Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• structure, exhibits an anisotropic reaction upon lithium intercalation; the a-axis contracts while the c-axis expands with the transformation from LiTi2(PO4)3 to Li3Ti2(PO4)3 [32]. Hence, LATP might show similar behavior upon (de)-lithiation and its electrostatic interaction can be expected to be strongly

Solid-state Stern–Gerlach spin splitter for magnetic field sensing, spintronics, and quantum computing

• Kristofer Björnson and
• Annica M. Black-Schaffer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.147

• , x1 = x2 = 0, to the right side, x1 = x2 = rπ, is given by We here note that under a gauge transformation A→A + A′, where A′ satisfies , the transfer matrix transforms as We have confirmed that this additional phase drops out of all physical quantities below, proving the gauge invariance of our

• they coincide when φ = 0 and z′ is always perpendicular to the TI. Explicitly, the x,y,z- and x′,y′,z′-coordinates are related through Using that spins transform according to and simultaneously performing a gauge transformation G = diag(1, i) to simplify the expressions below, the change of basis

• , and in particular any SU(2)-gate, through the use of three sequential solid-state SG spin splitters. In fact, the overall U(1)-phase provided by the parameter α can be ignored for reasons similar to those for which the U(1)-phase provided by the gauge transformation A→A + A′ can be ignored. This phase

Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanostructures prepared by nanosphere lithography

• Gitanjali Kolhatkar,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Jiawei Zhang,
• Chahinez Dab,
• Gregory Q. Wallace,
• François Lagugné-Labarthet and
• Andreas Ruediger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1536–1543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.144

• contribution, we use the Fourier transformation of the diffuse signal and filtering. This method is applied to plasmonic gold nanotriangles [19] inscribed on a glass substrate, that were prepared by nanosphere lithography [20][21][22]. Those nanostructures, that most commonly consist of arrays of metallic

Spatial Rabi oscillations between Majorana bound states and quantum dots

• Jun-Hui Zheng,
• Dao-Xin Yao and
• Zhi Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1527–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.143

• advantage of the Floquet theory, which states that the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any time-periodic Hamiltonian must satisfy Ψ(t) = ψ(t) e−iDt, with ψ(t) = ψ(t + (2π/ω) a time-periodic function that has a Fourier transformation . Let us first consider the scenario of Majorana bound states

Excitation of nonradiating magnetic anapole states with azimuthally polarized vector beams

• Aristeidis G. Lamprianidis and
• Andrey E. Miroshnichenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1478–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.139

• applying the same rotation transformation to the natural frame of the scatterer and making use of properties of the Legendre functions, we have where, again, the rotated system attached to the natural frame of the scatterer is denoted with a prime. We end up with the following expression for the spherical

• in magnitude by the T-matrix transformation. Results and Discussion We can use the results and conclusions of the previous sections in order to design the scattering response of a nanoparticle at will. We want to achieve a purely magnetic response by the particle, the scattered power of which, will

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• considerable attention. The applications of photocatalysis, such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, organic transformation reactions, N2 fixation, etc., towards solving the energy crisis and environmental issues are briefly discussed in the Introduction of this review. The advantages of

• transformation for the fine chemical synthesis [39][40][41][42] and (v) photodegradation of pollutants [43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Semiconductor-based photocatalysis proceeds through following three steps: (1) absorption of light; (2) separation and transport of charge carriers; and (3) redox reactions on the

• of the semiconductor to NH3 through a number of step reactions. This occurs only when the CB potential is more negative than the reduction potential of the N2/NH3 redox couple [38]. The overall photocatalytic N2 fixation reaction is shown in Equation 5. Selective organic transformation for fine

Interplay between pairing and correlations in spin-polarized bound states

• Szczepan Głodzik,
• Aksel Kobiałka,
• Anna Gorczyca-Goraj,
• Andrzej Ptok,
• Grzegorz Górski,
• Maciej M. Maśka and
• Tadeusz Domański

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1370–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.129

• transformation where are quasiparticle fermionic operators with eigenvectors uinσ and vinσ. This leads to the Bogoliubov–de Gennes (BdG) equations where Dij = δijUχi, and the single-particle term is given by with the spin–orbit coupling term Here, and (where is opposite to σ) correspond to in-plane and out

Formation and development of nanometer-sized cybotactic clusters in bent-core nematic liquid crystalline compounds

• Yuri P. Panarin,
• Sithara P. Sreenilayam,
• Jagdish K. Vij,
• Anne Lehmann and
• Carsten Tschierske

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1288–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.121

• isotropic phase a few degrees above the isotropic–nematic transition temperature. The clusters start off initially from a small size in the isotropic phase by occupying only a small fraction of the total volume. The size grows with a reduction in temperature. In addition, the transformation of clusters with

• comparison of the dielectric behavior of both samples allows us to conclude that the cluster formation and transformation are almost identical for symmetrical and asymmetrical terminated bent-core systems; only the temperature range of the nematic phase for the two compounds is different. A deeper

Artifacts in time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Sascha Sadewasser,
• Nicoleta Nicoara and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1272–1281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.119

• effectively reduced to zero for the expected CPD. However, for the case where the pulse frequency is twice the resonance frequency, this condition cannot be achieved by any dc voltage. The tip–cantilever motion can be analyzed in the form of a fast-Fourier transformation (FFT), namely FFT[fdc(t) + fac(t

Proximity effect in a two-dimensional electron gas coupled to a thin superconducting layer

• Christopher Reeg,
• Daniel Loss and
• Jelena Klinovaja

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1263–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.118

• normal Green’s function of the 2DEG is diagonal. To this end, we introduce a unitary transformation with , which can be used to convert between the spin (σ) and chiral (λ) bases, . The Green’s function in the spin basis is given by . Rotating to the chiral basis, we find a Green’s function given by where

Field-controlled ultrafast magnetization dynamics in two-dimensional nanoscale ferromagnetic antidot arrays

• Anulekha De,
• Sucheta Mondal,
• Sourav Sahoo,
• Saswati Barman,
• Yoshichika Otani,
• Rajib Kumar Mitra and
• Anjan Barman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1123–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.104

• results, which helped to unravel the transformation of extended SW modes to quantized ones with the angular variation of the in-plane magnetic field and change in lattice constant. The opening and closing of channels for spin-wave extension and localization for a large number of bias field angles (in the

A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

• Sebastian Schön and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1095–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.101

• multiple factors. On one hand, identifying the factual A depends on the correct determination of the spring constant. As mentioned above this was done via the thermal noise method and already introduces an error of about 10%. On the other hand, it is highly sensitive to the correct transformation of the

• measured deflection over z-piezo movement, as received from the AFM, into the force as a function of the separation. Errors made in the transformation lead to shifts in the zero position on the separation axis of the force graph, thus affecting the exponential prefactors A and B. Although the combination

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• and protein that are aligned in a column and layers of calcite, forms the thin and strong eggshell. During the eggshell formation, the CaCO3 NPs begin as an amorphous mineral which is transformed by the c-type lectin proteins into ordered crystals. The crystal transformation is initiated by the

An implementation of spin–orbit coupling for band structure calculations with Gaussian basis sets: Two-dimensional topological crystals of Sb and Bi

• Sahar Pakdel,
• Mahdi Pourfath and
• J. J. Palacios

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1015–1023, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.94

• TB-like Hamiltonian by changing to a basis of Wannier functions [17][18]. While the results of this transformation can be accurate, they are not straightforward to carry out. On the other hand, self-consistent implementations of SOC for codes using localized orbitals for valence electrons are

Enzymatically promoted release of organic molecules linked to magnetic nanoparticles

• Chiara Lambruschini,
• Silvia Villa,
• Luca Banfi,
• Fabio Canepa,
• Fabio Morana,
• Annalisa Relini,
• Paola Riani,
• Renata Riva and
• Fulvio Silvetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 986–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.92

• proteases. The choice of the spacer was not trivial, since both the peptide specifier and the APTES-functionalised nanoparticle ends with an amino group. We selected two possible ways to join these two amines: a) the transformation into an urea; or b) the coupling with a dicarboxylic acid. In the latter

• investigated for binding tripeptide 6 to the nanoparticles. We first chose urea as the linking moiety. The transformation of 6 into an isocyanate was not possible, and thus we decided to form an isocyanate from the APTES amino group. Two alternative approaches were followed, depending on when this conversion

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• semiconductor than the defect-dominated thin film initially is, and transforms it towards an intrinsic semiconductor. Decrease in defect concentration decreases also charge carrier concentration, and consequently the oxide conductivity. This transformation hinders a continuous current flow across the interface

Bioinspired self-healing materials: lessons from nature

• Joseph C. Cremaldi and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 907–935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.85

• sum up, when looking at the healing nature of muscle movement, it is important to note the reversible nature of the movement. In other words, every animal has the ability to return to form and function after every movement (contraction and relaxation) through the transformation of (chemical) energy to

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• (TGA) of the particles revealed a small mass loss (ca. 2% (w/v)) above 300 °C due to adsorbed CD moieties (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). For further confirmation of shape transformation of the particles from round to multifaceted ones with HP-functional CDs, MSNs were also synthesized

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• adsorbed molecules to promote significant enhancement in the rate of chemical transformation. Furthermore, there are certain cases that have showed primary evidence for direct plasmon-driven photocatalysis capable of controlling catalytic selectivity through different reaction mechanisms. Gold NPs on CeO2

Electron interactions with the heteronuclear carbonyl precursor H₂FeRu₃(CO)₁₃ and comparison with HFeCo₃(CO)₁₂: from fundamental gas phase and surface science studies to focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Paul Weirich,
• Lukas Hrachowina,
• Marc Hanefeld,
• Ragnar Bjornsson,
• Helgi Rafn Hrodmarsson,
• Sven Barth,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Michael Huth and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 555–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.53

• single electron attachment to this molecule relaxes by substantial elongation of two of the three Fe−Co bonds and transformation of one of the terminal Co–COs to a Fe−CO−Co bridging ligand. Furthermore, the relative fraction of the spin density centered on the apical iron in the relaxed ground state

Revealing the interference effect of Majorana fermions in a topological Josephson junction

• Jie Liu,
• Tiantian Yu and
• Juntao Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.50

• unitary transformation . The phase difference between γ2 and γ3 is /2. These two MFs will interfere with each other and form two Andreev bound states because of this phase difference. The effective Hamiltonian can be obtained by projecting the coupling of Equation 1 onto the subspace of the MFs using and

• . The coupling between the leads and the MFs is described by HT, where the coupling strengths are represented by and , respectively. To calculate the scattering matrix of the system, we perform a transformation first. Considering that a single MF is just half of an ordinary fermion state, we can change

Influence of the preparation method on the photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO₂

• Patrycja Parnicka,
• Paweł Mazierski,
• Tomasz Grzyb,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewa Kowalska,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Joanna Nadolna

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 447–459, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.43

• , due to the 4f electron structure, can act as conversion luminescent media [14][16][17][18]. Neodymium (Nd3+) ions are well known as one of the more interesting lanthanides due to unique electronic and optical properties [19][20]. Several reports suggested that the transformation of light from near

• patterns of the examined samples are shown in Figure 1. In all synthesized photocatalysts, the diffraction pattern presents a group of lines at 2θ values of 25.4, 37.9, 48.1, 54.1, 55.1 and 62.9°, which are characteristic of anatase phase. The phase transformation to rutile has not occurred despite the

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• space of montmorillonite prior the stage of heat treatment, and significantly improves the transformation of these particles into well-crystallized TiO2 pillars after further annealing. To the best of our knowledge, the literature data contain no information on hydrothermal synthesis of the pillared MM

• the growth of crystallites. Indeed, the size of the anatase crystallites sequentially increases from 5.6 to 12.7 nm (Table 2) with increasing calcination temperature from 300 to 800 °C. According to the data of Figure 2, the phase transformation of anatase into rutile lies in the temperature range

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• densities (1–10 nA/nm2) a Joule heating induced rise of temperature (in the range of 1000 °C) may trigger a change of chemical composition of the material. For example, for Mo6S3I6 bundles, a non-reversible transformation to Mo was reported, as a result of evaporation of S and I [100]. This effect may be

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• samples. The slight differences between the AuNP distribution in TEM and STEM may be due to variation between sample areas. Both the AuNPs and the TNPs were further analyzed via HRTEM and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis of the observed lattice fringes along with further EDXS experiments. Figure