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Search for "cross sections" in Full Text gives 232 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Surface excitations in the modelling of electron transport for electron-beam-induced deposition experiments

  • Francesc Salvat-Pujol,
  • Roser Valentí and
  • Wolfgang S. Werner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1260–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.129

Graphical Abstract
  • collisions of the relevant types as dictated by a given set of interaction cross sections. A statistical average of the desired observable is performed over the sampled trajectories to the selected precision [47]. In the energy range between 100 eV and a few keV the relevant interaction mechanisms of
  • bound electrons of the solid, which emerge as secondary electrons (SE). The majority of these SE are of relatively low energies (≤50 eV). These energies are well below the domain of validity of the elastic and inelastic interaction cross sections available in the literature, which has been a limitation
  • model for SE emission: every time that the primary electron undergoes an energy loss, a SE trajectory is started with the energy loss as an initial energy (see [55] for the simulation details). Having the experimental data as a guideline, the interaction cross sections described above were used down to
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Published 03 Jun 2015

Automatic morphological characterization of nanobubbles with a novel image segmentation method and its application in the study of nanobubble coalescence

  • Yuliang Wang,
  • Huimin Wang,
  • Shusheng Bi and
  • Bin Guo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 952–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.98

Graphical Abstract
  • . The first step in NB characterization is image segmentation – a process of identifying the specific areas covered by NBs. With the segmented images, NB-covered area, density, as well as volume can be obtained. Moreover, the cross sections of the NBs can be extracted after image segmentation. With the
  • selected cross sections, the NB diameter and height can be directly measured. By fitting the cross sections as arcs, the NB contact angle and radius of curvature can be obtained [36][37][38][39]. The morphological characterization of NBs suffers from several difficulties. First, NB image segmentation is
  • covered areas. Moreover, the cross sections extracted through the segmentation method represent only a portion of the actual NB cross sections, which lead to the inaccurate estimation of height and diameter. In some studies, the cross sections were manually selected [6][13]. Although the manual selection
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Published 14 Apr 2015

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

  • Nikolay Podgaynyy,
  • Sabine Wezisla,
  • Christoph Molls,
  • Shahid Iqbal and
  • Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

Graphical Abstract
  • presents three typical cross sections from Figure 7. Typical slip distances are 4.6 Å or less for FN ≈ 15 nN, 9.5–11 Å for 27 < FN < 55 nN and 16.5 Å or more for 70 < FN < 100 nN. This leads to the conclusion that at high normal loads, slips across multiple potential minima are observed. A similar effect
  • ; b) 27, 40 nN; c) 55, 70 nN and d) 82, 100 nN. a) Typical cross sections from Figure 7 at FN = 15, 55 and 82 nN. b) Schematic illustration of the √7 × √3 structure of sulfate anions (triangles) on a copper monolayer (circles): arrows (black, dotted) denote a possible jumping pathway for the AFM tip
  • three different normal loads; b) cross sections along the lines from image a). E = 10 mV; scan rate 213 nm/s. Transition between regular and irregular stick–slip on copper 2/3 during an increase (а) and a decrease (b) of normal load. E = 100 mV; scan rate 180 nm/s. Friction images on Au(111). a) atomic
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Published 26 Mar 2015

Morphology control of zinc oxide films via polysaccharide-mediated, low temperature, chemical bath deposition

  • Florian Waltz,
  • Hans-Christoph Schwarz,
  • Andreas M. Schneider,
  • Stefanie Eiden and
  • Peter Behrens

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.83

Graphical Abstract
  • as cross sections. All films show hexagonal poles oriented perpendicular to the support with lateral sizes in the range of 200 nm. However, they differ strongly in the degree of intergrowth, depending upon the addition time of HYA during the first CBD. Whereas the films prepared with HYA exhibit
  • min). The red lines represent the XRD reflection peaks from a zincite reference [45]. SEM micrographs in plan view (left) and corresponding cross sections (right) of ZnO films after the second CBD step. The films were prepared both without HYA and with different addition times of HYA during the first
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Published 24 Mar 2015

Electromagnetic enhancement of ordered silver nanorod arrays evaluated by discrete dipole approximation

  • Guoke Wei,
  • Jinliang Wang and
  • Yu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 686–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.69

Graphical Abstract
  • the polarization deviates from 0 and 180°, the EFavg rapidly decreases, reaching a minimum value of 44 at polarization angles of 90 and 270°. The polarization dependence of the optical cross sections corresponding to Figure 9a is shown in Figure 9b. The efficiency factors of absorption, scattering and
  • extinction are defined as the ratios of the total cross sections for absorption, scattering and extinction per TUC to the geometrical cross-section of equal-volume sphere in one TUC, respectively [22]. It is found that the absorption shows a polarization with maxima at 0 and 180°, opposite to scattering and
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Published 09 Mar 2015

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

  • Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
  • Dana Kubies,
  • Josef Zemek,
  • Neda Neykova,
  • Roman Demianchuk,
  • Eliška Mázl Chánová,
  • Miroslav Šlouf,
  • Milan Houska and
  • František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

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  • inelastic background subtraction. Assuming a simple model of a semi-infinite solid of homogeneous composition, the peak areas were corrected for the photoelectric cross-sections [63], the inelastic mean free paths of the electrons in question [64], and the transmission function of the spectrometer [65]. The
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Published 02 Mar 2015

Fundamental edge broadening effects during focused electron beam induced nanosynthesis

  • Roland Schmied,
  • Jason D. Fowlkes,
  • Robert Winkler,
  • Phillip D. Rack and
  • Harald Plank

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.47

Graphical Abstract
  • axis) shows a comparison of normalized AFM height cross sections for similarly thick deposits (65 ± 6 nm) to reveal the energy dependent evolution of proximity deposition. Although different in their dimensions the proximal shapes can be classified by three distinct features as schematically shown on
  • resolved measurement of the variations in surface potential. Figure 3 gives a representative AFM height image (a) together with the corresponding surface potential (b) of a ca. 9 nm thick deposit fabricated at 25 keV. Correlated cross sections are shown in Figure 3c for the height (top), the tapping phase
  •  7 shows a normalized set of AFM height cross-sections of 5 keV deposits of different thickness (b) with the last patterning point at the edge being indicated by the dashed line. Evidently, a symmetric slope around the pattern edge can be identified (red shading) followed by a strong decay (blue
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Published 16 Feb 2015

Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques

  • Anja Ostrowski,
  • Daniel Nordmeyer,
  • Alexander Boreham,
  • Cornelia Holzhausen,
  • Lars Mundhenk,
  • Christina Graf,
  • Martina C. Meinke,
  • Annika Vogt,
  • Sabrina Hadam,
  • Jürgen Lademann,
  • Eckart Rühl,
  • Ulrike Alexiev and
  • Achim D. Gruber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 263–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.25

Graphical Abstract
  • detected and quantified by a gamma counter, micro imager, phosphoimager plates or autoradiographic films that are commonly used for X-ray exposures. However, such autoradiographs performed on cross sections of whole bodies or total organs of animals (Figure 2a and Figure 2b) [62][63][66][67][68] possess
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Published 23 Jan 2015

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

  • Toma Susi,
  • Thomas Pichler and
  • Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

Graphical Abstract
  • cross sections σx [60], their ratios to the area of the carbon response gives the dopant concentration in atomic percent (atom %). As an example, the atomic concentration of nitrogen cN would be evaluated as For phosphorus it should be noted that for the commonly considered photoemission from the 2p
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Published 15 Jan 2015

Functionalization of α-synuclein fibrils

  • Simona Povilonienė,
  • Vida Časaitė,
  • Virginijus Bukauskas,
  • Arūnas Šetkus,
  • Juozas Staniulis and
  • Rolandas Meškys

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 124–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.12

Graphical Abstract
  • fibrils and neutravidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles. These nanostructures were composed of long fibrils with attached homogeneous derivatives whose size (≈10 nm) corresponded to that of the gold nanoparticles. The cross sections in different locations confirmed the height of biotinylated α-SynC141
  • TCEP (E and F), biotinylated α-SynC141 fibrils after incubation with neutravidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles (G and H), and α-Syn fibrils (I and J). The dashed lines in the AFM images indicate the location where the cross-sections and axial measurements were taken. TEM image of modified α-SynC141
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Published 12 Jan 2015

Exploring plasmonic coupling in hole-cap arrays

  • Thomas M. Schmidt,
  • Maj Frederiksen,
  • Vladimir Bochenkov and
  • Duncan S. Sutherland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.1

Graphical Abstract
  • interaction cross-sections for example for light harvesting applications [16]. Interactions between resonances at plasmonic nanostructures in close proximity can significantly alter their optical properties and give spectral tuneability and higher localized fields. These highly interesting interactions can be
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Published 02 Jan 2015

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

  • Stephanie Hirn,
  • Nadine Haberl,
  • Kateryna Loza,
  • Matthias Epple,
  • Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
  • Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
  • Markus Rehberg and
  • Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

Graphical Abstract
  • % ethanol until further processing. Before cryosectioning, PCLS were embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT compound (Miles, Inc. Diagnostic Division, Elkhart, IN) and frozen until hardening. Then 60 to 80 µm thick cross sections of PCLS were cut with a cryostat microtome (Microm HM560, Thermo scientific, Waltham, MA
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Published 18 Dec 2014

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

  • Sebastian Ahlberg,
  • Alexandra Antonopulos,
  • Jörg Diendorf,
  • Ralf Dringen,
  • Matthias Epple,
  • Rebekka Flöck,
  • Wolfgang Goedecke,
  • Christina Graf,
  • Nadine Haberl,
  • Jens Helmlinger,
  • Fabian Herzog,
  • Frederike Heuer,
  • Stephanie Hirn,
  • Christian Johannes,
  • Stefanie Kittler,
  • Manfred Köller,
  • Katrin Korn,
  • Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
  • Fritz Krombach,
  • Jürgen Lademann,
  • Kateryna Loza,
  • Eva M. Luther,
  • Marcelina Malissek,
  • Martina C. Meinke,
  • Daniel Nordmeyer,
  • Anne Pailliart,
  • Jörg Raabe,
  • Fiorenza Rancan,
  • Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
  • Eckart Rühl,
  • Carsten Schleh,
  • Andreas Seibel,
  • Christina Sengstock,
  • Lennart Treuel,
  • Annika Vogt,
  • Katrin Weber and
  • Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Graphical Abstract
  • reveal any formation of silver agglomerates (Figure 6A). In order to prove that the silver agglomerates are located inside the cells, focused ion beam milling (FIB) was applied which permits the view on cross sections of various materials by a beam of high-energy gallium ions [77][78]. After culturing
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Published 03 Nov 2014

Dynamic calibration of higher eigenmode parameters of a cantilever in atomic force microscopy by using tip–surface interactions

  • Stanislav S. Borysov,
  • Daniel Forchheimer and
  • David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1899–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.200

Graphical Abstract
  • part, Fdis, depends on the damping factor γ1 = 2.2 × 10−7 kg/s and the damping decay length λz = 1.5 nm. The force (Equation 6) and its cross-sections are depicted in Figure 2. Calibration by using a nonlinear tip–surface force In order to find k2 and α2 from the nonlinear system (Equation 3 and
  • bimodal stiff cantilever with the eigenmode amplitudes A1 = A2 = 12.5 nm and reference height h = 17 nm. Cross-sections for different values of z and are shown: The projections (1) and (2) correspond to the lines = 0.05 m/s and z = 0 nm respectively; the conservative part (3) corresponds to the line
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Published 29 Oct 2014

Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

  • Chieh-Chun Wu,
  • Ling Tang and
  • Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

Graphical Abstract
  • same procedures as for the nickel-GDC anodes. Then cross-sections were prepared by using a focused ion beam unit, and EDXS maps were superimposed on the cross-sectional images (Figure 6). With YSZ replacing the GDC as the ionically conducting phase in the anode, the ceria coating could easily be
  • distinguished. All three cross-sections showed ceria coatings enveloping both the NiO and YSZ grains. Figure 6 shows that the coating extended into the porous anode. The thicknesses of the coatings were determined from 5–10 locations in the underlying SEM images (not shown). Typical thickness values ranged from
  • anodes. a) Treatment 1 (no coating). b) Treatment 2 (direct-treated). The ellipse indicates a gap in the coating. c) Treatment 3 (thiol-treated). d) Treatment 4 (sulfonate-treated). FIB cross-sections halfway through ceria-coated NiO/YSZ anodes, with superimposed EDXS maps (Ni: green; Zr: blue; Ce
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Published 06 Oct 2014

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

  • Antonello Di Crescenzo,
  • Valeria Ettorre and
  • Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

Graphical Abstract
  • fractions excited at 785 nm. Reprinted with permission from [62]. Copyright 2011, Wiley VCH. Schematic illustration of the different possible organizations of surfactant molecules on the surface of a CNT. Upper images refer to lateral projections; lower images refer to cross sections. Representative
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Published 30 Sep 2014

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

  • Ahmed Salama,
  • Mike Neumann,
  • Christina Günter and
  • Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

Graphical Abstract
  • silicon support. Scanning electron microscopy was done on a FEI Phenom operated at 5 kV. Transmission electron microscopy was done on a Zeiss 912 Omega operated at 120 kV. Cross sections were obtained with a Leica Ultra Cut Microtome. For sectioning, the powder samples were embedded in “LR white” resin
  • . Figure 6 shows representative TEM images of thin sections of GAA and NaOH. Overall, TEM cross-sections show a high conservation of structures between the two different approaches. Samples obtained in the presence of GAA (CCPH1-4) are highly homogeneous and consist of densely packed nanorods with a length
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Published 16 Sep 2014

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

  • Christoph Rehbock,
  • Jurij Jakobi,
  • Lisa Gamrad,
  • Selina van der Meer,
  • Daniela Tiedemann,
  • Ulrike Taylor,
  • Wilfried Kues,
  • Detlef Rath and
  • Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

Graphical Abstract
  • extinction cross sections of aggregated structures [73]. This heating process is followed by a rapid cooling upon decay of the laser pulse after 10−6–10−4 s, leading to solidified spherical nanoparticles (Figure 3A) [72]. Based on this mechanism the available particle size may be controlled by the pulse
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Published 12 Sep 2014

Nanocavity crossbar arrays for parallel electrochemical sensing on a chip

  • Enno Kätelhön,
  • Dirk Mayer,
  • Marko Banzet,
  • Andreas Offenhäusser and
  • Bernhard Wolfrum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1137–1143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.124

Graphical Abstract
  • passivation layer is the access channel that connects the bulk reservoir on the chip surface to the nanocavity. b) Microscopic top view of a part of the array. c,d) Scanning electrochemical microscope images of FIB-induced cross sections of a nanocavity sensor before (c) and after (d) removal of the
  • passivation layer that covers the whole device. The inter-electrode area is connected to the bulk reservoir via small access channels that interpenetrate the passivation layer and enable diffusive access to a bulk reservoir. An illustration of the sensor array and a top view microscopic image as well as cross
  • sections of the nanocavity sensor, cut by a focused ion beam (FIB), can be found in Figure 6. Fabrication Devices are structured by means of optical lithography and are processed in class-100 cleanroom facilities. Nanocavities at the intersections between platinum electrodes are formed via the deposition
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Published 23 Jul 2014

A nanometric cushion for enhancing scratch and wear resistance of hard films

  • Katya Gotlib-Vainshtein,
  • Olga Girshevitz,
  • Chaim N. Sukenik,
  • David Barlam and
  • Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1005–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.114

Graphical Abstract
  • grey band centered at −40 nm in (b) and (c) shows the approximate PC substrate position and average titania roughness. Dependence of scratch resistance on sliding speed. a) AFM image of PC + TiO2 after scratching. b) Cross-sections of the scratches at three different velocities and constant load of 10
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Published 10 Jul 2014

Designing magnetic superlattices that are composed of single domain nanomagnets

  • Derek M. Forrester,
  • Feodor V. Kusmartsev and
  • Endre Kovács

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 956–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.109

Graphical Abstract
  • applied magnetic field Throughout we use the damping parameter equal to α = 0.01 and a large value of b (about 390) to confine the magnetic moments to move in the x–y-plane. We investigated nanomagnets with semi-major to semi-minor elliptical cross-sections of lx/ly ≈ 10. The external magnetic field in
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Published 03 Jul 2014

Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation

  • Dave Maharaj and
  • Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 822–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.94

Graphical Abstract
  • operating pressure of about 0.001 Pa, substrate temperature of 100 °C at a rate of approximately 0.4 nm/s. To observe the grains within the Au film and nanoparticles, focused ion beam (FIB) milling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed. Cross-sections of samples were cut out by FIB
  • milling (Nova NanoLab 600, FEI, Hillsboro, OR) by using a Ga+ ion beam accelerated at a voltage of 30 kV with currents ranging from 0.03 to 28 nA. A Pt coating was deposited on both sets of samples to protect the surfaces during milling. The cross-sections were then lifted out by using a micro manipulator
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Published 11 Jun 2014

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

  • Jinzhang Liu,
  • Marco Notarianni,
  • Llew Rintoul and
  • Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

Graphical Abstract
  • the cracked substrate. The cross-sections of fractured nanorods in Figure 2e and 2f clearly show NDs completely encapsulated into the nanorods. Also, from Figure 2e we can measure that the thickness of newly-grown ZnO layer over the side facets is about 120 nm. For nanoparticles of inorganic materials
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Published 16 Apr 2014

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

  • Jorge R. Ramos,
  • Joanna Pabijan,
  • Ricardo Garcia and
  • Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

Graphical Abstract
  • until a repulsive force reached the set point value of 100 pN. The AFM images were taken over an area of 20 × 20 μm2 with 512 pixels per line. The scan rate was varied from 0.5 to 1.0 Hz depending on the cell type. Figure 2 shows the AFM topography, error signal, single cross-sections and the
  • D, H, L, P and Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). Similarly to the AFM images the stress fibers are only visible in the non-malignant HCV29 cells and the cancerous T24 cells. The cross-sections along the marked lines on the AFM topography (Figure 2, panels C, G, K, and O) show the apparent
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Published 10 Apr 2014

Change of the work function of platinum electrodes induced by halide adsorption

  • Florian Gossenberger,
  • Tanglaw Roman,
  • Katrin Forster-Tonigold and
  • Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.15

Graphical Abstract
  • effect of the adsorbate layer on the total dipole moment and ΔμS indicates substrate effects. The color code denoting the different halogen atoms is the same as used in the previous figures. Cross sections of electron density difference ρdiff(r) at the surface. Solid-blue (dashed-red) contours denote
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Published 10 Feb 2014
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