Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• concentration was 800 μg/mL. Dwell and exposure times of all images were 0.1 and 0.4 s, respectively. The corresponding spot size distribution is given in the insets. All scale bars are equal to 50 μm. Evaluation of the sensitivity of the microarrays prepared from the sample of route 5 after incubating anti-AFP

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• particle size distribution of 500 nanoparticles of each certain type. The average size of the core–shell particle does not exceed 100 nm, as observed from transmission electron microscopy images (Figure 6, Figure 7a). The results of the elemental mapping of nanoparticles (Figure 7b) shows that copper and

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• 9600 nm/min scan rate. The excitation and emission wavelength and the maximum fluorescence intensity of each peak were recorded. The concentration of BNNTs was 1 mg/mL. The pH of the suspension was adjusted by adding HCl or NaOH. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) The size distribution and zeta potential

• ). Laser scanning confocal microscope images of pure BNNT (c) and P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs (d). SEM image of pristine BNNTs (a) and P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs (b) after dispersion in water. Size-distribution profile of BNNTs (black squares) and P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs (green circles

• after dispersion in water and drying on the surface are presented in Figure 5. The pristine BNNTs form large aggregates of several micrometers (Figure 5a). In contrast, the P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs are highly dispersed in water and only single nanotubes are visible (Figure 5b). The size

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• solution containing ammonia water. Subsequently, a modified Stöber growth was performed where TEOS was continuously added over several hours with a peristaltic pump. In this way, particles with a diameter exceeding 500 nm and a narrow size distribution could be grown within one step (Figure S4H−J in

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• PDI (polydispersity index, respreswenting the size distribution) values always being <0.1 for all particles prepared by microfluidics). Moreover, the particles are easier to redisperse and are more stable within the aqueous suspension. Effect of polymer concentration The nanoprecipitation mechanism is

• 0.05 (0.27 ms) in contrast to τmix = 2.19 ms at a FRR of 0.6. Additionally, a focus channel of 50 µm was tested, but this, unfortunately, resulted in a multimodal size distribution of NPs, which is most likely due to the non-stable flow pattern (turbulent flow instead of laminar flow). Effect of

• no strong interaction with mucin from 0 to 180 min (Figure 11) as no change of size was determined. However, the size distribution for F68-coated particles increased from 0.035 to 0.5. For Pluronic 10500 stabilized particles, the increase was less pronounced, but still observable. In contrast, other

Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers

• Yue Fang and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2261–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.218

• electric field vectors, and the largest resulting electric field intensity. Furthermore, the impact of the device design on the morphology and the yield of nanofibers was experimentally investigated. We found that the average diameter of the nanofibers prepared by the MFSE method was the largest. The size

• distribution of the nanofibers produced by the MBE device was the least uniform. In contrast, the size distributions of the nanofiber generated by the of MFSE and SSFSE devices were more uniform. These experimental data are in accordance with the results of the simulations and the theoretical analysis. Our

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• are almost completely removed during the hydrothermal synthesis and annealing process [41]. Full nitrogen sorption isotherms of the composites were measured to obtain the specific surface area and the pore size distribution. A type-IV isotherm with a type-H3 hysteresis loop in the relative pressure

• range of 0.45–1.0 P/P0 suggests the presence of a mesoporous structure, as displayed in Figure 5a. The specific surface area was calculated to be 131.72, 300.64, 539.16 m2·g−1 by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The pore size distribution obtained from the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH

• carbon is reduced by hydrogen to cause further increase of carbon defects; and the crystallinity of the MoS2 nanosheets is further improved. This is consistent with the results of XRD and Raman. The pore size distribution of the composites exhibits a sharp peak at 3 nm and another broad peak at 40 nm

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• ) (Figure 2a and 2b). The size distribution of the NCs was determined with the Image J software (Figure 2c). The X-ray pattern of these NCs, reported in our previous work [48], showed peaks at 2θ = 28, 33, 37, 40.7, 47.5, 56, 61.5 and 64.5°, corresponding to the pyrite crystalline phase (pyrite JCPDS (Joint

• structure of PTB7 and PC71BM. a) and b) TEM images of the FeS2 NCs at the 50 and 100 nm scale and c) size distribution of the NCs. a) STM image of FeS2 deposited on HOPG substrate (thickness ≈20 nm) with 50 nm × 50 nm scan size and b) SEM image of FeS2 NCs (scale bar = 100 nm). a) Cyclic voltammograms of

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• improve the crystallinity. Such stabilization of the cubic phase of CuFe2O4 inside the pore channels of silica have been reported due to suppression of John–Teller distortion [16]. The surface area and pore size distribution of HYPS and CuFe2O4/HYPS were analyzed using BET theory and the nitrogen

• multifunctional theranostic applications, whereby the nanocomposite may be further engineered with biocompatible polymers, antioxidants and drugs. Powder XRD patterns of CuFe2O4/HYPS with different Cu concentrations (x = 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15 and 0.17). BET adsorption–desorption isotherm and pore size

• distribution of (a) HYPS and (b) 30 wt% CuFe2O4/HYPS. FTIR spectra of HYPS and 30 wt % CuFe2O4/HYPS. Transmission electron microscopy of (a, b) 30 wt % CuFe2O4/HYPS at different scale magnifications and (c, d) high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of CuFe2O4/HYPS. Vibrating sample magnetometer spectrum of 30 wt

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• size distribution by scattering intensity (%) was determined by the CONTIN algorithm, as provided by the Zetasizer software (Malvern, UK). Particle size distribution by volume (%) was calculated from the scattering intensity distributions by the Zetasizer software, by setting the refractive index of

• presence of the Man-H1 proton (1, lower) in the product demonstrate the formation of the mannosylated polymer (A4-PEG8-PCL2-Man2). TEM images of A4-PEG8-PCL2 10 mg/mL in water; size distribution is dominated by small nanoparticles (diameter ≤ 20 nm). DLS size distribution (vol %) of the glycopolymers PEG9

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• intensity signal of the scattered laser light, which is used to calculate a so-called correlation function g(τ). The obtained mean diameter is the intensity-weighted so-called z-average (z-ave). The correlation function g(τ) can be converted to a size distribution by Fourier transformation. EU regulations

Improved adsorption and degradation performance by S-doping of (001)-TiO₂

• Xiao-Yu Sun,
• Xian Zhang,
• Xiao Sun,
• Ni-Xian Qian,
• Min Wang and
• Yong-Qing Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2116–2127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.206

• Instruments, USA). The pore size distribution was calculated using the Barret–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. The photoluminescence (PL) was measured on a fluorescence spectrophotometer (F-4500, Hitachi, Japan). Electron spin resonance (ESR) signals of the reactive species spin trapped by 5,5-dimethyl-1

• sample 2-S2 (a) and the variation of the MB concentration C/C0 with time in the presence of 2-S0, 2-S0.5, 2-S1, 2-S2, 2-S3, 2-S4 and 2-S5 and commercial P25 TiO2 irradiated by a xenon lamp (b). Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of samples 2-S0, 2-S and 2-S5. The inset shows the pore size

• distribution calculated using the BJH method. The PL spectra of 2-S0, 2-S0.5, 2-S2, 2-S3 and 2-S5 using an excitation wavelength of λex = 300 nm. ESR spectra of radical adducts trapped by DMPO in 2-S0 (a, e), 2-S2 (b, f), 2-S3 (c, g), and 2-S2 (d, h) dispersions: (a, b, c, d) DMPO–•OH formed in aqueous

Microbubbles decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: effective stabilization via fluorous interactions

• Da Shi,
• Justine Wallyn,
• Dinh-Vu Nguyen,
• Francis Perton,
• Delphine Felder-Flesch,
• Sylvie Bégin-Colin,
• Mounir Maaloum and
• Marie Pierre Krafft

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2103–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.205

• their DPPC shell are provided in Table 2 and Figure 6. The addition of dendronized IONPs led to a significant change in the MB mean radius and the size distribution for all the dendronized IONPs investigated, confirming their presence in the MB shell. A mean radius as small as 1.0 ± 0.2 µm was obtained

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• ]. Optimisation is possible [39][42] but was not subject of this study focused on the comparison of different nanoparticle systems prepared by simple methods. Polydispersity indices smaller than 0.1 indicated a monodisperse size distribution for all nanoparticle preparations. Monodispersity and particle diameters

• particle size, size distribution and zeta potential Average particle size and the polydispersity were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) using a Malvern zetasizer nano (Malvern Instruments, Herrenberg, Germany). The resulting particle suspensions were diluted 1:100 with purified water and

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• min, but more pronounced for longer treatment times (Figure 8). Despite these defects, the particle size distribution probed by laser diffraction revealed minor changes suggesting that treatment neither leads to dissolution of smaller particles, nor to detectable fractioning of the larger ones (Figure

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• particles are listed in Table 1. The values are in accordance with the size observed from the TEM images and further confirms the narrow size distribution of the three types of Au-CPMV particles. The particle size measured by DLS is influenced by the substances adsorbed on the NP surface and by the

• . The particle size distribution obtained from NTA analysis (Figure 2A) showed a peaks of 51 ± 2 nm, 71 ± 3 nm and 100 ± 5 nm, respectively, with over 90% of the particles being within the measured size thus confirming the narrow size distribution. CPMV (uncoated particles) have an average diameter of

• DLS measurements were carried out per sample after 2 min waiting time to allow the solutions to be at rest. The hydrodynamic radius (intensity particle size distribution was used for all measurements) was calculated by the instrument from the translational diffusion coefficient using the Stokes

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• deposited on clean silicon wafers and thoroughly dried at room temperature overnight before obtaining the SEM images. The images at low magnification were taken to demonstrate good dispersion. The image analysis for size distribution was carried out using ImageJ software. Bare pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• within the coherent X-ray scattering region, and the size can be slightly different from the values obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM images of the nanoparticles are presented in Figure 2. The particle size distribution estimated from the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images is

• shown in Figure 3. Roughly 70% of the particles are of 5–8 nm in diameter (half maximum of the size distribution) and all of them exhibit an equiaxed morphology. The analysis of the electron diffraction pattern along with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) patterns (see insets in Figure 2a and Figure 2b

• of 2.0, which is characteristic of magnetite Fe3O4. The distribution function in Hhf values is used for a number of reasons, such as the size distribution of the nanoparticles, the different nature of the interparticle interaction, lattice defects and surface effects [21]. According to Table 1 and

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• size distribution of phytosomes seems a little broad. We used the thin-film hydration method followed by sonication to prepare the phytosomes in this study. The mean size and size distribution are significantly influenced by the sonication conditions. Further optimization of the formulation and the

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• –Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution of CC-CNT@Fe2O3 are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. It is a type-IV isotherm, indicating the mesoporous texture of the sample (Figure S4a, Supporting Information File 1). The BET surface area was found to be 24.9 m2·g−1, much larger than that of pure

• carbon cloth (0.2 m2·g−1). The pore size distribution (Figure S4b, Supporting Information File 1) shows that most pores have a size of 40–50 nm. The high surface area, and the mesopores can help the ion diffusion between electrode and electrolyte. The morphologies of CNT@Fe2O3 were further examined by

• CC-CNT substrate by the same method as Fe2O3. As shown in Figure 5a, NiO is homogeneously coated on CC-CNT forming porous structures. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm and BJH pore size distribution of CC-CNT@NiO are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7. It is a type-IV isotherm

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• potential, antioxidant capacity and the microbial quality were determined and monitored over this period of time (Figure 1). Results and Discussion Production and characterization of nanosuspensions High-pressure homogenization yielded rutin nanosuspensions with a relatively broad size distribution, i.e

• the Poloxamer-stabilized formulations, which possessed a narrower size distribution, i.e., no agglomerates at the day of production (c.f. Table 2), were found to be more stable than the Plantacare-stabilized formulations with a broader size distribution due to a slight agglomeration of the

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• NP stability, as the NPs are generally considered electrostatically stabilized when the absolute values of the zeta potential exceed 30 mV [70]. The size distribution of all NPs was bimodal and the AgNPs were generally smaller than the AuNPs (Table 1). TEM experiments showed a spherical shape for all

• . The obtained NPs were carefully characterized by means of size distribution and surface charge employing dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) methods. The visualization of the NPs was performed using TEM. The most stable AuNPs and AgNPs with similar physico

• (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) with a green laser (532 nm), set at an angle of 173°. The size distribution of the NPs is expressed as the hydrodynamic diameter (dH) obtained from the size-volume distribution function and given as an average of 10 measurements. The surface charge was determined by

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• e/nm2 at 200 kV. The images were digitally recorded by a CCD camera (Ultrascan 1000, Gatan) using an image processing system (GMS 1.9 software, Gatan). In addition, the size distribution of the nanoparticles was performed by measuring 1000 nanoparticles for each cryo-TEM image by the digital

• absent (Table 4). In addition, the extent of agglomeration was lower for NLC, probably due to the presence of the liquid lipid. Effect of lipid composition on nanoparticle size distribution The SLN and NLC dimensions, measured by PCS and expressed by the Z-average, Dz, are reported in Figure 1 and Table

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• at 230 °C, a black powder was obtained after 10 min. The TEM measurements show spherical and non-aggregated nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution of 3.0 ± 0.5 nm (Figure 1). To validate the intermetallic 1:1 NiGa phase of the obtained nanoparticles, powder X-ray diffraction pattern (P-XRD) or

• size distribution of 2.5 ± 0.5 nm ([BMIm][BF4], Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2 and Figure S3) and 5 ± 1 nm (PC, Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). EDX quantification over different spots on the TEM grid also shows equimolar ratios of nickel to gallium (Supporting Information File 1

• the microwave reactor. Subsequently, the TEM images show spherical and crystalline nanoparticles with a small size distribution of 5 ± 1 nm (Figure 3). Through the increased decomposition time the particles were grown slightly larger. The metal composition quantification by EDX spectra from three