Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• density after the measurement point at 30 min, there was no further growth of the cells. In contrast, the cells in the control group (in normal growth medium) continued to strongly grow over the course of the experiment. For better comparability, the optical density values here were normalized to the

• –8 °C. Every month an aliquot per batch was analyzed for the amount of released hemoglobin. As shown in Figure 3, the concentration of free hemoglobin remained almost constant over the measurement period in the range of 1 to 1.5 mg/mL and, thus, in a similar range as the amount of free hemoglobin

• increase in optical density at the measurement point after 30 min. However, this drops back to the initial value in the further course of the experiment. Thus, there is no growth of either bacterial strains in this experimental arrangement. EDTA as a chelating agent is known to bind divalent cations

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• sputter deposition processes [44]. In Thornton’s report, the probe used for the heat flux measurement, whose temperature increases when submitted to the sputtering plasma, was a stainless-steel body weighing 200 mg. Ultimately, in the case of a solid substrate, the heat transfer and resulting increase of

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• |ceria, ceria|electron conductor, and electron conductor|electron conductor). Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based measurement method that can measure the local surface potential (or Volta potential) of the sample [18][19]. The surface potential is a sensitive

• as it would be for the more common dual-pass experiment). To yield a surface potential measurement, an AC potential with a certain frequency and amplitude is applied to the AFM tip. This AC potential is fixed by an additional external voltage UDC. The external voltage compensates the surface

• electrochemical studies. The surface potential at the direct contact point of the measuring tip can be determined from the KPFM measurement data at different times after the end of polarization. The results usually follow an exponential rule if plotting ΔΦSP versus time. By fitting of the expontential function

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• (10 µg/mL) and FITC-Phalloidin (100 nM), respectively, for 30 min and 5 min. The cytoskeleton and cell nuclei were investigated by laser confocal microscopy. AFM measurement The slides with grown cells were transferred to the sample table. Then, culture medium was added both to the cell slide surface

• measurement errors, it is not accurate to utilize the Young's modulus of one single cell to represent the nanomechanical properties of one cell type. Therefore, the Young’s modulus of different cells (≥30) of the same cell type were measured to obtain more accurate cell mechanical properties. Supporting

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• measurement unit with the bias applied to the tip, while the substrate was grounded. (a) SEM image of a Cr/Ge deposit with nanowires (b) growing in a tapering manner. Linear EDX analysis along a single nanowire. (a, c) Dark-field HRTEM images, (b) SAED of a nanowire piece, and (d) HRTEM image of a NW top

• (b) the Cr 2p3/2 region after 90 s of Ar+ ion sputtering. (a) I–V characteristics of the nanowire–deposit system; (b) SEM image of a contacted single CrGex nanowire before the resistivity measurement. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 94: Analysis of CrGex nanowires, experimental

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• physical property measurement system (PPMS) was used to evaluate magnetic properties of MFe2O4 NPs. Hysteresis loops were measured at room temperature upon an applied field of 2.0 T. The samples clearly showed ferromagnetic behavior with different saturation magnetization Ms (emu/g) and coercivity Hc (Oe

• determine the genotoxicity of drug-loaded NPs in HepG2 and HT144 cells (Figure 7a). The olive tail moment was measured for each sample and a relative calculation with respect to NTC was performed as a measurement of DNA damage (Figure 7b). The genotoxic effect of NPs may arise from their direct interaction

• transmission electron microscopy (JEM 2100F) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (TESCAN-VEGA3), respectively. The magnetic behavior was determined by using a physical property measurement system (Quantum Design, USA). The colloidal stability and hydrodynamic size of NPs were studied by using a Zetasizer Nano

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• human hair by using a small drop of molten beeswax. The insects were allowed to walk actively for at least 2 min on the experimental samples and the forces were recorded on a computer. Only data from walking in a straight line with less than a ±2° variation were analysed. Within each measurement, the

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• Figure 1c allow us to look behind the AFM measurement features and into the accompanying dynamics at play. The cantilever slope first harmonic amplitude frequency sweeps in Figure 1b match the on-resonance behavior shown in the experimental measurements (black background lines). There is a linear

• amplifier used to monitor the photodiode output during frequency sweeps is set to only observe dynamics coinciding with the drive frequency. In the standard measurement configuration, any other frequency content, for example higher harmonics of cantilever motion, are not observed. Finally, we turn to

• convert between photodiode voltage and cantilever slope. This provides a calibration parameter that remains valid in all measurement circumstances. Analytical model The core of the computational exploration is the partial differential equation (PDE) governing the dynamics of the AFM cantilever. At rest

Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• discussed, and the measurement results are compared with the results of numerical calculations. Experimental Setup and Numerical Model The samples of grain boundary Josephson junctions were fabricated by on-axis dc magnetron sputtering [28][29][30][31] of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) film on the surface of 24°[001

• shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the IVCs for temperatures of 70 and 50 K in the absence of a high-frequency signal and in the regime of detecting external 72 or 265 GHz signals. The measurement results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations (the black curves). It should be noted that the

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• spectroscopy (XPS). Measurement was performed using Omicron Nanotechnology equipment at room temperature and under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, at a pressure below 1.1 × 10−6 Pa. A Mg Kα X-ray source was operated at 15 kV and 300 W. XPS analysis were performed using CASA XPS software package with Shirley

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• Vac. If the difference between them is less than 20%, the measurement of the sample under test is considered reliable [2][3]. The calibration factor ξ = mPPLN/d33PPLN (in which mPPLN is the slope of the straight line of the amplitude of the PFM signal vs Vac, and d33PPLN is the known piezoelectric

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• obtained from this study are in good agreement with the results of dielectric and conductivity methods. The electrochemical potential window measurement is one of the most important techniques that confirms the potential stability range of polymer gel electrolyte materials. From this study, the working

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• strictly limited to the measurement of topography. When scanning in air, the interaction of the tip with the sample can be reduced, and the measurements themselves are performed more delicately when using resonance modes. In this class of AFM techniques, the probe is forced to oscillate close to its

• sample. Errors in the measurement of the profile can be minimized by reducing the scanning speed. However, since the speed is constant, movement in flat areas will be unreasonably slow, which leads to a significant increase in the time required to obtain an image. One more factor affecting the quality of

• point. If during this movement the amplitude drops below the level A2, the lateral movement stops, the probe rises above the sample again until the amplitude exceeding A2 is restored, after which the lateral transition resumes. Thus, at each measurement point, the amplitude is initially greater than A2

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• samples were attached to the sample holder using Cu tape. X-ray diffractograms were recorded with a PANalytical Empyrean Series 2 (Malvern PANalytical B.V., Netherlands) in Bragg–Brentano geometry at room temperature using a copper X-ray source (λ(Kα1) = 1.54056 Å, λ(Kα2) = 1.54493 Å). For the measurement

• equilibrated for 1 h before each measurement. Subsequent linear sweep voltammetry measurements were performed with a scan rate of 1 mV·s−1 in a potential window of 1 V, from 0.5 V vs MMO to −0.5 V vs MMO. The stability tests were performed by applying discharge currents of 6, 12, 18, and 6 mA (2, 4, 6, and 2

• to the immediate proximity of graphite formation [34]. During carbonisation the cobalt atoms migrate through the material resulting in larger particles, leaving behind the graphite-like turbostratic carbon, the amounts of which are sufficiently within the resolution of the Raman measurement in the

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• ) measurements using a ZetaSizer (Malvern Instruments, UK). The refractive index and temperature used for the size measurement was 2.34 and 25 °C, respectively. Three replicates were measured for each sample. In addition, the nanoparticle diameter was also measured from transmission electron microscopy (TEM

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• Gheorghe Stan Pradeep Namboodiri Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA 10.3762/bjnano.12.83 Abstract The open-loop

• probe force microscopy; open loop; surface potential; Introduction Over many years, an abundance of developments and applications has made Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) [1] one of the most versatile nanoscale surface electronic characterization techniques. With its main measurement in terms of

• operation on either an AM or FM modulation have been demonstrated [34][35][36]. They incorporate a direct measurement of either the amplitude or frequency response of the AFM probe to an applied single-frequency bias modulation. Furthermore, multi-frequency operations of OL KPFM were introduced as band

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• after 30 h within the measurement uncertainties (5.5 ± 1.9 µm and 5.4 ± 1.6 µm). Histograms of the length and width distribution of the crystalline particles obtained after 16 h, 18 h, and 30 h can be found in Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1. TEM images of growing rods show layered structures

• aluminum holder, explaining the detection of these elements. Oxygen may have been detected due to contamination of the sample, the grid, or the holder. Measurement results of the white product obtained by the direct injection of the Sb precursor into oleylamine at 150 °C without the addition of sulfur: (a

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• spectroscopy (WDS). The sample surface is conventionally tilted to 70° for the measurement and the backscatter diffraction of the SEM beam electrons leads to the formation of Kikuchi patterns on the EBSD phosphor screen which are characteristic of the crystal structure and orientation of the sample at the scan

• measurements on the bulk Cu TEM grid sample were performed and the results analyzed. While the EBSD measurement of the non-irradiated copper shows the original sample crystal structure, and can be considered as a true control sample, the TEM thin foils were prepared using FIB. The STEM (Figure 3a) measurements

• determined using a threshold analysis in the image analysis program FIJI. The measured width of the stripes ranges from 70 to 150 nm. The corresponding FSD measurement (Figure 7j) shows that these stripes are closely related to differences in the sample topography. A TEM lamella was prepared from the top

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• five measurement points. After JPK data processing, the software ImageJ (version 1.51f) was used to measure tubule length. Data analysis All obtained row data were evaluated in Excel (2010, version 14, Microsoft, Redmond, USA). The results are given as mean values ± standard deviation. The graphical

• tubules in nature. On E. gunnii leaves, wax regeneration can be observed by AFM, but the measurement is limited to small areas and short times due to the roughness of the leaf surface [30]. In addition, fresh plant leaves containing water are heated by the laser beam during scanning, which can cause a

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• previous experiments on Ag surface modification with thiols, we achieved the best results for the negatively charged analytes by using thiocholine as a modifier. The method enabled the measurement of a sufficiently good CuTSPP4 spectrum. We applied this approach to obtain the SERS spectrum of the

• SERS intensity decrease up to complete spectrum disappearance. On the other hand, positive charging of the Ag surface enables the measurement of CuTSPP4 spectra, which is prevented for the surface modifications with negative charge. However, it remains relatively weak, revealing that the Ag surface has

• mainly to a SERS enhancement of CuTMpyP4, that is, threefold for PEI and fourfold for PHMG and LiCl. Only the addition of Cu2+ ions to the analyte enabled a satisfactory measurement of the CuTSPP4 SERS spectrum. Nevertheless, under similar conditions, the SERS signal of CuTMpyP4 was still present, which

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• -topographical SPM technique is the study of ferroelectric switching [135]. This switching is a function of both reading and writing voltages, and can vary with experimental conditions such as time and temperature, and is further complicated by competing processes. The measurement technique was contact KPFM

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• absolute telomere length (TL) measurement, and gene and protein assessment of the cells, respectively. It was found that 2.5 µg/mL Ag-NPs caused elongation of the telomeres and altered VEGF, C-TnI, VWF, SMA, GATA-4, TERT, and cyclin D protein and gene expression in the cardiomyogenically differentiated BM

• without Ag-NPs), group II (BM-MSCs with Ag-NPs), and group III (cardiomyogenically differentiated BM-MSCs with Ag-NPs). aTL measurement Cardiomyogenically differentiated BM-MSCs were divided into three groups: group I (cardiomyogenically differentiated BM-MSCs without Ag-NPs), group II (BM-MSCs with Ag

• . Proliferation rates of cardiomyogenically differentiated BM-MSCs in the presence of different concentrations of Ag-NPs for 14 days, using MTT assay (*p < 0.05 compared with control group). aTL measurement of cardiomyogenically differentiated BM-MSCs. (A) Standard curve for calculating the aTL sequence per

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• and 0.1 Å vertical resolution [3]. Then, functionalizing the tip with closed-shell molecules and using a qPlus force sensor enabled the imaging of the internal structure of the molecules [4][5][6][7], resolving features of weak-bonded molecules [8][9][10][11][12], and measurement of bond-order

• ][39][40][41][42][43]. The CS algorithm is mainly divided into three parts including the construction of the measurement matrix, signal sparsity, and image reconstruction. In some sense, taking a random measurement matrix is an optimal strategy for the acquirement of sparse signals [44]. The choice of

• process can be described as where x is the true value of the original signal, and y ∈ RM is the measured value of the original signal. The matrix Φ ∈ RM×M represents the linear measurement matrix that obtains the M-dimensional measurement results in the N-dimensional space, as shown in Figure 2. If M < N

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• photons were absorbed close to the surface of the solar cells. Due to the high concentration of free n-type carriers, the generated electron–hole pairs (e–h) recombine very quickly (efficient Auger effect). The EQE measurement confirmed that the ZnO films work as a transparent emitter (n-type partner for

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52