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Search for "contact" in Full Text gives 1187 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

  • Irena Mihailova,
  • Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
  • Marina Krasovska,
  • Eriks Sledevskis,
  • Valdis Mizers,
  • Andrejs Bulanovs and
  • Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

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  • mm length to provide electrical contact with the equipment. The measurements were carried out using an electrochemical station (Zanher, Germany), supplemented by a custom-made electrochemical cell (for more details about its structure, see our publication [71]). During the measurement, a three
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Published 03 May 2022

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

  • Teng Cai,
  • Yuming Fang,
  • Yingli Fang,
  • Ruozhou Li,
  • Ying Yu and
  • Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

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  • plate are balanced. As the voltage continues to increase, the upper plate moves rapidly downward and the two plates eventually contact, known as pull-in. The critical voltage [11] that leads to the pull-in phenomenon is: where k is the elastic modulus of the flexible material, g is the initial distance
  • contact electrodes [25][26], or intermediate layer [27], and can greatly improve the life cycles of switches. However, CNTs prepared by CVD are randomly oriented, and positioning CNTs at the desired location is a challenge that hinders scalable manufacturing. Ward et al. [28] and Cha et al. [21] used spin
  • tear of the switches, especially for CNT [16] and GR [29] switches. Permanent adhesion caused by the dielectric charging [52][53] and chemical bonding [24] are the focus of the research on improving the life cycles. At present, it is mainly solved by reducing the electrode contact area [14] or
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Published 12 Apr 2022

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

  • Zahra Nabizadeh,
  • Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
  • Hamed Daemi,
  • Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
  • Ali Akbar Shabani,
  • Mehdi Dadashpour,
  • Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
  • Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

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Published 11 Apr 2022

The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

  • Yiru Wang,
  • Xin Zhao,
  • Yang Liu and
  • Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

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  • surface. When the materials are separated, the positive and negative electrostatic charges on the materials will also be separated, resulting in a potential difference. The charge transfer strongly depends on the work functions of the two materials in contact, for example, metal–metal, semiconductor
  • –semiconductor and semiconductor–metal contact pairs [14][15]. A semiconductor–metal contact can be described by the band diagram shown in Figure 1. The frictional electrical properties of materials depend on their work functions and Fermi levels [16][17]. The intermediate state in the bandgap can reduce the
  • ], many attempts have been made to enhance the energy harvesting efficiency. There are four ways to enhance the efficiency of energy collection. These are (1) surface treatment of the contact materials, including increasing the surface roughness and physical surface modification to enhance the surface
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Published 15 Mar 2022

Plasma modes in capacitively coupled superconducting nanowires

  • Alex Latyshev,
  • Andrew G. Semenov and
  • Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 292–297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.24

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  • wires can be treated as independent only provided that they are located far from each other. If, on the contrary, the distance between the wires becomes sufficiently short they develop electromagnetic coupling even though there exists no direct electric contact between them. In this case each
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Published 04 Mar 2022

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

  • Haoran Ma and
  • Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

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  • linear increase of the friction force with the applied load is also observed for the outer layer after immersion in phosphate buffer (Figure 4b). We attribute the increase in friction for the outer layer to the contact area between the outer layer and tip, which grows in parallel to the increased contact
  • immersion time due to the development of defects in the surface film [40][41]. The increase in the friction coefficient of the outer layer indicates the growth of the outer layer with increasing immersion time. More material of possibly higher shear strength is in contact with the sliding tip, which
  • during deformation [48][49]. No plastic strain occurs in this work, given the much higher yield strength of Zr-based MGs (approx. 1.7 GPa [50]) than that of copper (69–365 MPa [51]). The maximum contact pressure in this work is ca. 0.49 GPa (JKR model), smaller than the yield strength of MGs. As a
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Published 18 Feb 2022

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

  • Max Mennicken,
  • Sophia Katharina Peter,
  • Corinna Kaulen,
  • Ulrich Simon and
  • Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

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  • overcome for hopping conductance. Furthermore, EA corresponding to ΔEH points to hole conduction through the energetically accessible HOMO of Ru(TP)2-complexes, as also discussed in [31][32]. In practical nanowire devices other contributions such as an additional contact resistance or an activation energy
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Published 15 Feb 2022

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

  • Padmavati Sahare,
  • Paulina Govea Alvarez,
  • Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
  • Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
  • Samik Chakraborty,
  • Sujay Paul and
  • Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

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  • contact angle, which is reported to be favorable for biomedical applications. Likewise, Gatoo et al. proposed that amorphous titania materials are hydrophilic due to the presence of a higher concentration of hydroxy groups upon their surface and the high polarity of the O–Ti–O bond [23]. The surface
  • (GNP2) presented good osseointegration [61]. In another recent study, TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) were grown on the surface of medical-grade titanium alloy and then coated with silver nps (Ag nps) to improve the antimicrobial properties of the implants. Moreover, to avoid direct contact of Ag nps with human
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Published 14 Feb 2022

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

  • Senuri Kumarage,
  • Imalka Munaweera and
  • Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

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  • layer had a significant effect on the hydrophilicity of the membrane by decreasing the water contact angle from 130° to 13°. A water flux of 5.5 m3/m2/day, has been achieved by the membrane with the lowest contact angle [67]. Zhang et al. demonstrated the electrospinning of a blend of PLA and poly(3
  • separating nanohybrid membrane with a SiO2 NP-integrated F-PBZ functional layer on the surface of an electrospun core–shell-structured membrane of CA/PI nanofibers. The membrane showed hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 160° and superlipophilicity with an extremely low oil contact angle of 0°. The
  • hydrophobic PVDF membrane to a hydrophilic membrane with a water contact angle of 22.72°. The nanohybrid membrane showed a dye removal efficiency of 88.9% and an adsorption capacity of 72.6 mg/g for IC [78]. Huong et al. developed a waste protein-immobilized cationic dye removal membrane from PAN. In this
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Published 31 Jan 2022

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

  • Robin Vacher and
  • Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

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  • used by Li and co-workers [32]. ε = 0.092 eV is the depth potential, and σ2 = 3 Å is the distance at which the potential is equal to zero. In our system, the tip and polymer are never in direct contact. They are always separated by graphene. We therefore do not need to model their interactions. However
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Published 14 Jan 2022

Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

  • Huang-Hsiang Lin,
  • Jonathan Heinze,
  • Alexander Croy,
  • Rafael Gutiérrez and
  • Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

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  • formation process between gears. Keywords: lubricants; MD simulation; rotational transmission; solid-state gears; Introduction In mechanical systems, lubrication is the most common way to reduce friction and wear [1][2][3][4]. The idea of lubricants is preventing direct contact between surfaces to avoid
  • problem are carried out with fixed rotational speed for both gears. In this case, the gears will never be in contact with each other and only lubricant properties are calculated accordingly by the dynamical meshing at each time step. Moreover, as the system dimension approaches the nanoscale, the
  • ]. To proceed further, one may ask if lubricants can provide the same functionality as in the macroscopic case and are able to improve the transmission efficiency. Consider the case where the lubricant film within the contact area consists only of a small number of molecules. In this case, the pressure
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Published 05 Jan 2022

Design aspects of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

  • Mikhail M. Krasnov,
  • Natalia D. Novikova,
  • Roger Cattaneo,
  • Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
  • Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

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  • in a direct contact with the sapphire substrate (no epoxy). This creates a good thermal sink and, as a result, Tmax falls to ≈23 K. Addition of an exchange gas does not play a major role in this case because the main heat sink channel is provided by the electrode [33][34] acting as a heat spreading
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Published 21 Dec 2021

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

  • Kerstin Neuhaus,
  • Christina Schmidt,
  • Liudmila Fischer,
  • Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
  • Ke Ran,
  • Joachim Mayer and
  • Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

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  • were performed in a single-pass experiment. For this kind of measurements, the surface potential and the sample topography are mapped in a single pass in intermittent contact mode with the cantilever vibrating at its resonance frequency (i.e., the cantilever is not in lift mode during this experiment
  • ceria materials led to a more positive surface potential in the direct vicinity of the contact area, while a negative voltage led to a more negative surface potential. The surface potential gradient was also shown to be reversible over time as long as the applied voltage was kept in a certain range. The
  • electrochemical studies. The surface potential at the direct contact point of the measuring tip can be determined from the KPFM measurement data at different times after the end of polarization. The results usually follow an exponential rule if plotting ΔΦSP versus time. By fitting of the expontential function
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Published 15 Dec 2021

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGex nanowires

  • Vladislav Dřínek,
  • Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
  • Roman Yatskiv,
  • Jan Grym,
  • Radek Fajgar,
  • Věra Jandová,
  • Martin Koštejn and
  • Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

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  • transfer single NWs onto contact lithographic pads (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S9) to measure their conductivity. The NWs, however, turned out to be fragile and were destroyed when an attempt was made to cut them from the tungsten tip using a focused ion beam (FIB). Therefore, a method to
  • directly contact an as-grown single NW was developed. This method allowed us to measure the conductivity between the molybdenum substrate and the point of contact of the tungsten tip with the NW. To limit the contact resistance between the tungsten tip and the NW, the tip was soldered to the NW with a
  • with the Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB), gas injection system (GIS), and nanomanipulator OmniProbe 400 (Oxford Instruments) with a tungsten tip. The nanomanipulator enabled a direct contact of single as-grown NWs. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics were measured using a Keithley 237 source
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Published 07 Dec 2021

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

  • Devin Kalafut,
  • Ryan Wagner,
  • Maria Jose Cadena,
  • Anil Bajaj and
  • Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

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  • Devin Kalafut Ryan Wagner Maria Jose Cadena Anil Bajaj Arvind Raman School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 10.3762/bjnano.12.96 Abstract Contact resonance atomic force microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, and electrochemical strain microscopy are
  • atomic force microscopy modes in which the cantilever is held in contact with the sample at a constant average force while monitoring the cantilever motion under the influence of a small, superimposed vibrational signal. Though these modes depend on permanent contact, there is a lack of detailed analysis
  • connect the qualitative and quantitative behavior to experimental features. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); contact resonance; nonlinear normal mode (NNM); tip–sample detachment; photothermal excitation; Introduction Contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) [1][2], piezoresponse force
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Published 24 Nov 2021

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

  • Marco Fortunato,
  • Alessio Tamburrano,
  • Maria Paola Bracciale,
  • Maria Laura Santarelli and
  • Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

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  • temperatures. This process, usually referred to as electrical poling, requires the deposition of contact electrodes on the sample surface and the use of high-voltage apparatus. In the present work, in order to overcome these constraints, we have produced, characterized, and studied a polymer nanocomposite
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Published 19 Nov 2021

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

  • Ruifei Wang,
  • Jin Chai,
  • Bobo Luo,
  • Xiong Liu,
  • Jianting Zhang,
  • Min Wu,
  • Mingdan Wei and
  • Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

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  • affect the boundary slip, and many previous investigations have shown that, from qualitative points of view, the positive slip length monotonically increases with the increase in the contact angle [57][58][59][60][61]. Furthermore, when studying the water flow on smooth surfaces, there is a
  • quasiuniversal relationship between the slip length and the static contact angle as follows (see Equation 3 and Figure 2). It has been shown that Equation 3 can be interpreted on the grounds of definite physical principles, according to the microscopic connection between slip length, contact angle, and the
  • liquid–solid interaction parameter [62]. However, it should be noted that this model is only applicable to cases of water slippage on smooth surfaces, and there are some deviations for water slippage on rough surfaces [66]. On the other hand, even on very smooth surfaces, the contact angle, surface–water
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Published 17 Nov 2021

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

  • Alexei G. Temiryazev,
  • Andrey V. Krayev and
  • Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

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  • flexible console with a sharp tip at the end. Two main classes of scanning methods can be distinguished, namely contact and dynamic scanning. During contact scanning, the tip is pressed against the surface and the pressing force is controlled by the deflection of the console. A similar way to control the
  • interaction of the probe with the sample is used in off-resonance dynamic modes [6]. Although they have various names, depending on the specific manufacturer (PeakForce Tapping, Hybrid Mode, Digital Pulsed Force Mode), a common feature of these methods is that the transition to the contact is carried out
  • periodically with a frequency of 1–2 kHz. In addition to the surface profile, contact methods allow one to obtain some information on the mechanical properties of the material, provided that the contact area between the tip and the sample can be modeled with a reasonable degree of accuracy. In the case of the
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Published 15 Nov 2021

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

  • Markus Gehring,
  • Tobias Kutsch,
  • Osmane Camara,
  • Alexandre Merlen,
  • Hermann Tempel,
  • Hans Kungl and
  • Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

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  • active sites, that is, triple-phase contact points. These contact points of air, solid catalyst, and liquid electrolyte, need to be high in number or area. This entails a partial wetting of the electrode to ensure accessibility of the sites for gaseous oxygen. From a more industrial perspective
  • carbonised at 800 °C, is decreased when the sample is carbonised at 1000 °C. Cobalt is known to instantaneously oxidise upon contact with air even at room temperature forming an oxide layer with a thickness of 0.8 to 1 nm [28]. Considering the low thickness of the layer and the fact that spontaneous
  • particle surface is completely reduced and only re-oxidised upon contact with air. From an application point of view, this oxide/hydroxide layer may even prove beneficial, as both cobalt [16] and its oxides [29] have been shown to enhance the ORR in alkaline media. Carbon matrix structure The XRD
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Published 19 Oct 2021

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

  • Gheorghe Stan and
  • Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

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  • various contributions from the probe geometry and imaged features of the sample. In contrast to this, the currently implemented closed-loop (CL) variants of KPFM, either amplitude-modulation (AM) or frequency-modulation (FM), solely report on their final product in terms of the tip–sample contact
  • potential difference. In ambient atmosphere, both CL AM-KPFM and CL FM-KPFM work at their best during the lift part of a two-pass scanning mode to avoid the direct contact with the surface of the sample. In this work, a new OL AM-KPFM mode was implemented in the single-pass scan of the PeakForce Tapping
  • (PFT) mode. The topographical and electrical components were combined in a single pass by applying the electrical modulation only in between the PFT tip–sample contacts, when the AFM probe separates from the sample. In this way, any contact and tunneling discharges are avoided and, yet, the location of
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Published 06 Oct 2021

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

  • Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

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  • known, as a first approximation, the energy of interaction was assumed to be proportional to the number of contact points. As smallest number, for each particle one contact point was assumed. Luo et al. [12] estimate the energy of interaction in the range of approximately h0 = 10 eV (1.6 × 10−18 J
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Published 29 Sep 2021

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

  • Keshav Nagpal,
  • Erwan Rauwel,
  • Frédérique Ducroquet and
  • Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

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  • : electron transport and injection layers Similar to HTL and HIL, ETL and EIL play very crucial roles in optimizing charge carrier injection in OLED and HyLED. The latter follows an inverted OLED architecture (i.e., the EIL is in contact with the cathode followed by ETL). In order to enhance the OLED
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Published 24 Sep 2021

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

  • Berkin Uluutku,
  • Enrique A. López-Guerra and
  • Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

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  • force–distance curve, where the cantilever position above the sample follows a ramp function. In the case of intermittent-contact methods (e.g., tapping-mode AFM), the cantilever tip oscillates nearly sinusoidally, but since tip–sample contact is intermittent, the sample does not experience purely
  • geometry correction factor discussed above, . For this calculation Δt is a known experimental parameter, and r is chosen by the researcher. Demonstration with AFM contact mechanics So far, we have demonstrated our method for stress–strain inputs using the generalized Voigt model. However, in AFM
  • z-domain. The theoretical retardance is evaluated using Equation 29 (see Supporting Information File 1 for its derivation): A spherical contact, appropriate for an AFM experiment, was simulated using the same material parameters, with a tip radius of 10 nm, which is common in AFM (See also Figure 2
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Published 23 Sep 2021

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

  • Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
  • Norma J. Salazar-López,
  • Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
  • José R. Vega-Baudrit,
  • J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
  • Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
  • Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
  • Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
  • Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

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  • ]. However, both authors only carried out release studies at pH 7.4, so the question of the behavior of LPN at an acid pH remains. Nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsions are composed of an oil phase in a continuous aqueous phase, with average diameters <200 nm [88][89]. The oil and aqueous phases contact each other
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Published 15 Sep 2021

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

  • Zahra Faraji Rad,
  • Philip D. Prewett and
  • Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

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  • parameters determining flow in a microchannel include blood viscosity, contact angle, hydrodynamic diameter, and driving forces such as surface tension. In addition, due to the elastic nature of the skin and its irregular surface, varying from person to person, and with age and position on the body, the
  • light. The resist is sprayed or spin coated onto a substrate surface for patterning and is exposed to light (usually ultraviolet) either through a contact mask or using a projection stepper, followed by wet development to form a resist pattern. This technique requires well-established photosensitive
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Published 13 Sep 2021
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