Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• with acetone and subsequently ethanol for 20 min with each solvent. The samples were then transferred into the vacuum chamber and baked at 120 °C for 8 h. A non-reflective silicon AFM probe (PPP-NCL, Nanosensors) was used in AFM measurements. TEM images were taken of the AFM tip apex before mounting

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• mV·s−1. Keywords: 2-butanone; liquid-phase exfoliation; low-boiling point solvent; molybdenum trioxide (MoO3); supercapacitors; Introduction The advent of graphene has opened a new area of research in the field of two-dimensional materials [1]. The extraordinary properties of graphene have led

• aforementioned issues, we exfoliated MoO3 in 2-butanone, an environmentally benign solvent (NFPA 704 health code = 1) with low boiling point (bp = 80 °C) for the first time. We obtained MoO3 concentrations up to 0.57 mg·mL−1 with a yield of 5.7%. It is noteworthy that, the chemical nature of the MoO3 dispersions

• dispersions was recorded using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 750) in 10 mm quartz cuvettes. The concentrations of dispersions were determined by using thermogravimetric analysis. For this, 4 mL of MoO3 dispersion was filled in a 5 mL beaker followed by drying off the solvent at 80 °C in a

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• structures are stable in aqueous solution, this may not be the case after addition of surfactants or the exchange of the solvent for a more hydrophobic one. Zhao et al. [23] proposed to incorporate silver nanoparticles into polystyrene/polystyrene sulfonate particles through accumulation of a silver complex

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• due to the Raman scattering of the water [35]. The annealed-CDs show no PL under irradiation with UV–vis light. Note that the sharp peaks in Figure 3b represent the Raman scattering of water (solvent) only, indicating that there is no photoluminescence emission from the annealed-CDs under excitation

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• decay channel resulting in highly emissive aggregates [72]. The AIE phenomenon has been observed in several organic compounds of low molecular weight and in polymers [73]. The aggregation-induced luminescence of NCs has been achieved either using solvent-induced aggregation or addition of additives such

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• crosslinking without the need of post treatment [55]. Stable multilayered hollow capsules of N-methyl-2-nitro-diphenylamine-4-diazoresin/m-methylphenol-formaldehyde resin (NDR/MPR) on a PS core based on in situ coupling were found to withstand solvent etching without further processing [55]. The reaction

• capsules that are switchable by two parameters, namely, solvent polarity and temperature [47]. Multilayer β-cyclodextrin films with ferrocene-modified PAA, adamantyl-modified dedrimer and adamantyl-modified poly(isobutene-alt-maleic acid) have been successfully reported with weak PE systems [60][61][88

• and 2) the solvent exchange mechanism wherein lipid molecules dissolved in organic solvents were slowly exchanged with water [108]. The addition of the lipid layer not only provided long term stability but also slowed down the rate of permeation of small molecules through the capsule wall, making them

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• conformational change and the associated symmetry breaking makes the transition S0→S1 more likely for the cis-isomer. By irradiating a solution of the ligands in an appropriate solvent at 313 nm (3.96 eV) the photoswitching can be observed via UV–vis absorption spectroscopy (see Figure 1). In the following, we

• temperature. The solvent was removed, and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (MeOH) (5:1) and filtered over silica gel. The solvent was removed and a yellowish powder was obtained [61]. The product was characterized by using 1H NMR spectroscopy. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) n = 1: δ

• nitrosobenzene (1.25 equiv) in glacial acetic acid. After stirring at 80 °C for 24 h a brown precipitate was obtained. The solid was dissolved in DCM and separated from the glacial acetic acid. After washing the organic phase with purified water three times the solvent was removed [62]. Chromatographic

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• dispersing 10 mg of functionalized graphene in 375 µL of the solvent mixture consisting of isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 275 µL), water (50 µL), and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF, 50 µL). 3 µL and 5 µL of the above-prepared ink was drop cast over the well-polished GCE and RRDE (GCE disk having 4 mm diameter

Nanoparticles based on the zwitterionic pillar[5]arene and Ag⁺: synthesis, self-assembly and cytotoxicity in the human lung cancer cell line A549

• Dmitriy N. Shurpik,
• Denis A. Sevastyanov,
• Pavel V. Zelenikhin,
• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Yuriy N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 421–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.33

• 2D NOESY, ROESY – 400 MHz). The chemical shifts were determined against the signals of residual protons of deuterated solvent (DMSO-d6, D2O). The 2D 1H,1H-ROESY spectra were recorded using the roesyphpr standard pulse sequence at 298 K. The mixing time was 500 ms. The concentration of sample

• with distilled water. The organic layer was separated and dried (molecular sieves, 3 Å), and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dried under reduced pressure for 30 min and a light-yellow viscous oil was obtained. Yield 0.34 g (89%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, 298 K) δ (ppm

Correction: Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 370–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.27

• ; oligomerization-induced self-assembly; organic solvent; The originally published Figure 4 contains wrong units on the y axes of both depicted CD spectra. The corrected Figure 4 is given below. Corrected Figure 4 of the original publication.

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• of the solvent and additives used for the film deposition from solution. The use of PTB7:PC71BM is widely documented. It is now well established that films of good morphology, namely with a nanoscale phase separation, can be obtained from solutions containing 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) as solvent

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• synthesis, the ligand mixture of PVP and PEI was heated to dissolution in the solvent TREG at 90 °C for 10 min. The iron precursor, Fe(acac)3 was subsequently added to this reactant mixture and thermally decomposed at 290 °C for 1 h to form the iron oxide NPs. The different biocompatible iron oxide NP

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• Kolliphor HS 15. The experimental results indicate, that nanoemulsions with particles of small and tunable size can be easily formed without homogenization by thermal cycling. Keywords: cellular toxicity; isotonicity; nanoemulsion; phase inversion; solvent free; surface properties; Introduction Nanoscaled

• as the flexibility of the nanoparticles [6][7][8][9]. Shock dilution with ice-cold water during phase inversion of the emulsion gives the opportunity to produce nanocapsules without the use of any potentially toxic organic solvent at low energy cost [10][11]. The choice and the amount of the

• solutions of such surfactants increases nonlinearly with the solute concentration due to increasing polymer–solvent hydrogen bonding at low temperatures, which prevents the flow of solvent molecules in the solution and thus affects osmosis. This phenomenon is described by a modified polynomial van’t Hoff

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• ) was able to generate more singlet oxygen than the one without haemoglobin. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) is recognized for its biocompatibility, its ability to dissolve significant amounts of oxygen and to increase singlet oxygen lifetime [124]. A proposed solution is to stabilize a perfluorinated solvent by

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• interaction with phospholipid membranes [5]. Secondary α-helical CPPs have a highly hydrophobic patch on one face, whereas the other face can be cationic, anionic or polar. Amphipathic β-sheet CPPs are based on one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic stretch of amino acids exposed to the solvent. A class of

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• -quality perovskite films based on these techniques, researchers control the perovskite morphology by optimizing the solvents for processing [26], varying the annealing temperature [27], adjusting the processing additives [28], sophisticated engineering of the solvent [12][14] and annealing of the solvent

• the PCE, moreover, it is a universal method applicable in various perovskite deposition processes. Solvent engineering Recently, solvent engineering is considered to be the most popular method applied in one-step deposition processes. Nazeeruddin et al. [32] independently developed an anitisolvent

• deposition approach based on one-step spin coating, which involves dripping a noncoordinate solvent such as toluene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene or trifluorotoluene onto the perovskite film while spinning. This method has shown to produce extremely smooth and homogeneous perovskite films. PSCs with a PCE

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• 0CYS-LYS gel is not sensitive to the DTT solvent because it does not contain any disulfide bonds. Due to the polyelectrolyte character of PASP, the small but fast increase of Qrel for PASP-0CYS-LYS is most likely caused by the small change of the ionic concentration of the solution (Figure 3a and

• the CYS/LYS molar ratio, both G and ν* monotonically increase in every solvent (Figure 5). This linear increase provides evidence that CYS has a higher cross-linking ability than LYS during the gel synthesis. Namely, larger amounts of cross-links in the polymer matrix lead to higher values of G and ν

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• hydrophobicity and lipophilicity. Exfoliated nanosheets of layered calcium phenylphosphonate assisted by solvent were used in “Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers” to promote the mechanical properties and improve the barrier effect for applications such as

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• cystabn (13.3 μmol in 2 mL methanol) and stirred for 24 h at RT under nitrogen gas. After confirmation of successful conjugation by MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry analysis the solvent was evaporated and the reaction mixture re-dissolved in milli-Q water. Unreacted peptide was removed by dialysis against

• were analysed using a gradient elution method using mobile phase A (H2O + 0.1% TFA) and B solution (acetonitrile + 0.1% TFA) on a Perkin Elmer HPLC system comprising of binary solvent pump, autosampler, UV–vis detector and Peltier column oven. Mobile phases were membrane degassed using Millipore vacuum

• the molar extinction coefficient for the peptide tryptophan residue (5560 AU/mmol/mL). A thin film was produced by slow evaporation of the solvent under vacuum followed by one hour under high vacuum to remove solvent traces. The film was hydrated with PBS to a final lipid concentration of 10 mg/mL

Synthesis and acetone sensing properties of ZnFe₂O₄/rGO gas sensors

• Kaidi Wu,
• Yifan Luo,
• Ying Li and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2516–2526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.242

• which are composed of small nanoparticles instead of nanosheets. This deformation of the self-assembled structure of the nanosheets may be ascribed to the introduction of more water to the organic solvent when increasing the volume of the aqueous GO dispersion [37][38] or to the low mass fraction of rGO

• dispersion of GO to the organic solvent, in which the reaction occurrs, affects the formation of the ZnFe2O4 hollow spheres [17][39], resulting in a limitation of surface reactions. In addition, as shown in Figure 8b, the response of the sensors to 25–100 ppm acetone was also probed employing the same

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• probably caused by the drying effect that becomes more pronounced at elevated temperatures since the solvent evaporation is enhanced. When the material is dried out (and is thus only physisorbed onto the surface), it is more easily removed in the washing step before the fluorescence measurement. Based on

Mobility of charge carriers in self-assembled monolayers

• Zhihua Fu,
• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Alexander Welle,
• Asif Bashir,
• Michael Rohwerder,
• Qiang Zhang,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2449–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.235

• remainder was taken up in a mixture of hexanes and dichloromethane (4:1), and separated by chromatography on silica gel using a solvent gradient starting with the same composition. The product was recrystallized from isopropanol (ca. 100 mL). Yield: 0.10 g of a yellowish solid (61%). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 250 MHz

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• . Initially, amorphous structures appeared on the surface that can be attributed to the gradual evaporation of solvent and moisture (Figure 2a). More interesting is the morphology observed after the aging of the samples under controlled moisture conditions. Needle-like objects (Figure 2b) with lengths of

• tetragonal Si/Al atoms present on the (001) mica surface. Some disordered objects that are roughly 1.5 nm high are also present on the surface, which could be due to residual amorphous [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O] formed by a less controlled evaporation of the solvent in these areas. Under elevated moisture conditions

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• , and again the solution of 2.2 g (0.028 mol) pyridine in 10 mL of anhydrous dichloroethane was admixed dropwise. The mixture was then stirred for another 3 h, and the temperature was increased gradually to ambient temperature. The pyridinium chloride precipitate was filtered out. The solvent was

• (Lambda 35, PerkinElmer, Germany) by scanning in the range of 300–900 nm at room temperature. Prior to the measurement, the baseline was recorded for a cuvette with pure solvent. The nanotube concentration was 1 mg/mL, and the pH was adjusted by adding HCl or NaOH. Fluorescence spectrophotometry

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• monodisperse particles with just one UCNP core in the center coated by a thick silica shell are obtained. This method should also be suitable for other NPs with hydrophobic surfaces dispersed in an apolar solvent independent of their chemical composition. Results and Discussion The core particles used in this

• the controlled growth of silica particles to large monodisperse particles with a precisely predetermined diameter is well-established, a direct Stöber growth of silica shells on hydrophobic particles in a nonpolar solvent is not feasible. Aiming at the development of a synthesis providing maximum

• solvent and reactant for a typical multi-step silica shell synthesis with the reverse microemulsion method is given. Table S2 summarizes the surfactant concentration (c(Igepal)), ammonia water concentration (c(ammonia water)) and the ammonia water-to-Igepal CO-520 mass ratio in each growth step of the