Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• on top of the nanofur are around the super hydrophobicity limit of 150° (see Figure 3b). This makes droplets easily roll off a sample even at minimal tilt (see the video in Supporting Information File 1). Contact angles were measured on a Dataphysics OCA 20 contact angle measurement machine using

• distilled water in the sessile drop method with a droplet volume of 1 µL. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the surface, drops tend to roll to areas with lower contact angles when performing measurements. This leads to slightly lowered average contact angles. The relatively high measurement uncertainty of

• , these contact angles are still sufficient for almost all typical applications, since the droplets easily roll off the surface even at minimal tilt of the sample. Furthermore the rather large measurement uncertainty of contact angle measurements, especially in the hydrophobic regime, has to be taken into

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• properties of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to assess the morphology of the materials. The crystal phase of the materials was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a measurement range of 10°–80°. Fourier

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• tuning fork force sensor became increasingly popular. In comparison to microfabricated cantilevers, the more macroscopic tuning forks, however, lack sensitivity, which limits the measurement bandwidth. Moreover, multimodal and multifrequency techniques, such as those available in cantilever-based AFM

• ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is beneficial for increasing measurement sensitivity, measuring samples at low temperatures [1], analyzing reactive surfaces [2], and studying atomic or molecular adsorbents with atomic or submolecular resolution [3]. The first AFM images with true atomic resolution were

• measurement bandwidths (typically below 10 Hz [13]) have to be used. These may be sufficient to record 2D images of a few square nanometers of scan size but will lead to extremely long measurement times for the acquisition of three-dimensional force volume maps (i.e., multiple 2D images). For example, the 3D

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• future applications in other disciplines [107]. Atchudan et al. reported a hydrothermal synthesis technique that yields CDs from Morus nigra (black mulberry) fruit juice [81]. This low-cost synthesis approach provides an effective, robust, and eco-friendly nanoscale sensor for the measurement of Fe3

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• value of WD was adjusted to maintain d constant while changing I. Since the range of WD was limited by the movement of the SEM stage, it was impossible to fit the whole range of I in a single value of d without the risk of hitting the sample with the electron gun. Therefore, this measurement was split

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• radii of the circles were measured and then averaged. The effective elastic modulus and pull-off force of propolis were measured with a microforce measurement device (Basalt-01; Tetra GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany) [22][23][24]. The device mainly consists of micromanipulators as a platform holding the

• -shaped tip of the bee mandible, starting at the sharp edge and moving towards the hairy edge (Figure 3C). Another measurement with an extended contact time of 60 s was performed on the flat area of the bee mandible. Afterwards, six reference measurements were carried out on a smooth, clean glass surface

• substance coating the mandible surface was measured on SEM images of fresh fractures of untreated bee mandibles using Gimp, version 2.10.14. For this purpose, two measurement lines were drawn: one along the surface of the cuticle and one along the surface of the substance on top of the cuticle. The angle

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• for an accurate measurement of the wax coverage. At 15.7 ± 2.6 µg·cm−2, it was the same as the wax coating of a wheat leaf (Figure 6). The wax coating of the technical surface thus corresponded in its chemical properties both qualitatively and quantitatively to the wax coating of the natural surface

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• gradient) between the tip and sample. CL techniques are more common than OL techniques due to the ease of implementation, wide-scale availability, and direct measurement of the apparent CPD. OL techniques, by contrast, are feedback-free and can be used to determine the CPD without the need to apply a DC

• ]. The regulation of tip–sample distance in KPFM imaging is generally performed by employing a feedback loop that maintains the mechanical oscillation amplitude of the cantilever at the fundamental eigenmode, ω1, at a fixed value. This precludes simultaneous measurement of electrostatic forces on this

• from measurements in order to access a true surface potential map [78][79]. A natural extension of AM-KPFM is dual-harmonic KPFM (DH-KPFM), which is an OL technique that utilizes the measurement of both the first and second harmonic of the electrostatic response (ωe and 2ωe). By combining these two

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• ratio of 7/3 could obtain the largest crystal diameter with a better crystallinity. Meanwhile, the perovskite oxides with the Fe/Ni ratio of 7/3 had the highest specific surface area according to the BET BET measurement, which was conducive to photocatalysis. Furthermore, with changing the conditions

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• /mL. The inset highlights the portion of each graphene transfer curve extending from 0.00 to 0.20 V. In each measurement, ZIKV NS1 protein was diluted in human serum, which was used as electrolyte for gating. Calibration curve for ZIKV NS1 protein detection. Percentage change in graphene resistance

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• frequency. The AFM measurement was carried out in tapping mode. A 633 nm laser light aimed at the back side of the cantilever tip was reflected toward a position-sensitive photodetector, which provides feedback signals to piezoelectric scanners that maintain the cantilever tip at constant height (force

• Wafer 2. The source–drain resistance of the GFETs was measured with a semi-automatic DC measurement probe station for 8″ wafers. The setup uses a 40-tip probe head with 250 µm spacing between the tips; each probe allowed us to measure 20 devices simultaneously. A current was injected into each

Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• concentration, centrifugation was not used. Measurement equipment UV−visible spectrophotometry was performed by using a Shimadzu UV-3101PC system. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests were performed in a Multimode 8 system. The Raman tests were performed on a WITec alpha300 RA confocal Raman microscopy system

• diffraction patterns of the synthesized KP15 were both theoretically calculated and experimentally measured. The consistency between the two patterns shows that there is no impurity phase (Figure 1b), which confirms an excellent crystallization quality of the KP15 bulks. Measurement of the absorption

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• . demonstrated the impact of the measurement setup for polymeric nanoparticles [4]. Young’s moduli obtained by measurements conducted on bulk materials and nanoparticles composed of PLA and PLGA vary significantly from each other. Furthermore, they showed the impact of measurements in water and at physiological

• significant for all different crosslinking times. The absolut Young's modulus values are significantly lower than reported before [17]. This can be due to different reasons such as a batch to batch variance of gelatin as a natural product, a difference in the measurement speed during the AFM experiment and

• . Measurement of size and zeta-potential Particle size and size distribution were measured based on dynamic light scattering using a ZetaSizer® Ultra (Malvern Panalytics, Malvern, United Kingdom). 50 µL of GNP dispersion was diluted 20-fold, the pH was adjusted to 7.5, and the samples were measured in the

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• force This signal is measured with a lock-in amplifier and compensated by VAC control, yielding the SPV value. To improve the sensitivity, ωm is usually tuned to the second (first) resonance frequency of the cantilever, while the first (second) resonance frequency is assigned to the AFM measurement [29

• of the rutile TiO2(110) surface. Terrace and step structures were observed, and the surface was flat within a single step height of 325 pm [50]. Figure 3b shows the SPV image obtained simultaneously with the AFM image. No tunneling current was detected in the AC-KPFM measurement. The SPV profile is

• . Circles and solid lines are experimental data and fit results, respectively. AC-KPFM imaging for SPV measurement. (a) Topographic and (b) SPV images of TiO2(110) surface. (c) SPV profile along the blue line in (b). The acquisition parameters are fm = 100 Hz, Δf = −80 Hz, VDC = −0.3 V, and an imaging size

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• determined by a porosity analyzer (Micromeritics, Tristar II 3020). The electrical conductivity measurements were conducted by the four-point probe method using a power resistivity measurement system (MCP-PD51) at different applied pressures ranging from 5 to 20 kN. The thermal stability was examined by TGA

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• BBR NPs. The mean size of the particles measured by DLS was 156 nm for BBR NPs at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. The particle size measured by DLS was larger than the size obtained from TEM analysis because this dynamic measurement is affected by the concentration of the solution, surface properties of

• concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. FTIR spectra of (a) glycerol, (b) pure BBR, and (c) BBR NPs at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. Morphology of (a) pure BBR and (b) BBR NPs and (c) DLS measurement of BBR NPs. Antibacterial activity of negative control, pure BBR at the saturation concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, and BBR NPs

• and BBR NPs at different concentrations. Supporting Information Supporting Information features the raw DLS measurement data. Supporting Information File 50: Raw DLS data. Funding This work is funded by the National Foundation of Science and Technology (NAFOSTED) of Vietnam, grant 108.99-2020.08.

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• measurement of FPL and APE affect the fidelity and repeatability of results [21]. To mimic the in vivo conditions of the skin, some researchers pre-stretch the sample [27][28]. But the uncontrolled initial skin strain may yield different results for otherwise similar experiments. Shu et al. recently indicated

• ), respectively. The results recorded for the cycles 1, 15, and 30 indicated the respective average projection’s axial shrinkages of 4.72 ± 0.15%, 5.37 ± 0.27%, 4.9 ± 0.21% (mean ± standard deviation) (ANOVA, p < 0.001). Measurement for base diameters indicated enlargements of 3.22 ± 0.21%, 2.02 ± 0.33%, 1.07

Quantitative dynamic force microscopy with inclined tip oscillation

• Philipp Rahe,
• Daniel Heile,
• Reinhard Olbrich and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 610–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.53

• interaction force, the measurement observables, and the probe excitation parameters is defined by an average of the normal force along the sampling path over the oscillation cycle. Usually, it is tacitly assumed that tip oscillation and force data recording follows the same path perpendicular to the surface

• measuring a heterogeneous atomic surface. We propose to measure the AFM observables along a path parallel to the oscillation direction in order to reliably recover the force along this direction. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; cantilever; quantitative force measurement; sampling path; Introduction

• equations that link the physical interaction parameters force and damping with the measurement observables static deflection qs, oscillation amplitude A, and phase φ as well as the excitation parameters frequency fexc and force Fexc. This theory specifically predicts the distant-dependent frequency shift

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• titanium dioxide, 7 g of the precipitate from different batches was uniformly mixed and divided into seven parts, which were then calcinated at 300–900 °C for 2 h to obtain the products. Photocatalytic activity measurement The photocatalytic activity of the products was examined by photodegrading the

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• , X-ray diffraction, magnetometry [4], transmission/scanning electron imaging [5][6], small-angle scattering techniques [7], dynamic light scattering, laser diffraction [8][9], resonant mass measurement, and spatial filter velocimetry. Each of these has certain features (i.e., ease of access, ease of

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• samples in a single-shot regime and outline the junction parameter range where approaching single photon sensitivity is possible. Results and Discussion In this section, we describe our experimental setup, as well as the measurement results and comparison with theory. To study the dynamics of a SIS tunnel

• conclude that the optimal critical current range, allowing for improvement of both sensitivity and dark count time, is about hundreds of nanoamperes as predicted in [6]. Such junctions are currently being measured. (a) Scheme of the measurement electronics with thermal anchoring and various filtering

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• excitation power-dependent measurement, and the SHG signal shows a quadratic power dependence, shown in the inset of Figure 1e. The absorption spectrum of a CuPc film with a thickness of 10 nm on a glass substrate is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2. CuPc shows an intensive absorption region

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• , Figure S3c,d. Cell surface roughness is a quantitative measurement of the variability of cellular surface topography and serves as an indicator to assess the state of the cell (i.e., the greater the roughness, the greater the undulation of the cell surface topography [27]). It can be involved in many

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• [27]. The same trend was observed for the measurement of the pH-stimuli responsive behavior of DH of the PHEG-Tyr nanogel at 37 °C (Figure 2a). Interestingly, DLS measurements revealed a thermal transition of PHEG-Tyr nanogel with significantly smaller DH, that is, 30–40 nm at 37 °C. This observation

• side chains become more entangled inside the nanogel. The measurement of the stimuli-responsive properties of Nα-Lys-NG nanogel showed a different behavior compared to PHEG-Tyr nanogel (Figure 3a). An increase of DH from 200 to 240 nm measured at 25 °C was observed when the pH value was raised from 4

• to the measurement at 25 °C as a result of the contribution from hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. However, it is important to note that the measurement was also affected by the broad particle size distribution of Nα-Lys-NG nanogel documented by the error bars in Figure 3a. PDI values

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• including 1.25:7.5 (solution 1.25), 2.5:15 (solution 2.5), and 5:30 (solution 5.0). The CV measurement was performed under a dynamic potential between −1.0 V and 1.0 V for ten cycles at a scan rate of 100 mV·s−1 in a nitrogen atmosphere. Fabrication of DSSCs DSSCs with an active area of 0.25 cm2 were