Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• marked improvement of dispersion in the polymer matrix [41]. The silane-treated CNTs showed greater improvements in flexural modulus and strength, fracture resistance, and thermal stability than untreated CNTs [41]. There are improved interfacial interactions between the silane-functionalized CNTs and

• titania. The addition of nanoparticles in nanocomposites can also improve their thermal stability (Tg), which is an important requirement for structural applications [57]. Properties of composites Out of 2009 research articles about graphene published in 2014, 830 articles were related to the synthesis of

Phenalenyl-based mononuclear dysprosium complexes

• Yanhua Lan,
• Andrea Magri,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.92

• synthesize sublimable phenalenyl-based dysprosium complexes have been made by implementing a synthetic strategy under anhydrous conditions. The sublimed species were characterized and their thermal stability was confirmed. This opens up the possibility to deposit phenalenyl-based lanthanides complexes by

• ’ was characterized confirming its thermal stability. Results and Discussion Synthesis Van Deun et al. [23][24] synthesized 1:3 metal-to-ligand complexes using ammonia as a base and 1:4 metal-to-ligand complexes using the stronger base NaOH. In addition, phenalenyl-based europium and gadolinium

• to the complexes 1–3. In addition, complex 4 was successfully sublimated at about 300 °C in high vacuum (10−6 mbar). To confirm the thermal stability, the compound was also characterized after the sublimation process. X-ray crystal structures Single crystals of the complexes 1–3 were grown through

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• material results from its thermal stability, its corrosion resistance and the possibility to tune its electronic properties [6][7]. Both of the appealing properties, the catalytic as well as the magnetic, hinge on the chemically ordered L10 phase of FePt close to equiatomic composition [6][8]. Though this

First-principles study of the structure of water layers on flat and stepped Pb electrodes

• Xiaohang Lin,
• Ferdinand Evers and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 533–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.47

• structure at a coverage of 1 due to the larger lattice constant of Pb. At stepped Pb surfaces, the water layers are pinned at the step edge and form a complex network consisting of rectangles, pentagons and hexagons. The thermal stability of the water layers has been studied by using ab initio molecular

• significant charge rearrangement upon the formation of the water layer. This confirms the general picture of water adsorption at stepped surfaces [15]: Water tends to form a flat layer that rests on the step atoms, but above the terraces it almost corresponds to a free-standing layer. The thermal stability of

• terrace atoms, as confirmed by an analysis of the charge density difference upon water adsorption. The thermal stability of the water layers has been addressed by performing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations at a temperature of 140 K. The minimum-energy structure of the water layers on Pb(111) and

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• with gold and that a covalent Au–S bond is formed [23][64]. This bond has a dissociation energy of around 2.1 eV (ca. 50 kcal·mol−1), which is large enough to ensure the thermal stability of thiol monolayers up to 80 °C [65]. Furthermore, it is stronger than the Au–Au bond with a dissociation energy of

• thermal stability of these SAMs than those derived from monodentate and bidentate adsorbates as revealed by preliminary studies at elevated temperatures using ellipsometry [102]. Later systematic studies of both thiol-functionalized flat gold surfaces and colloidal gold nanoparticles approved that the

• thermal stability of SAMs correlates with the degree of chelatation (i.e., tridentate > bidentate > monodentate) [103]. Trialkylarylsilane analogues have been also utilized for tripodal shape adsorbates. Cai and co-workers introduced the silicon trithiolate 6 [104], and formed SAMs on gold (Figure 3). As

Hydration of magnesia cubes: a helium ion microscopy study

• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Johannes Schneider,
• Gilles R. Bourret and
• Oliver Diwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 302–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.28

• . 0.25 pA, respectively. The MgO cube powders were vacuum annealed at T = 1173 K for a minimum duration of one hour in order to eliminate surface adsorbates including residual hydroxyls of high thermal stability [25]. After breaking the vacuum, we immobilized the particles in air by pressing the powder

Plasticity-mediated collapse and recrystallization in hollow copper nanowires: a molecular dynamics simulation

• Amlan Dutta,
• Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri and
• Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 228–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.21

• , S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 098, India Thematic Unit of Excellence on Computational Materials Science, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 098, India 10.3762/bjnano.7.21 Abstract We study the thermal stability of hollow

• , which would involve much longer time scales as compared to the plasticity-based mechanism. Keywords: dislocations; molecular dynamics; nanowire; thermal stability; Introduction Nanomaterials, as compared to bulk, are associated with large surfaces and interfaces with respect to their volume. The

• sensors [7]. Hollow nanomaterials may be created deliberately [8][9][10]. They can also be synthesized in an uncontrolled growth process such as flame combustion [11]. Thermal stability of hollow nanostructures has been widely discussed in literature [9]. The general understanding is that a nanostructure

Dependence of lattice strain relaxation, absorbance, and sheet resistance on thickness in textured ZnO@B transparent conductive oxide for thin-film solar cell applications

• Kuang-Yang Kou,
• Yu-En Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen and
• Shih-Wei Feng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 75–80, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.9

• meV), high thermal stability, high transparency, and high conduction, wurtzite ZnO is a very promising TCO material used for the front contact, barrier layer, and intermediate reflector in solar cells [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) can be implemented to

Evaluation of gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanostructures electrochemically doped with Au nanophases

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.3

• used as a gas-sensing material because of its remarkable properties, such as high chemical and thermal stability, wide direct band gap, chemical sensitivity to different adsorbed gases, highly mobile conduction carriers, non-toxicity and low cost [18][19][20]. Moreover, since gas-sensing mechanism is a

Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices

• Urs Gysin,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Thomas Schmölzer,
• Adolf Schöner,
• Sergey Reshanov,
• Holger Bartolf and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2485–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.258

• vacuum system for reasons of thermal stability. The maximum optical power output of the diode is 7 mW. The light emitted from the diode is fed into the vacuum chamber through a single mode fibre (Fiberguide ASI4.3/125) and a custom designed optical vacuum feed-through to the focusing optics consisting of

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• exhibited higher thermal stability of Ag–CTS in comparison to CTS. Their microbial experiments showed that the antibacterial performance of Ag–CTS is more than either Ag NPs or CTS [72]. Sun et al. prepared Au NPs using HAuCl4 as a precursor and CTS as the reducing agent and stabilizer in a 30 h reaction at

Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of natural bentonite-supported copper nanoparticles for the solvent-free synthesis of 1-substituted 1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles and reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Akbar Rostami-Vartooni,
• Mohammad Alizadeh and
• Mojtaba Bagherzadeh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2300–2309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.236

• distributed and stable metal NPs. In recent decades, the use of natural bentonites has been studied due to their high specific surface area, low cost, ordered structure, thermal stability, high safety, high exchange capacity and intercalation abilities [8]. Smectites are major clay minerals in bentonite with

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• properties upon plasma treatment. The existence of oxygen-based grafted species is associated with background oxygen species present in the plasma chamber in addition to fluorine. The thermal stability and desorption process of the fluorine species grafted on the carbon nanotubes during the fluorine plasma

• treatment were evaluated by combining different spectroscopic techniques. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; spectroscopy; synchrotron radiation; thermal stability; Introduction The covalent functionalization of carbon nanostructures has been largely exploited, and different techniques have been employed for

• responsible for creating defects on the carbon surface, that is, active sites for grafting fluorine and oxygen species [24][25][26]. In Figure 1 we show the changes of the vCNTs chemical composition at the surface (tips) with increasing heating temperature. In order to evaluate the thermal stability of the

Paramagnetism of cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles obtained by microwave solvothermal synthesis

• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka,
• Witold Lojkowski,
• Wojciech Knoff,
• Malgorzata I. Lukasiewicz,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin T. Klepka,
• Tomasz Story and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1957–1969, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.200

• materials, including physical and chemical approaches. However, the physical methods suffer from difficulties in controlling thermal stability and the doping homogeneity in the final products [32][33]. The chemical approach has also been widely employed to synthesize ZnO-based DMS materials [32]. The

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• derivatives, N-trimethylchitosan (TMC), were applied to construct three-layer nanocomposites in an Au/polymer/Fe3O4 system. It was demonstrated that replacement of chitosan with TMC reasonably improved the properties of the final nanocomposites including their size, magnetic behavior and thermal stability

• modification by a chitosan or TMC coating. The successful coating process was confirmed by FTIR. These nanocomplexes were then exposed to Au nanoparticles, which assembled on the surface to form the final nanoparticles. The size, magnetic behavior, chemical composition, thermal stability and surface

• was analyzed based on a comparison of the nanoparticles. The FTIR peaks were observed due to the vibrational normal modes, which mostly include stretching vibrations and bending vibrations. The TGA technique (TGA-50, Shimadzu, Japan) was used for the analysis of the thermal stability. Furthermore

Formation of pure Cu nanocrystals upon post-growth annealing of Cu–C material obtained from focused electron beam induced deposition: comparison of different methods

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Alfredo Rodrigues Vaz,
• Yucheng Zhang,
• Andrzej Rudkowski,
• Czesław Kapusta,
• Rolf Erni,
• Stanislav Moshkalev and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1508–1517, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.156

• materials obtained for the Cu(II)(hfac)2 and (hfac)Cu(I)VTMS precursor, respectively, can be attributed to the lower thermal stability of (hfac)CuVTMS which is 63 °C compared to 250 °C for Cu(hfac)2. Electrical measurements showed that the as-deposited FEBID lines from Cu(hfac)2 were highly resistive with a

Transformations of PTCDA structures on rutile TiO₂ induced by thermal annealing and intermolecular forces

• Szymon Godlewski,
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymoński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.155

• moment, the molecules are likely to adsorb flat on crystalline templates and form ordered structures through self-assembly processes. Third, the PTCDA molecules are easily processable. They exhibit high thermal stability, as well as robustness against electron and photon bombardment. Therefore, one may

• favoured ordered structure [36]. Post-deposition annealing To test the thermal stability of the system, we have performed post-deposition annealing experiments. The annealing of the closed molecular layer performed at 100 °C does not lead to any significant change in the molecular assembly. The results are

Thermal energy storage – overview and specific insight into nitrate salts for sensible and latent heat storage

• Nicole Pfleger,
• Thomas Bauer,
• Claudia Martin,
• Markus Eck and
• Antje Wörner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1487–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.154

• thermal stability which define the lower and upper limits of usable temperature in sensible heat storage systems. In latent storage systems the melting temperature defines the temperature at which the heat is stored. In thermal power plants the stored heat can be used to generate steam which drives

• /nitrates For sensible heat storage at elevated temperatures (T > 100 °C) molten salts are most suitable. Advantages of molten salts are the high thermal stability, relatively low material costs, high heat capacity, high density, non-flammability and low vapor pressure. Due to the low vapor pressure

• mixture the material costs can be reduced. The non-eutectic mixture has a liquidus temperature of about 240 °C and the temperature limit of thermal stability is about 550 °C. For applications at higher temperatures salts with other anions, such as carbonates, chlorides and fluorides might be potential

Thermal treatment of magnetite nanoparticles

• Beata Kalska-Szostko,
• Urszula Wykowska,
• Dariusz Satula and
• Per Nordblad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1385–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.143

• thermal stability of the nanoparticles was tested. Before and after heat treatment, the nanoparticles were examined using transmission electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that

• materials, sensors and catalysts [4], or even environmental remediation or sieves [5]. For this reason, the study of the physical properties and the chemical and thermal stability of ferrite nanoparticles is of crucial importance [6]. Moreover, magnetite nanostructures can be relatively easy to obtain by a

• growth. On the other hand, it has been shown that for particular granular powders, the thermal stability increases with larger grain size [14]. These size-related effects are explained by enthalpy and stress, which influences the activation energy value [15]. Thermal sensitivity depends, in most cases

The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles

• Olga A. Guselnikova,
• Andrey I. Galanov,
• Anton K. Gutakovskii and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1192–1198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.121

• the aryl layers and evolution of carbon dioxide registered by a mass spectroscopy (MS) detector. The resulting data suggests the formation of a multilayer coating on the NPs surface. The 4-nitrophenyl-coated ZVI NPs exhibited a high thermal stability and did not show any indication of oxidation at

Charge carrier mobility and electronic properties of Al(Op)₃: impact of excimer formation

• Andrea Magri,
• Pascal Friederich,
• Bernhard Schäfer,
• Valeria Fattori,
• Xiangnan Sun,
• Timo Strunk,
• Velimir Meded,
• Luis E. Hueso,
• Wolfgang Wenzel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1107–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.112

• similar trend in the HOMO energies of Al(Op)3 and Alq3, we could, based on this single molecule energy analogy, assume that Al(Op)3, when implemented in a device, would prevent hole diffusion in the same manner as Alq3. In order to confirm the thermal stability of Al(Op)3, the complex was deposited by

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• components. These particles have been of interest as they can exhibit unique properties arising from the combination of core and shell material, geometry, and design [1][2]. Additionally, they have been designed so that the shell material can improve the reactivity, thermal stability, or oxidative stability

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

• A2TinO2n+1, form a variety of layered structures for 3 ≤ n ≤ 6 in which the alkali cations (A) occupy the interlayer space. Thus, located alkali cations are mobile and are easily exchanged by protons. The resulting hydrogen titanates have poor thermal stability and can be easily transformed to TiO2 upon

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• surfaces, one must guarantee the thermal stability of the polymer. We thus developed a low-temperature process by using silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) and water as precursors and pyridine as catalyst. For PC track-etched membranes this approach successfully produces uniform and conformal SiO2 coatings. To

• applying an ALD process at 325 K using SiCl4, water, and pyridine. The adjustment of the ALD process to almost ambient temperature guarantees the thermal stability of the PC membrane. FTIR and XPS analysis confirm the successful deposition of SiO2. HRSEM and SAXS investigations provide clear evidence of a

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• intense research for theranostic delivery systems, especially in the field of cancer chemotherapy [7][8][9]. Their attractive properties such as good biocompatibility and excellent chemical and thermal stability ensure the stability and solubility of drugs in aqueous environments. Furthermore, their