Growth and structural discrimination of cortical neurons on randomly oriented and vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube networks

• Christoph Nick,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Ravi Joshi,
• Christiane Thielemann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1575–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.169

• islands of vertically aligned up to 500 µm in length CNT structures. For the fabrication of both types of CNTs a water-assisted catalytically driven chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth process was employed [23]. Two different morphologies of CNT arrays were grown depending on the CVD conditions

• ) together with a controlled amount of water vapour was introduced into the CVD reactor by streaming a small amount of carrier gas through a water bubbler (150–200 ppm by dew point sensor measurement). Randomly oriented CNT islands were synthesised on silicon substrates covered with a thin (100 nm) layer of

• parallel experiments by modifying size and shape of the CVD grown micro-structured vertically aligned CNT. Neurons are indeed strongly attracted by the micro-shape and especially by the sidewalls of the aligned nanotubes arrangements (see Supporting Information File 1 for details). With the very recently

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• approaches are based on the crystalline growth of nanowires by means of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) techniques. The most common CVD technique for the fabrication of silicon nanowires is the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth [74][75], developed in particular by the group of Lieber at Harvard [76][77][78

• nanowhiskers grow perpendicularly to the substrate. Exploiting the VLS-CVD technique, silicon nanowires have been grown between small suspended silicon masses, fabricated by micromachining techniques applied to silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates [86][87]. The silicon masses are maintained at different

Sublattice asymmetry of impurity doping in graphene: A review

• James A. Lawlor and
• Mauro S. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1210–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.133

• methods and techniques to achieve this have been developed to include chemical vapour deposition (CVD), using NH3 as a precursor, arc discharge [23], embedded nitrogen and carbon sources within a metal substrate [24], ion implantation [25][26], ammonia [27] or nitrogen plasma [28][29] treatments, and

• capable of achieving nitrogen dopant concentrations of up to around 10% [30] and with direct applicablity to GFET technology and bio-sensing [28]. Although CVD is one of the more challenging methods, it seems the most reliable option and yields the best quality nitrogen doped graphene sheets [31] and

• single continuous sheets can be synthesised on the centimeter scale [32]. Using nitrogen dopants alone through CVD can yield bandgaps up to 200 meV [33] and by inclusion of boron co-dopants, through a tailored growth process, this can be expanded to around 600 meV with 6% total dopant concentration [12

Fringe structures and tunable bandgap width of 2D boron nitride nanosheets

• Peter Feng,
• Muhammad Sajjad,
• Eric Yiming Li,
• Hongxin Zhang,
• Jin Chu,
• Ali Aldalbahi and
• Gerardo Morell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1186–1192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.130

• either chemical-solution-derived method or a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Many excellent results have been reported [6][7][8][9]. Systematic and comprehensive reviews of two-dimensional (2D) boron nitride nanostructures: nanosheets, nanoribbons, nanomeshes, and hybrids with graphene have been

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• and film growth, i.e., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [24]. For Co(CO)3NO, EBID was found up to about 393 K, followed by seeded growth up to about 403 K and spontaneous decomposition at higher temperatures. In the EBID regime, increasing the temperature from 293 to 323 K lowered the carbon content by

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• somewhat higher than what the predicted unit-chain length, 17.4 Å, would suggest: This higher than predicted growth rate was attributed to a CVD-type growth. Kubono et al. [6] deposited nylon 79 from heptane-1,7-diamine and nonanedioyl dichloride at room temperature. The GPC value achieved, 18 Å per cycle

• speculated that the difference in their GPC values when compared to those reported by Gong et al. [38] could be due to CVD-type growth regime at lower deposition temperatures and with short purging times. Gong et al. [38] observed that the TMA+GLY films were relatively stable in ambient air: A 168 hour

Growth and characterization of CNT–TiO₂ heterostructures

• Yucheng Zhang,
• Ivo Utke,
• Johann Michler,
• Gabriele Ilari,
• Marta D. Rossell and
• Rolf Erni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 946–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.108

• photocatalytic performance than the chemical bond between CNTs and TiO2, since the arc-discharge-synthesized CNTs show a dramatically higher photocatalytic dye degradation rate than the CVD-synthesized CNTs, which is attributed to the smaller number of defects in the multi-wall (MW) tubes of the former. In

• can be found in the review by Leary [19]. Recently, we have adopted the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to deposit TiO2 on CVD-grown MW-CNTs. ALD relies on self-limiting surface reactions (dissociative chemisorption) of gases which are alternately introduced into and purged out of the reaction

Gas sensing with gold-decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Prasantha R. Mudimela,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Oriol González-León,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Rony Snyders,
• Eduard Llobet,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.104

• , regardless of the nanotube length. Keywords: alignment; carbon nanotubes; decoration; gas sensors; metal nanoparticles; thermal CVD; Introduction The interest in gas sensing for reaching a widespread, continuous pollution detection and control has been growing steadily in the last decades due to the

• 10 ppb of nitrogen dioxide is possible at room temperature, the sensor does not recover its baseline resistance when cleaning in dry air at such low temperature [8]. Ueda et al. using VA-CNTs synthesized by thermal CVD as sensing active layer showed that variation in the conductivity was proportional

• CVD reactor using C2H4 as carbon source. Si wafers with native SiO2 were used as substrates. Al2O3 (30 nm) were used as buffer layer on wafer pieces and Fe (6 nm) used as active catalyst. The multilayer system composed of Si/native SiO2/Al2O3/Fe will be called from now the catalyst. The Al2O3 and Fe

A catechol biosensor based on electrospun carbon nanofibers

• Dawei Li,
• Zengyuan Pang,
• Xiaodong Chen,
• Lei Luo,
• Yibing Cai and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 346–354, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.39

• development, various methods used for CNFs preparation are established, such as arc-discharge [21], laser ablation [22], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods [23]. Electrospinning, which is known as a facile and convenient process, can produce nanofibers or microfibers with different diameters while using

Tensile properties of a boron/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid structure

• Kang Xia,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Ye Wei and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 329–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.37

• in the fields of mechanics, photology, electronics and bio-sensing [1][2]. Through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a graphene–nanotube hybrid structure (GNHS) has been synthesized recently [3][4][5], which evidently demonstrates an improved performance for the application as field

Effect of contaminations and surface preparation on the work function of single layer MoS₂

• Oliver Ochedowski,
• Kolyo Marinov,
• Nils Scheuschner,
• Artur Poloczek,
• Benedict Kleine Bussmann,
• Janina Maultzsch and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 291–297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.32

• properties like a mechanical stiffness of 180 ± 60 N·m−1, which is comparable to steel [10][11], charge carrier mobilities that are comparable to Si [12][13], and it is possible to grow these ultrathin layers using CVD [14][15][16]. The main advantage SLM has to offer compared to the model 2D-material

Modeling and optimization of atomic layer deposition processes on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Nuri Yazdani,
• Vipin Chawla,
• Eve Edwards,
• Vanessa Wood,
• Hyung Gyu Park and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 234–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.25

• functionalization [19][20][21][22][23][24]. In practice, however, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown CNTs are prone to a sufficient density of surface defect sites to allow for the nucleation of the ceramic at discrete points along the surface of the CNT. The ceramic then grows from these nucleation sites until

• conformal coating of CVD-grown CNTs. Second, the vertically aligned nature of the CNT arrays presents a challenge for conformal coatings of uniform thickness. The penetration of the deposited oxide into the VACNTs is often limited as illustrated in Figure 1. Under the pressure and temperature conditions of

• dioxide and aluminum oxide. To synthesize our VACNTs, a 3-nm-thick catalyst layer of iron on top of a 20-nm-thick layer of aluminum is deposited through electron beam evaporation onto a silicon wafer. The VACNTs are then grown by chemical vapor deposition in a cold-wall CVD system. The catalyst-covered

En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

• Slawomir Boncel,
• Sebastian W. Pattinson,
• Valérie Geiser,
• Milo S. P. Shaffer and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 219–233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.24

• Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom 10.3762/bjnano.5.24 Abstract The catalytic chemical vapour deposition (c-CVD) technique was applied in the synthesis of vertically aligned arrays of

• fuel cells [23] or paracetamol sensors [24]. Nitrogen atoms can be incorporated into the CNT lattice trough either in situ or post-treatment strategies [25]. The former techniques are dominant and comprise primarily catalytic chemical vapour deposition (c-CVD) and its variations, which include bias or

• of the nanotubes growth in c-CVD process [48][49][50][51]. Here, we track how the parameters of a c-CVD synthesis, which employs pyrazine (Pz) as the precursor of nitrogen-based compounds, affect growth and properties of N-CNTs on the macro-, nano- and atomic scales. The growth kinetics, the

Cyclic photochemical re-growth of gold nanoparticles: Overcoming the mask-erosion limit during reactive ion etching on the nanoscale

• Burcin Özdemir,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alfred Plettl and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 886–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.100

• were prepared on top of the previously fabricated Au NP by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) rather than immersion of the silica substrates into OTMS solutions. Like immersion the much faster CVD method results in selective reactions of the methoxysilane functional groups with the silanol groups of the

• , the Au NP prepared by BCML on silica are stabilized by CVD-coating the substrate with OMTS. The success of this coating can be easily tested by contact angle measurements: The hydrophilic silica substrate changes its starting angle from almost zero to 104° due to the hydrophobic OTMS coating. The

• , an OTMS layer is deposited by CVD first. This layer selectively forms chemical bonds to the silica substrate while leaving the Au NP uncovered. HRSEM images of (a) as prepared Au NP on silica (average diameter 12 nm), (b) Au NP after the second electroless size-enhancement cycle (average diameter 40

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes from unprocessed colemanite

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 843–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.95

• BNNTs are more toxic than CNTs [13]. The first BNNTs were synthesized by Chopra et al. with the arc-discharge method [14]. Later, the use of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), laser ablation, ball milling, a template-assisted process, and displacement reactions were reported for the synthesis [15][16][17

• is applied to remove the remaining C atoms from the tube structure [18]. However, removal of C atoms from the structure is not easy and the obtained product is mostly carbon doped BNNTs. CVD is another commonly used method to synthesize BNNTs [19][20][21][22]. The CVD method can be used with or

• without ball milling technique [19][20]. For instance, Yu et al. first milled amorphous boron with NH3, then completed the synthesis by using the CVD method at 1200 °C for 8 hours without the utilization of a catalyst. Zhong et al. obtained BNNTs by using ammonium boron powders and ferrocene with the CVD

Ellipsometry and XPS comparative studies of thermal and plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited Al₂O₃-films

• Jörg Haeberle,
• Karsten Henkel,
• Hassan Gargouri,
• Franziska Naumann,
• Bernd Gruska,
• Michael Arens,
• Massimo Tallarida and
• Dieter Schmeißer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 732–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.83

• vapour deposition (CVD) like reactions due to remaining TMA precursor within the reactor caused by not optimal purge times as well as a radial non-uniformity of the plasma species are believed to be responsible for the thickness non-uniformity in the PE-ALD process [1]. Growth rate and refractive index

• incorporation of aluminum atoms into the layers due to a higher surface density of hydroxyl groups as the dominant adsorption sites for TMA [18]. At higher temperatures thermally activated dehydroxylation reactions occur and the GPC decreases [1]. In addition the CVD parasitic reactions mentioned above may lead

A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source

• Alexander N. Obraztsov,
• Victor I. Kleshch and
• Elena A. Smolnikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 493–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.58

• (CVD) [13][14]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates that this type of film material consists of tiny graphite flakes (see Figure 3). Transparency of these flakes for secondary electrons in the SEM observations indicates that their thickness is just a few nanometers (see Figure 3B). High

• lamps were manufactured by using cold nano-graphite cathodes. NGF films produced by plasma enhanced CVD consist of a mesoporous graphite flaky material. Each flake is a well ordered graphite crystallite of nanometer thickness, composed of graphene atomic layers, oriented predominantly in the direction

• obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from a hydrogen/methane gas mixture activated by a direct current discharge. The details of the used home-made CVD system and the corresponding process are described in [13][14]. For the cathode production pieces of Ni wire with 1 mm diameter were placed in a CVD

Ferromagnetic behaviour of Fe-doped ZnO nanograined films

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Thomas Tietze,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 361–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.42

• between one finds the third group of the data, namely obtained for the samples produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), solution combustion or wet chemistry methods. They have intermediate properties and can be either paramagnetic or FM [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. We used different

• ][52][54][55][58][64] or nanopowders [24][29][32][41][42][46][53][56][59][65][66], or for films obtained by sol–gel method, pyrolysis, CVD or PLD [22][23][25][27][28][45]. If the samples mentioned in the analysed papers were not poreless, such as in the partly sintered powders (open and filled diamonds

Grating-assisted coupling to nanophotonic circuits in microcrystalline diamond thin films

• Patrik Rath,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Christoph Nebel,
• Christoph Wild and
• Wolfram H.P. Pernice

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 300–305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.33

• Materials, Tullastr. 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.4.33 Abstract Synthetic diamond films can be prepared on a waferscale by using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on suitable substrates such as silicon or silicon dioxide. While such films find a wealth of applications in thermal management, in

• X-ray and terahertz window design, and in gyrotron tubes and microwave transmission lines, their use for nanoscale optical components remains largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that CVD diamond provides a high-quality template for realizing nanophotonic integrated optical circuits. Using

• suffer from free-carrier-based absorption effects or instabilities. While waveguiding at visible wavelengths is of importance for applications in biological sensing and spectroscopy, materials that also provide transparency in the long-wavelength range are equally sought after. In this respect CVD

Micro- and nanoscale electrical characterization of large-area graphene transferred to functional substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Patrick Fiorenza,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Guido G. Condorelli,
• Nicolò Piluso,
• Noemi Spartà,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Corrado Accardi,
• Cristina Tringali,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.24

• Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole, 50, 95121, Catania, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.4.24 Abstract Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on catalytic

• properties of the graphene membrane. In this paper, we investigated the morphological and electrical properties of CVD graphene transferred onto SiO2 and on a polymeric substrate (poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate), briefly PEN), suitable for microelectronics and flexible electronics applications

• chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on catalytic metals [9], are more suitable for large-area applications, as has been demonstrated in the past few years. Considering the case of CVD, the two main catalytic metals used for graphene growth are nickel and copper [16]. In the case of CVD growth on copper foils

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• aligned CNTs from acetylene chemical vapor deposition (CVD) catalyzed by iron nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous silica. In that work, the growth direction of not very straight, entangled-CNTs was related to the direction of the pores in the silica substrate, being perpendicular to the substrate surface

• if the pores were vertical. Later, in 1998, the synthesis of very straight, aligned multiwalled CNTs on nickel-coated glass at temperatures as low as 666 °C was obtained by Ren et al. [24] using plasma-enhanced hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (PE-HF-CVD). Reported in 1999 by Fan et al. [25], a

• key achievement was the engineering of vertically oriented CNT-arrays by using CVD of ethylene, size-controlled Fe catalytic particles, and nanotube positioning by substrate patterning. The mechanism of the alignment of the CNTs was proposed to be due to the van der Waals forces where the outer wall

Low-dose patterning of platinum nanoclusters on carbon nanotubes by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition as studied by TEM

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Sara Bals and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 77–86, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.9

• studies of functionalized CNTs. Experimental CNTs supported on a TEM grid are used as the deposition target. The samples are prepared by using commercially available multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) produced by arc discharge or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CNTs powder is sonically dispersed

Diamond nanophotonics

• Katja Beha,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Marco Wolfer,
• Merle C. Becker,
• Petr Siyushev,
• Mohammad Jamali,
• Anton Batalov,
• Christopher Hinz,
• Jakob Hees,
• Lutz Kirste,
• Harald Obloh,
• Etienne Gheeraert,
• Boris Naydenov,
• Ingmar Jakobi,
• Florian Dolde,
• Sébastien Pezzagna,
• Daniel Twittchen,
• Matthew Markham,
• Daniel Dregely,
• Harald Giessen,
• Jan Meijer,
• Fedor Jelezko,
• Christoph E. Nebel,
• Rudolf Bratschitsch,
• Alfred Leitenstorfer and
• Jörg Wrachtrup

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 895–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.100

• incorporate color centers based on nickel and tungsten, in situ into diamond using microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The fabrication of silicon–vacancy centers in nanodiamonds by microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is discussed in addition. Keywords: CVD diamond doping

• , color centers in diamond need to be created in a well-defined way, and new color centers with desired emission and spin properties for quantum optics need to be identified. Both ion implantations as well as doping of diamond during CVD growth are of importance here. Furthermore, future applications rely

• ). In the future, this process optimization may be used to reduce the background photoluminescence of the cavity. 5 Fabrication of Ni-, W- and Si-based color centers in CVD diamond 5.1 Motivation Diamond is an excellent host for fluorescent defects. Due to the large band-gap energy of 5.46 eV, it is

Highly ordered ultralong magnetic nanowires wrapped in stacked graphene layers

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Jean-Luc Duvail,
• Eric Gautron,
• Wei Xu,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Agnès Granier and
• Pierre-Yves Tessier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 846–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.95

• ) wrapping the nanowires could be considered as an outstanding shield protecting the metal cores against oxidation. Core–shell nanowires consisting of metal cores and graphene stacking shells, also known as metal-filled carbon nanotubes, are in general produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [20][21][22

• ][23]. Such a technique allows accurate controlling over the characteristics (i.e., density, length, tube diameter, etc.) of the vertically grown metal-filled nanotubes. Despite this accurate growth control, CVD does not allow the growth of metal-filled nanotubes with a length up to the macroscale

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• comparison between the performances of SWCNT networks from chemical vapor deposition (CVD), HiPCO, laser ablation, and arc discharge sources; although, again involving liquid suspensions [15]. While these initial studies have been steps in the right direction, the damage induced by sample preparation and the

• ]. However, due to their sample fabrication method it is likely that residual doping and surfactants were present in the samples, impacting on the results of their measurements. By comparison, aerosol CVD synthesis offers a unique platform to study the impact of bundle characteristics on the performance of

• conductivity and absorption. We utilize a hot-wire-generator (HWG) [20] aerosol CVD reactor to fabricate films of SWCNTs with a wide range of bundle diameters and lengths using the dry deposition technique [6][16]. Also, a set of data from films previously fabricated in a similar manner by utilizing a