Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• on a substrate made of quartz [126]. Phase analysis methods In these methods, the crystal structure or the minerals in the material are identified. For example, the type and percentage of oxides contained in a sample can be identified and measured. The most famous phase analysis method is X-ray

• diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. XRD is used to determine most of the properties of a crystal structure such as lattice constants, lattice geometry, recognition of unknown materials, crystalline phases, size of the crystal, single crystal orientation, stress and lattice defects [127][128][129]. This method is

Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot–graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation

• Lan Ching Sim,
• Jing Lin Wong,
• Chen Hong Hak,
• Jun Yan Tai,
• Kah Hon Leong and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 353–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.35

• revealed new signals for carbonyl and carboxyl groups originating from the CDs in CD/g-C3N4 composites while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed distortion of the host matrix after incorporating CDs into g-C3N4. Both analyses signified the interaction between g-C3N4 and CDs. The photoluminescence (PL

• degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as a model pollutant under natural sunlight irradiation. Herein, the structural and optical properties of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence

• lattice fringes of the CDs were found to be about 0.24 nm (Figure 1f), which correlated with the (100) in-plane lattice spacing of graphene [45]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Figure 2a shows the XRD patterns of all CD/g-C3N4 composites. A major diffraction

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• using an electrospinning technique followed by calcination, using sol–gel precursors and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a processing aid. The resulting samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET

• electrochemical performance than a pristine sulfur cathode. Results and Discussion Characterization of MoO2–CNFs X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as-prepared composite fibers calcined at various temperatures are presented in Figure 1a. Well-defined features appeared for the samples heated at 550 °C due to

• Supporting Information File 1. Materials characterization The crystalline phases of the samples were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/Mmax 2500PC) using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The average grain size (D) of the MoO2 nanoparticles was calculated using the Scherrer equation (D = 0.89λ

Dielectric properties of a bisimidazolium salt with dodecyl sulfate anion doped with carbon nanotubes

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Viorel Cîrcu and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 164–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.19

• characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. Its liquid crystalline properties were analyzed by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The dielectric spectra of the ILC doped with different concentrations of carbon

Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria

• Jiajun Wang,
• Xia Liu,
• Gesmi Milcovich,
• Tzu-Yu Chen,
• Edel Durack,
• Sarah Mallen,
• Yongming Ruan,
• Xuexiang Weng and
• Sarah P. Hudson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 137–145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.16

• consistent with the (102), (100) and (002) diffraction planes, respectively, of sp2 graphitic carbon [28][29]. The corresponding particle size distribution histograms (Figure 1D–F) show the average diameter of the Sa, Sb and Se materials is 4.7 ± 1.0 nm, 2.2 ± 0.5 nm and 7.8 ± 1.8 nm, respectively. X-ray

• diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the crystallinity of Sa, Sb and Se. As shown in Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1, sample Sa and Se display a broad diffraction peak centered at around 22.7°, which is similar to the (002) lattice spacing for graphitic (sp2) carbon [30][31][32][33]. However

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• pure Fe2O3 or ZrO2. Mixtures with cycle ratios not shown in the image exhibited growth rates very similar to the shown mixtures. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for ZrO2/Fe2O3 films deposited on TiN with ZrO2/Fe2O3 cycle ratios and thickness indicated in the labels. The Miller

• indices are attributed to corresponding monoclinic (M) and tetragonal (T) phases of pure Fe2O3 and ZrO2, respectively. The cation ratio of Zr/Fe in the films deposited on TiN with cycle ratios of 5:5, 10:10, 10:5 and 10:3 were 0.15, 1.7, 2.0 and 10, respectively. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (XRD

Growth model and structure evolution of Ag layers deposited on Ge films

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Jakub Kierdaszuk and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 66–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.9

• ) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements proved that segregation of germanium into the surface of the silver film is a result of the gradient growth of silver crystals. The free energy of Ge atoms is reduced by their migration from boundaries of larger grains at the Ag/SiO2 interface to boundaries of

• very large grains (see Figure 2c), which taken into account the increase of the surface roughness of that sample to over 4 nm, which is similar to the value extracted from the XRR model. More information about XRR modeling can be found in [32] and references therein. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction

• (XRD) measurements were performed in transmission mode using a Bruker Discover D8 GADDS system. The system works with Cu Kα X-ray source. The X-ray patterns are recorded with 2D Vantec 2000 detector. For precise diffraction angle measurements, also a Bruker Discover D8 system was used, but the

Gas-sensing behaviour of ZnO/diamond nanostructures

• Marina Davydova,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Jiri Smarhak,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Neda Neykova,
• Josef Nahlik,
• Jiri Kroutil,
• Jan Drahokoupil and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 22–29, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.4

• responses (∆R/R0) towards 5%, 10% and 20% O2 are about 2.5, 5 and 10, respectively for the hybrid ZnO NRs/NCD sensor. This is a much smaller response than for NO2 (Figure 2f). Similar results were observed in [32]. Figure 3a and Figure 3b show the Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of diamond

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• microscope (FE-SEM, JSM-6700F), a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM 100-CXII) with an accelerating voltage of 80 kV, and a high-resolution TEM (HRTEM, GEOL-2010) with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. Also, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected on an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku D

CdSe nanorod/TiO₂ nanoparticle heterojunctions with enhanced solar- and visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Fakher Laatar,
• Hatem Moussa,
• Halima Alem,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Hatem Ezzaouia and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2741–2752, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.273

• ) fitted with a GIF Quatum ER. For each sample, one drop of a dispersed solution was deposited on holey carbon grids and imaged. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were prepared using a JEOL SEM JSM-6490 LV. The crystalline phase of the powders was determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) on an

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• ) instrument. The total surface area was calculated using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation on the basis of adsorption data in the partial pressure (P/P0) range of 10−5–1.0. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a SHIMADZU XRD-700 powder diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation. Scanning

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• : The morphologies were observed using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JEOL JSM-7600F). Crystallinity was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns (Shimadzu 6000 X-ray diffractometer) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm), using a 2θ scan mode with a fixed incidence angle at 5

PTFE-based microreactor system for the continuous synthesis of full-visible-spectrum emitting cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

• Chengxi Zhang,
• Weiling Luan,
• Yuhang Yin and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2521–2529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.252

• . The difference in the surface morphology is likely due to the orientation dependence of the specific surface energy on the fraction of halogen elements, since the growth orientation of a crystal is controlled by the minimization of total surface energy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize

• rhodamine 6G (QY = 95% in ethanol [40]). HRTEM images were taken on a TEM (JEM-2100F, Jeol, USA) operated at 200 kV, and the sample was prepared by dipping an amorphous carbon–copper grid in a dilute n-hexane dispersed QD solution. The sample was then left to evaporate at room temperature. X-ray diffraction

• (XRD) measurements were performed on a Rigaku D/max2550 (Rigaku, USA) device operating with Cu Kα (λ = 0.154056 nm), and the QDs were spin-coated on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. (a) Color luminescence under ultraviolet light and (b) photoluminescence of CsPbX3 quantum dot solutions. High-resolution

Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry

• Rumen G. Nikov,
• Anna Og. Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,
• Georgi V. Avdeev and
• Petar A. Atanasov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2438–2445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.242

• measurements, a drop of distilled water was placed on the sample and material from within the drop was removed by scratching. The drop with the removed material was collected by a pipette and transferred onto a TEM grid. The crystalline structure of the samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• dispersed transition-metal oxide cluster species. Information about crystallinity and phases of the samples were obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Figure 6a displays the XRD patterns of the as-synthesized CeO2–MOx nanospheres. All diffraction peaks can be assigned to the fluorite-like cubic

• denoted CeO2–M′Ox–1, CeO2–M′Ox–2 and CeO2–M′Ox–3, respectively. Characterization Crystallographic phases and purity were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a Bruker D8-Advance powder X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm). The morphologies and structures were examined by

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO quantum dot/KNb₃O₈ nanosheet photocatalysts for reducing carbon dioxide to methanol

• Xiao Shao,
• Weiyue Xin and
• Xiaohong Yin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2264–2270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.226

• . The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis). The photocatalytic activity of the

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• ) substrates, with the same nominal Mg doping level. A thorough investigation of the morphological, structural, electrical and optical properties of the nanowires is presented. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements suggest a polytypic structure. Electrical measurements performed on individual nanowire back

In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB₂/(TiB₂–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

• Jilin Wang,
• Hejie Liao,
• Yuchun Ji,
• Fei Long,
• Yunle Gu,
• Zhengguang Zou,
• Weimin Wang and
• Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

• -temperature synthesis (RC-SHS) method was developed for the in situ controlled synthesis of novel, high activity TiB2/(TiB2–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites using TiO2, Mg, B2O3, KBH4 and NH4NO3 as raw materials. The as-synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD

• attributed to the surface hydrolysis and oxidation of the hierarchical structures. Figure 1d displays the typical X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the as-prepared TiB2/(TiB2–TiN) samples where the endothermic rate is 40%. Nine peaks could be assigned to characteristic planes of TiB2 (JCPDF card No.65-1073

• characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu Kα radiation. The morphology and microstructure of the samples were investigated using a Hitachi S4800 field emission scanning electron microscope (FSEM), a Philips CM12 transmission electron microscope (TEM), a JEOL JEM-2100F high-resolution

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• -methylethylenediamine (95%, Sigma-Aldrich) instead of 1,2-diaminopropane. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed on a Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer operating at 40 kV and 40 mA using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm) with a copper target and a nickel filter. The surface morphology and microstructure of the

Growth and characterization of textured well-faceted ZnO on planar Si(100), planar Si(111), and textured Si(100) substrates for solar cell applications

• Chin-Yi Tsai,
• Jyong-Di Lai,
• Shih-Wei Feng,
• Chien-Jung Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen,
• Fann-Wei Yang,
• Hsiang-Chen Wang and
• Li-Wei Tu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1939–1945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.194

• (LPCVD) were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cathode luminescence (CL) measurements. The results show that ZnO grown on planar Si(100), planar Si(111), and textured Si(100) substrates favor the growth of ZnO(110) ridge-like, ZnO

• by LPCVD. These three samples are characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cathode luminescence (CL) measurements. The grain structure, average grain size, and associated strains are shown to agree well with the

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• composite cathodes was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structural and phase investigation of the freestanding cathodes was tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization of graphene/MnO2 cathodes A CR2016 coin cell was used to

• -ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of freestanding cathodes were investigated by scanning electron microcopy (SEM). The charge–discharge profile of the cathodes was tested between 1.5 V and 4.5 V at a constant current of 0.1 mA cm−2 using CR2016

• microwave hydrothermal synthesis, and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared by oxidation of graphite using a modified Hummers’ method. Freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes were manufactured through a vacuum filtration process. The structure of the graphene/MnO2 nanocomposites was characterized using X

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• observations were performed on a Hitachi S-4800 field emission scanning electron microscope. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using an X-ray diffractometer (Model D8 Advance, Bruker AXS) with Cu Kα radiation. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments were performed at the boiling

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• ) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectra and magnetic resonance (MR) T1 relaxation measurements were used to characterize the size, crystal structure, optical and magnetic properties of the core and core–shell nanoparticles. Moreover

• ). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has been carried out by employing a Rigaku MiniFlex II diffractometer working in the Bragg–Brentano (θ/2θ) geometry. The data were collected within a 2θ angle from 10° to 65° at a step of 0.01° and scanning speed of 10 °/min using the Ni-filtered Cu Kα line. The

Synthesis and catalytic application of magnetic Co–Cu nanowires

• Lijuan Sun,
• Xiaoyu Li,
• Zhiqiang Xu,
• Kenan Xie and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1769–1773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.178

• volume of hydrogen was monitored by a eudiometer. The morphology and crystal structure of the products were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S4800), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI Tecnai G20 S-TWIN) and X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/max 2200pc, Cu Kα, step size 4

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• provides the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of the synthesized nanochains. The XRD pattern shows peaks at 2θ = 38.34°, 46.36°, 65.24° and 77.11°, which correspond, respectively, to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) crystallographic planes of the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of gold. The selected area