannes Tucher and
• Carsten Streb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 711–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.83

• photooxidation of the dye patent blue V as a test reaction showed high activity (quantum efficiency Φ > 7%, TOF ca. 5 min−1) and high stability under turnover conditions (TON > 1200) under irradiation with monochromatic visible light (LED light source, λ = 470 nm) [29]. In the present study, we are focusing on

• ) conditions in the homogeneous photooxidation of indigo (Ind). Solvent: DMF, light source: monochromatic LED (λ = 430 nm, Pnominal = 3 W), [1] = 1.0 μM, [Ind]0 = 5.0 μM). Photooxidative performance of 1 depending on the presence of EtOH under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for the homogeneous photooxidation

• of indigo (Ind). Solvent: DMF (aerobic/anaerobic), light source: monochromatic LED (λ = 430 nm, Pnominal = 3 W), [EtOH]:[1] = 50:1. Quantum effiencies Φ for the homogeneous photooxidation of indigo by 1 in the visible range between λ = 395–505 nm. Solvent: DMF (aerobic), molar ratio [Ind]0:[1] = 1:1

Nanostructure sensitization of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis

• Hongjun Chen and
• Lianzhou Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 696–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.82

• , because the bandgap of CdS is much narrower, the same light source may be able to generate electron–hole pairs and excite the electrons from the VB to the CB of CdS. Because the CB of CdS is more negative than that of TiO2, the photogenerated electrons will transfer from the CB of CdS to the CB of the

Effects of the preparation method on the structure and the visible-light photocatalytic activity of Ag₂CrO₄

• Difa Xu,
• Shaowen Cao,
• Jinfeng Zhang,
• Bei Cheng and
• Jiaguo Yu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 658–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.77

• used as a visible-light source to drive the photocatalytic reaction. The concentration of MB was determined by a UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV2550, Shimadzu, Japan). After irradiation for every 15 min, the reaction solution was taken out to measure the concentration change of MB. As for the MB aqueous

High activity of Ag-doped Cd_0.1Zn_0.9S photocatalyst prepared by the hydrothermal method for hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation

• Leny Yuliati,
• Melody Kimi and
• Mustaffa Shamsuddin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.69

• reaction. A 500 W halogen lamp was used as the visible-light source. Hydrogen gas evolved was identified by an online system with thermal conductivity detector (TCD) gas chromatography (GC, Agilent 7890A) using Supelco 13X molecular sieves and argon carrier gas, which amount was measured by volumetric

Artificial sunlight and ultraviolet light induced photo-epoxidation of propylene over V-Ti/MCM-41 photocatalyst

• Van-Huy Nguyen,
• Shawn D. Lin,
• Jeffrey Chi-Sheng Wu and
• Hsunling Bai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 566–576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.67

• , National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu 300, Taiwan 10.3762/bjnano.5.67 Abstract The light irradiation parameters, including the wavelength spectrum and intensity of light source, can significantly influence a photocatalytic reaction. This study examines the propylene photo-epoxidation over V-Ti/MCM-41

• lower cut-off wavelength of irradiation light (260 nm for UV, 200 nm for visible light and 310 nm for artificial light) to the cut-off absorbance of the catalyst (380 nm). The ratio of the integrated absorbance over the filtered range of the light source to the total absorption capacity is defined as

• with the calculated NLU, regardless of the filtered wavelength range. For the UV light source (Figure 9a), it suggests that the photon flux, i.e., the light intensity, is equally efficient for the photo-epoxidation of propylene when the wavelengths of photon were filtered to 365, 350–500, or 250–400 nm

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• –matter interaction within those crystals, the luminescence of the cavity material has been conventionally used as a light source. Under excitation, ZnO emits UV light at about 380 nm ascribed to its wide band gap (Eg ≈ 3.4 eV). With crystal defects such as oxygen vacancies, ZnO show visible

Noise performance of frequency modulation Kelvin force microscopy

• Heinrich Diesinger,
• Dominique Deresmes and
• Thierry Mélin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.1

• the exchange of the light source in the optical beam deflection sensor has already decreased the detector noise by an order of magnitude with respect to the original value, and that otherwise for the same choice of bandwidth, the detector noise would be dominating and the Kelvin signal fluctuation

• mW. About 0.5 mW intensity is received by the photodiode, which was estimated from its known current–intensity characteristics. To compensate the increased intensity of the light source, the gain of the transimpedance amplifier was reduced accordingly to avoid output voltage saturation. The sample is

Challenges in realizing ultraflat materials surfaces

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Wataru Nomura,
• Fabrice Stehlin,
• Olivier Soppera,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 875–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.99

• use a light source of shorter wavelengths to excite the carriers in TiO2, so that the generated electrons and holes induce a photocatalytic effect and etch the substrate [12]. Those techniques resulted in ultraflat surfaces with Ra values as small as 2 Å. Although CeO2 is not required in this

• to fabricate structures of several tens of nanometres in size by introducing near fields with the use of a visible light source [18]. Such advances can lead to the realization of systems that do not require EUV light sources, which are currently of limited practical use in industry because the

• etching (i.e., nonadiabatic photoetching). We note that in the AFM images shown, the tilt in the scan was compensated by using the third-order least-squares method. The light source for the conventional photoetching was a 5.82 eV light (λ = 213 nm; 20 Hz; pulse width 5 ns), the energy of which was higher

Modulation of defect-mediated energy transfer from ZnO nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of bilirubin

• Tanujjal Bora,
• Karthik K. Lakshman,
• Soumik Sarkar,
• Abhinandan Makhal,
• Samim Sardar,
• Samir K. Pal and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 714–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.81

• deficiency of important enzymes in the body [4]. At present, phototherapy, the treatment of various diseases with light irradiation, is the most widely used treatment for neonatal jaundice. In it, the unconjugated (Z,Z)-BR isomers are converted to water-soluble (Z,E)-BR isomers by using a light source

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• ). As excitation light source a HeNe gas laser from JDS Uniphase was used at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The beam was focused through a 100× objective onto the sample. The Raman-scattered light was separated from the laser excitation light by using a holographic notch filter, and spectrally analyzed by

Deformation-induced grain growth and twinning in nanocrystalline palladium thin films

• Aaron Kobler,
• Jochen Lohmiller,
• Jonathan Schäfer,
• Michael Kerber,
• Anna Castrup,
• Ankush Kashiwar,
• Patric A. Gruber,
• Karsten Albe,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 554–566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.64

• used for in-situ SXRD deformation experiments at the Material Science Beamline of the Swiss Light Source [28][45]. These samples were also subjected to tensile deformation at room temperature at a similar strain rate. In these experiments the samples were loaded in two cycles, first to a maximum

• authors would also like to thank A. Bergamaschi, A. Cervellino, F. Gozzo and B. Schmitt for their excellent support at the MS beamline of the Swiss Light Source.

A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source

• Alexander N. Obraztsov,
• Victor I. Kleshch and
• Elena A. Smolnikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 493–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.58

• and other characteristics. Keywords: cathodoluminescence; electron field emission; light source; nano-graphite; vacuum electronics; Introduction The fundamental importance of light in our lives cannot be overstated. The sun is the only natural source of light emission with appropriate intensity

• an excellent total power efficiency of the CL light source, which is about 10% (for green light) at current laboratory stage. Another advantage of this technology is the potential ability to provide light sources with any colors by simply mixing the phosphor materials. Experimental NGF materials were