Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• hydrogen-induced phase transition from PdHβ to PdHα is found to enable internal-stress plasticity (or transformation-mismatch plasticity) in nanoporous palladium, which leads to exceptionally high strains without fracture as a result of external forces. The high surface stress in the nanoporous structure

• dilatometer pushrod. On the other hand, an additional driving force for compressive deformation due to the nanoporous structure itself and its surface excess energy is present in the sample. An effect called internal-stress plasticity (ISP), also commonly known as transformation plasticity, is well

• established in the literature [42][43][44][45]. A schematic representation of the transformation-mismatch plasticity mechanism in npPd is presented in Figure 8. A driving force for deformation, which is present from the two different sources in our case, biases internal strains emerging in the course of a

Nanostructure-induced performance degradation of WO₃·nH₂O for energy conversion and storage devices

• Zhenyin Hai,
• Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari,
• Zihan Wei,
• Danfeng Cui,
• Chenyang Xue,
• Hongyan Xu,
• Philippe M. Heynderickx,
• Francis Verpoort and
• Serge Zhuiykov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2845–2854, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.265

• in a faster performance degradation, due to its weak interlayer van der Waals forces, even though it outranks the 3D network structure in terms of improved electronic properties. The structural transformation of 2D layered WO3·nH2O into 3D nanostructures is observed via ex situ Raman measurements

• transformation of 2D layered WO3·nH2O to 3D structures was observed via ex situ Raman measurements under electrochemical cycling experiments. The morphology change confirmed the degradation mechanism proposed in this work. Consequently, this work provides an in-depth understanding of the weakness of 2D layered

• Raman spectra presented in Figure 8b reflect the structural transformation of the samples after CV tests. The Raman spectra of both the samples synthesized at 80 and 120 °C showed a new peak from the W–O–W stretching vibration mode (ν2(W–O–W)), while the other peaks were broadened. The peaks of the ν1(W

Improved catalytic combustion of methane using CuO nanobelts with predominantly (001) surfaces

• Qingquan Kong,
• Yichun Yin,
• Bing Xue,
• Yonggang Jin,
• Wei Feng,
• Zhi-Gang Chen,
• Shi Su and
• Chenghua Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2526–2532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.235

• in an early study [21][23], CuO NWs or NBs having predominantly (001) surfaces can be obtained when Cu(OH)2 is employed as a nanowire precursor for decomposition. The mechanism of shape-reserved transformation from Cu(OH)2 to CuO has been previously discussed in the literature [24][25][26]. Prior to

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• apoptotic cells, a broad sub-G1 peak was observed where the cells underwent a hypodiploid nuclear transformation. On the contrary, a narrow sub-G1 peak in the control cells was observed due to normal (diploid) DNA [48]. In the process of apoptosis, nuclear fragmentation is the key step to identify the

• cells. Furthermore, caspase-3 is an important protein involved in the cascade of events and results in the transformation of pro-caspase into active caspase. The expression level of caspase-3 was found to be 1.93-times higher than the untreated control, which confirmed the apoptotic induction after CaP

Effect of electrospinning process variables on the size of polymer fibers and bead-on-string structures established with a 2³ factorial design

• Paulina Korycka,
• Adam Mirek,
• Katarzyna Kramek-Romanowska,
• Marcin Grzeczkowicz and
• Dorota Lewińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2466–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.231

• = x3 = 0). Then the coefficients (a) are determined by the encoded values of factors. It is assumed that the high factor level is +1, and the low factor level is −1. After the transformation of the factors, the experimental system takes the form of a matrix, which in the case of three factors is as

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• ]. Existing studies have measured a photocurrent of 33.6 μA·cm−2 in 0.5 M Na2S on a mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheet grown through in situ transformation from hexagonal Co(OH)2 to spinel Co3O4 [18]. Hong et al. demonstrated a photocurrent of 0.4 mA·cm−2 from Co3O4 nanowire photocathodes, which could be enhanced to

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• of percent were observed in perpendicular geometry for all investigated samples and interpreted in terms of anisotropic magnetoresistance. Within this interpretation, a direct simple methodology for the transformation of the magnetoresistance data in transversal geometry into the corresponding

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• properties of MA3Sb2I9 HP to be altered. In particular, the introduction of chloride results in a transformation of dimer-like MA3Sb2I9 built of bi-octahedral Sb2I9 units into a layered MA3Sb2ClxI9−x compound where antimony iodide octahedra are bound to infinite chains via a shared I− anion (Figure 12a) [154

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• components was higher than that of graphitic N. This is reflected by a decrease of the DOS with respect to the pristine sample. When UHV annealing was performed, the N 1s line shape of the CNTs (onset of Figure 3) evolved due to the desorption of pyrrolic N and the transformation of pyridinic N into

• rearrangement of the nitrogen species: a decrease of pyrrolic N and a general transformation into graphitic N, consistent with other reports [58]. The electrocatalytic performances were measured by cyclic voltammetry in oxygen-saturated 1 M KOH electrolyte. By correlating XPS and ORR, the samples with the

• higher activity at high voltages, and a linear relation between current density and concentration of pyridinic N, without any dependence on the amount of graphitic N (Figure 13a). Performing ex situ XPS after the ORR (Figure 13b), they observed a transformation of the pyridinic configuration into a

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• the transformation of Er3+ to Er2+, which can be reversibly oxidized. During the oxidation process, oxidation of the electrolyte was observed, starting around 3.4 V. Hence, such standard electrolytes cannot be applied to this redox couple. In the range from 1.0 to 0.05 V, there is an overpotential

Magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ antidot arrays synthesized by AFIR: atomic layer deposition, focused ion beam and thermal reduction

• Juan L. Palma,
• Alejandro Pereira,
• Raquel Álvaro,
• José Miguel García-Martín and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1728–1734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.164

• Fe2O3 to Fe3O4. However, the magnetic signal measured later will confirm the transformation from a paramagnetic to a ferrimagnetic sample. Let us discuss the morphology of the Fe3O4 antidots. In order to efficiently modify the magnetic properties of a magnetic film by digging holes in it, the diameter

• lattice parameter values at least three times larger than the hole diameter. According to the magnetic measurements, the initial Fe2O3 film is paramagnetic at room temperature, whilst after thermal transformation the obtained Fe3O4 film is ferrimagnetic. Figure 4 shows the representative hysteresis curves

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• increases of the calcination temperature to over 800°C, all of anatase peaks disappeared and only the strong peaks related to the rutile phase were observed, which indicated that the meta-stable anatase phase was completely converted to rutile by the thermal phase transformation. The average anatase

A zero-dimensional topologically nontrivial state in a superconducting quantum dot

• Pasquale Marra,
• Alessandro Braggio and
• Roberta Citro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1705–1714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.162

• of particle–hole symmetric Andreev levels ±E↑ and ±E↓ with with which correspond to the eigenstates described by the operators defined by the Bogoliubov transformation where The Bogoliubov factors satisfy the properties u2 + v2 = 1, u2 − v2 = ε/Eφ, and uv = Γ|cos(φ/2)|/(2Eφ). Now we generalize the

• interaction U > 0 can be transformed with the non-interacting phase U = 0 by a smooth transformation without closing the gap. It is important to note that in the 0D case (differently from the 1D case) topological states can be realized without spin–orbit coupling. This is because topological states in the

Josephson effect in junctions of conventional and topological superconductors

• Alex Zazunov,
• Albert Iks,
• Miguel Alvarado,
• Alfredo Levy Yeyati and
• Reinhold Egger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1659–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.158

• Schrieffer–Wolff transformation to project the full Hamiltonian to the Hilbert subspace satisfying Equation 8, H → Heff, one arrives at the effective low-energy Hamiltonian with the interaction term where S± = Sx ± iSy and δn = − 1. Moreover, is the anticommutator of the composite boundary fields We note

• splits according to , plus the conjugate process. Second, we observe that Hat is invariant under a particle–hole transformation, amounting to the replacements and , along with Bz → − Bz and → 2π − . We next notice that with nσ = = 0,1 and nf = = 0,1, the total fermion parity of the junction, is a

Friction force microscopy of tribochemistry and interfacial ageing for the SiO_x/Si/Au system

• Christiane Petzold,
• Marcus Koch and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1647–1658, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.157

• crystalline Si (Figure 7d). If the amorphous layer contained significant amounts of oxygen, it would appear brighter than the crystalline silicon. This was not the case and we conclude that the amorphization is a mechanical process that does not require oxidation to occur. Fourier transformation of the images

Evaluation of replicas manufactured in a 3D-printed nanoimprint unit

• Manuel Caño-García,
• Morten A. Geday,
• Manuel Gil-Valverde,
• Xabier Quintana and
• José M. Otón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1573–1581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.149

• or a transformation of the same that will be eventually processed by the second script. The first script was written in Python language, through a virtual Pygwy console of a Gwyddion package [10]. Gwyddion is a software environment specifically designed for data analysis of scanning probe microscopy

Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• structure, exhibits an anisotropic reaction upon lithium intercalation; the a-axis contracts while the c-axis expands with the transformation from LiTi2(PO4)3 to Li3Ti2(PO4)3 [32]. Hence, LATP might show similar behavior upon (de)-lithiation and its electrostatic interaction can be expected to be strongly

Solid-state Stern–Gerlach spin splitter for magnetic field sensing, spintronics, and quantum computing

• Kristofer Björnson and
• Annica M. Black-Schaffer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.147

• , x1 = x2 = 0, to the right side, x1 = x2 = rπ, is given by We here note that under a gauge transformation A→A + A′, where A′ satisfies , the transfer matrix transforms as We have confirmed that this additional phase drops out of all physical quantities below, proving the gauge invariance of our

• they coincide when φ = 0 and z′ is always perpendicular to the TI. Explicitly, the x,y,z- and x′,y′,z′-coordinates are related through Using that spins transform according to and simultaneously performing a gauge transformation G = diag(1, i) to simplify the expressions below, the change of basis

• , and in particular any SU(2)-gate, through the use of three sequential solid-state SG spin splitters. In fact, the overall U(1)-phase provided by the parameter α can be ignored for reasons similar to those for which the U(1)-phase provided by the gauge transformation A→A + A′ can be ignored. This phase

Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanostructures prepared by nanosphere lithography

• Gitanjali Kolhatkar,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Jiawei Zhang,
• Chahinez Dab,
• Gregory Q. Wallace,
• François Lagugné-Labarthet and
• Andreas Ruediger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1536–1543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.144

• contribution, we use the Fourier transformation of the diffuse signal and filtering. This method is applied to plasmonic gold nanotriangles [19] inscribed on a glass substrate, that were prepared by nanosphere lithography [20][21][22]. Those nanostructures, that most commonly consist of arrays of metallic

Spatial Rabi oscillations between Majorana bound states and quantum dots

• Jun-Hui Zheng,
• Dao-Xin Yao and
• Zhi Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1527–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.143

• advantage of the Floquet theory, which states that the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any time-periodic Hamiltonian must satisfy Ψ(t) = ψ(t) e−iDt, with ψ(t) = ψ(t + (2π/ω) a time-periodic function that has a Fourier transformation . Let us first consider the scenario of Majorana bound states

Excitation of nonradiating magnetic anapole states with azimuthally polarized vector beams

• Aristeidis G. Lamprianidis and
• Andrey E. Miroshnichenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1478–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.139

• applying the same rotation transformation to the natural frame of the scatterer and making use of properties of the Legendre functions, we have where, again, the rotated system attached to the natural frame of the scatterer is denoted with a prime. We end up with the following expression for the spherical

• in magnitude by the T-matrix transformation. Results and Discussion We can use the results and conclusions of the previous sections in order to design the scattering response of a nanoparticle at will. We want to achieve a purely magnetic response by the particle, the scattered power of which, will

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• considerable attention. The applications of photocatalysis, such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, organic transformation reactions, N2 fixation, etc., towards solving the energy crisis and environmental issues are briefly discussed in the Introduction of this review. The advantages of

• transformation for the fine chemical synthesis [39][40][41][42] and (v) photodegradation of pollutants [43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Semiconductor-based photocatalysis proceeds through following three steps: (1) absorption of light; (2) separation and transport of charge carriers; and (3) redox reactions on the

• of the semiconductor to NH3 through a number of step reactions. This occurs only when the CB potential is more negative than the reduction potential of the N2/NH3 redox couple [38]. The overall photocatalytic N2 fixation reaction is shown in Equation 5. Selective organic transformation for fine

Interplay between pairing and correlations in spin-polarized bound states

• Szczepan Głodzik,
• Aksel Kobiałka,
• Anna Gorczyca-Goraj,
• Andrzej Ptok,
• Grzegorz Górski,
• Maciej M. Maśka and
• Tadeusz Domański

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1370–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.129

• transformation where are quasiparticle fermionic operators with eigenvectors uinσ and vinσ. This leads to the Bogoliubov–de Gennes (BdG) equations where Dij = δijUχi, and the single-particle term is given by with the spin–orbit coupling term Here, and (where is opposite to σ) correspond to in-plane and out

Formation and development of nanometer-sized cybotactic clusters in bent-core nematic liquid crystalline compounds

• Yuri P. Panarin,
• Sithara P. Sreenilayam,
• Jagdish K. Vij,
• Anne Lehmann and
• Carsten Tschierske

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1288–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.121

• isotropic phase a few degrees above the isotropic–nematic transition temperature. The clusters start off initially from a small size in the isotropic phase by occupying only a small fraction of the total volume. The size grows with a reduction in temperature. In addition, the transformation of clusters with

• comparison of the dielectric behavior of both samples allows us to conclude that the cluster formation and transformation are almost identical for symmetrical and asymmetrical terminated bent-core systems; only the temperature range of the nematic phase for the two compounds is different. A deeper

Artifacts in time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Sascha Sadewasser,
• Nicoleta Nicoara and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1272–1281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.119

• effectively reduced to zero for the expected CPD. However, for the case where the pulse frequency is twice the resonance frequency, this condition cannot be achieved by any dc voltage. The tip–cantilever motion can be analyzed in the form of a fast-Fourier transformation (FFT), namely FFT[fdc(t) + fac(t