A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• diluted in a 1:2 ratio with 0.1 M NaOH buffer solution. The resulting solution was maintained at pH 12.7. The amperometric response method was used for the analysis with U = −0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl. Results and Discussion CuO structure The morphology of CuO is shown in Figure 1. The SEM image (Figure 1a,b

• (reduction of the current peak in the CV curves). An increase in the duration of hydrothermal synthesis to 6 h also leads to a change in the morphology of the nanostructures. The SEM picture shows that the nanoleaves grow together, forming dense spherical formations that are difficult for the solution to

• ., Co2O3, TiO2, NiO, and Fe2O3). SEM images of copper oxide samples. (a, b) General view and morphology of a CuO film obtained by thermal oxidation on a copper wire; (c, d) general view of a copper wire with CuO layer obtained by chemical hydrothermal oxidation; (e) 3D flower-like nanostructured formations

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• been used for the classification of gas sensor data using a 10-fold cross-validation to reach the highest classification rate. Results and Discussion The sensors layers were investigated by scanning electron microcopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, current–voltage and temperature analysis, and gas sensing

• flakes and WO3 nanowires homogeneously distributed in the layers. Pristine PANI was examined by SEM (Figure 1h) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman spectrometer Renishaw inVia Qontor) at room temperature with 633 nm excitation wavelength (Figure 2). The spectrum of pristine PANI is typical of the emeraldine

• will be used to predict the probabilistic prediction: SEM micrographs of deposited layers on an interdigital transducer structure: (a) PANI/ZnO, (b) PANI/WO3 (nanopowder), (c) PANI/WO3 (nanowire), (d) PANI/In2O3, (e) PANI/C60, (f) PANI/NCD, (g) PANI/BaTiO3, and (h) pristine PANI. The Raman spectra of

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• cut from the desert locust. Indents were performed on the transverse section of the specimen. (b) Tibial specimens were glued on the sample holder and surrounded by wet cotton. The wet cotton was covered by a layer of parafilm to minimize desiccation. (c) SEM image of an indent measured for a dry

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

Selected properties of Al_xZn_yO thin films prepared by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering using a two-element Zn/Al target

• Witold Posadowski,
• Artur Wiatrowski,
• Jarosław Domaradzki and
• Michał Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 344–354, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.29

• the distance from the target axis is shown in Figure 9b. SEM images of the surface morphology at different distances from the target axis are shown in Figure 10. All films were densely packed, homogeneous, and crack-free. For X ≤ 30 mm, the surface is featureless and no grains are visible. Thin films

• target axis. The line is to guide the eye. Results of the structural investigation: (a) XRD patterns and (b) crystallite sizes as functions of the distance X from the Zn/Al target axis. The lines in (b) are to guide the eye. SEM images of the surface of thin films deposited on the front substrate surface

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• -ray diffraction were measured on a Rigaku Ultima IV with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) to check the crystallinity of the synthesized ZIF-8 thin films. The morphology of the supports, the free-standing thin films, and the supported membranes was observed by FE-SEM (NovaTM NanoSEM 230). The elemental

• mappings of the films were obtained by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) connected with FE-SEM (NovaTM NanoSEM 230). Single gas permeation The synthesized ZIF-8 membrane was sealed in a stainless permeation module with two silicone O-rings on each side of the disc. Before individual permeation

• and SEM images of the α-Al2O3 disks are given in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. Prior to heterogeneous nucleation of ZIF-8 crystals on the porous α-Al2O3 disks, free-standing ZIF-8 thin films were fabricated to verify the feasibility of continuous ZIF-8 crystal growth via an interfacial

The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

• Yiru Wang,
• Xin Zhao,
• Yang Liu and
• Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

• concentration, and temperature during the electrodeposition of copper. The samples were characterized using XRD and SEM. The output performance of the TENG is closely related to the size, charge density distribution, and shape of the metal nanoparticles. Keywords: charge density; green energy; metal

• agglomerate. Results and Discussion The XRD data (Figure 4) were processed using the JADE software to calculate the average particle sizes. SEM micrographs were screened according to the surface morphology size of the nanoparticles and colored according to the nanoscale topography size (Figure 5 and Figure 6

• from the JADE software as mentioned above. It can be seen from the colored SEM images that when the particle size distribution is narrow, the average particle size has no obvious effect on the output efficiency, and the contact area between large particles and small particles and the PTFE polymer is

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• function for the scattering intensity to deduce a size distribution spectrum based on signal intensity (or a calculated size distribution based on volume or number of particles). While SEM analysis can provide key insights into the “as manufactured” state, DLS provides insights into the in situ state of

• the particles. Here, SPNP images (SEM) and property results (size and geometric factors) are presented in Figure 1b and Supporting Information File 1, Table S1. A dry-state size trend of TF > HSA > MUC ≈ HEM > INS can be observed when considering mean, median, and interquartile range (IQR) values

• (>0.8), and uniform (SEM PDISEM < 0.2). To provide both quantitative and semi-quantitative comparisons of each blended particle with each of the monospecies particles, we undertook a comprehensive 2D multi-property analysis, which is presented in Tables S2–S5 and Figures S2–S5 of Supporting Information

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• treatment of cutaneous melanoma has remained unknown. In this study, we synthesized Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticle clusters, examined their morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tested their capacity of light-to-heat conversion. Then, we evaluated the effectiveness of the as-synthesized

• micelles and the formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters, which were then coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to improve stability, biocompatibility and chemical features of the nanoparticles. Further SEM measurements revealed the as-formed Fe3O4 NPCs to be spherical and uniformly sized with an average

• dimension of 329.2 nm (Figure 1b). Moreover, SEM imaging at higher magnification showed that the clusters were composed of many regularly organized small nanoparticles, preventing the loss of superparamagnetism due to increased particle size. These NPCs possess high magnetization with a saturation value of

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• average nanofiber diameters calculated in ImageJ using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of nanofibers, are given in Table 1 and Table 2. Stable jet and continuous nanofiber formation was observed in all PLA nanofibers containing different amounts of drug and in PLA/PLGA nanofibers with different

• a scanning electron microscope (QUANTA 400F Field Emission SEM, Holland). The average diameters of the resulting nanofibers were calculated by the measurement of 100 single nanofibers from SEM images using the ImageJ analysis software (National Institutes of Health, USA). Mechanical properties The

• 20.0). The data were considered significant at p < 0.05. SEM images of nanofibers produced by changing the ampicillin trihydrate concentration (F1: 4%, F2: 8%, and F3: 12%) (A: 10.000×, B: 20.000×, C: 50.000×). SEM images of nanofibers produced by different ratios of PLA/PLGA [F2: PLA (100:0); F4: PLA

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the images are shown in Figure 1b,c. Corrosion pits with a lateral extension of tens of micrometers were observed on the surface polarized in NaCl solution, indicating that the chloride-containing solution initiates localized pitting. The inset in Figure 1b shows the

• scans, each 64 scan lines, were performed in each scan field at a constant applied load and repeated on different surface areas with different loads, while the friction force was recorded. No wear of the AFM tip was observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after selected friction

• ) Potentiodynamic polarization curves of Zr63Ni22Ti15 metallic glass in 0.2 M NaCl solution and 0.2 M phosphate buffer recorded in an electrochemical AFM cell. SEM images of the corroded surface after potentiodynamic polarization test in (b) NaCl solution and (c) phosphate buffer. Friction force as a function of

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• electrically characterized before use to rule out material artifacts. Only nanogaps with a resistance above 10 TΩ were employed for further experiments. Representative SEM images of empty nanogaps, Ru(TP)2-complex wire devices and Ru(MPTP)2–AuNP devices are given in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3

• , and Au 4f were recorded. Data analysis was conducted using CasaXPS (Casa Software, Ltd.) after subtraction of a Shirley background. The binding energies (BE) were calibrated to give the signal for metallic gold Au 4f7/2 at 84.0 eV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed with a Hitachi SU8000

• Figure 1.a Supporting Information The Supporting Information includes the schemes of the chemical compounds used, SEM images of nanogaps and nanoparticles, XPS analysis performed during Ru(TP)2-complex wire growth, activation energies of Ru(MPTP)2–AuNP devices, a scheme for sequential tunneling in Ru

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• nanotubes , nanobelts, mesostructured, nanoflowers, including many more as displayed in the SEM image of Figure 1 [3]. Moreover, TiO2 has recently been approved for use in food and drug products by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [4]. The first clinical application of nanoscale TiO2 was

• titanium (cpTi). Thereafter, human osteoblast-like cell lines (hFOB) were cultured over annealed Ti, PCL, and PCL/TiO2 (2, 5, and 7 wt % TiO2) scaffolds. SEM images of the cell morphologies are shown in Figure 2. The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles enhances the wettability and surface area, thus favoring

• translation and commercialization. Therefore, interdisciplinary research should be performed carefully to establish TiO2 as the next generation of nanotherapeutics. SEM images of titania structures. (A) Nanotubes. (Figure 1A was adapted with permission from [5], Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society. This

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine morphology and crystalline structure, respectively. Sensor development, its embedding, and testing The prepared PVDF nanofibrous mesh was folded into a square shape (4 cm2) with 2 mm thickness for sensor

• lockstitch machine. The sensor was worn on the knee and the bending angle of the knee was changed from 0° to 45°, 90°, and 120° to check the piezoelectric output with a digital oscilloscope. Results and Discussion SEM analysis SEM was used to study the diameter and morphology of PVDF nanofibers developed

• , the polymeric material PVDF was used for the development of a piezoelectric nanofibrous sensor. SEM and XRD analyses were performed to determine morphology and crystalline phases of the developed nanofibers, respectively. The SEM analysis of nanofibers confirmed smooth, defect-free, and uniform fibers

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• allowing for a clear distinction between EDX peaks from the Mo, C and O elements from the original precursor. Deposition was carried out with an electron dose of 8.33 × 1013 applied on a scanning area of 1 μm2, which resulted in a 230 nm thick pad. EDX measurements were carried out with a ZEISS SEM system

• with an integrated Oxford EDX detector. The elemental composition of Mo(CO)6 FEBID deposits obtained by EDX measurement is shown in Table 3. Figure 4 shows the corresponding EDX spectrum along with the SEM image of the deposit. Traces of the EDX signal are discernable from the Au and Si components of

• Mo(CO)6 recorded at 70 eV incident electron energy with the sequential carbonyl loss (one to six CO groups) and second ionizations marked with vertical lines. Left: EDX spectrum. Right: SEM image of FEBID pad (1 μm2) Mo(CO)6. Experimentally determined peak positions for fragments observed in

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• particles are consistent with the SEM results, and the effective refractive indices are slightly overestimated in comparison with the theoretically calculated values (without PDMS: 1.477, with PDMS: 1.568) [39][40]. This may be due to the presence of surfactants in the interparticle space, defects of the

• , Belgium/US). Instruments The average hydrodynamic radius of the PS particles has been determined by using the DLS method on a “Zetasizer Nano ZS” (Malvern Panalytical Ltd, UK) device. Microstructures of sensor matrices have been tested by using the SEM method on an “NVision 40” (Carl Zeiss, Inc., Germany

• converter. The SEM images have been obtained at the Centre of Shared Equipment of IGIC RAS. Sensors A composite sensor based on 3D PhC, which has a sandwich design, has been used for the experiments. The opal structure is formed on a glass or polymer (polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate) substrate

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• CCD method produces nearly uniform, peanut-shaped particles. The size distribution determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 759 ± 25 nm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images confirmed this size range (Figure 1C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of particles produced with

• added to dissolve the MnCO3 template (dissolution) and the resulting protein particles were treated with NaBH4 in 0.1 M of NaOH. Lastly, the particles were washed three times with 0.9% NaCl and resuspended in Ringer's acetate until further use. Characterization of hemoglobin microparticles For the SEM

• incubated for one day at 37 °C. Possibly growing colonies were counted. Microscopic images of HbMP. (A, D) SEM images of dried and adherent particles after precipitation with carbonate template. (B, E) SEM images of dried and adherent final HbMP after precipitation, cross-linking, dissolution, and washing

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• ] synthesized SnO2 microspheres on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate and the SEM images (Figure 6) show SnO2 microspheres with an average diameter of 2.0–2.5 μm. By using SnO2 microsphere photocatalysts for the photocatalytic oxidation of NO, Le et al. [67] indicated that 3D hierarchical flower-like

• , Z. “Adsorption and oxidation of NO on various SnO2(110) surfaces: A density functional theory study”, pages 717–722, Copyright (2015), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. SEM images of SnO2 microspheres synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 24 h

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• electron microscopy (SEM) setup (TESCAN Vega 3 InduSEM) equipped with an electron dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, Bruker XFlash Detector 5010) for detecting the elemental composition. A standard automatic instrumental background was applied for the estimation of elemental composition. Individual

• (SAED) patterns were evaluated using the ProcessDiffraction software package. The samples were prepared on holey carbon-coated Au/Mo grids by brushing the grids against the substrate containing the deposit. Electrical measurements of the NWs were carried out in the SEM apparatus (Tescan Lyra 3) equipped

• measurement unit with the bias applied to the tip, while the substrate was grounded. (a) SEM image of a Cr/Ge deposit with nanowires (b) growing in a tapering manner. Linear EDX analysis along a single nanowire. (a, c) Dark-field HRTEM images, (b) SAED of a nanowire piece, and (d) HRTEM image of a NW top

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• investigated by SEM and TEM, while the composition of oxides film was analyzed by XPS. Luminescence properties were studied on the basis of excitation and emission spectra. The experiments show that the additional dielectric layer enhances the luminescence intensity. Such structures could be potential

• CrossBeam 540 scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated at 2 kV was used. For microstructure analysis of the plasmonic structures, a TALOS F200X high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) was used. The chemical composition of the luminescent layers was investigated by X-ray photoelectron

• examined by SEM and TEM. The SEM image presented in Figure 2a shows a good uniformity of the prepared Au nanostructures. Nanoislands cover the whole substrate surface. Additionally, the HRTEM image of a cross section of a single nanoisland is shown in Figure 2b [25][26]. It can be seen, that the

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• applied for 1 h. The black point represents the value of d33 when the DC magnetic poling was performed at room temperature. Value of d33 of the nanocomposites with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4 as a function of the application time of the DC magnetic field. FE SEM images of (a) CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and (b) PVDF-TrFe

• /CoFe2O4 with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4. FESEM images of PVDF-TrFe/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4 magnetically poled at 111 mT for 1 h at 65 °C. (a) SEM image and (b–d) EDX maps of (b) oxygen, (c) cobalt, and (d) iron of the PVDF-TrFe/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4 magnetically poled

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• surface morphology of a pure PVdF-HFP film, {(PVdF-HFP)-[BDiMIM][Cl]} (4:6), and ({(PVdF-HFP)-[BDiMIM][Cl]} (4:6)) (20 wt %) + [PC-Mg(ClO4)2 (0.3 M)] (80 wt %), where PC is the plasticizer propylene carbonate, was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and is depicted in Figure 1a–c

• ), and θ is the Bragg angle (in degrees). The calculated results are tabulated in Table 1. As it can be seen from the results obtained from SEM and XRD, the addition of a liquid electrolyte in the host polymer significantly decreases the crystallinity of the latter, which is expected to result in an

• amorphization of the system. The SEM images reveal the porous texture of the films, which have good liquid retention capability and support the electrical conductivity through their polymeric matrices. The electrochemical stability window of the prepared films was found to be 4.0 V. The ionic transference

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• numbers [50]. One of the most popular methods employed for determining fractal dimensions is the box-counting method. In this, N square grids each of edge length ℓ are placed over an actual optical image or scanning electron micrograph (SEM) with the help of image analysis software. The fractal dimension

•  5a,b shows SEM images of samples calcined at 550 °C, corresponding to pure SnO2 and Pt-SnO2, respectively. The box-counting method estimated D = 2.43 for pure SnO2 and 2.49 for SnO2 decorated with 1 wt % Pt, respectively. Figure 5c shows the H2 sensing response curve of 1 atom % Pt-SnO2. In

• show low- and high-magnification SEM images of SnO2 DNWs, respectively. The sensitivity of SnO2 DNWs at different temperatures and concentrations of NO2 gas is shown in Figure 6c. The sensors exhibited the best performance at 200 °C, at which it was found that the resident oxygen on the sensor surface

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In addition, the fibres were analysed in terms of their

• -rolling at 120 °C directly onto the mat without an additional current collector. Physical characterisation SEM images were recorded using a Quanta FEG 650 (FEI Europe) with an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. The samples were attached to the sample holder using double-sided graphite tape. Conductivity was

• across the entire fibre surfaces. In the sample carbonised at 1100 °C cobalt seems to have agglomerated forming larger particles (Figure 2g). These particles, which are visible in the SEM images as bright spots (cf. Figure 1d–f), are mainly composed of cobalt or contain at least significant amounts of