Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• YBaCuO film deposition on an yttria-stabilized zirconia bicrystal substrate. Non-monotonic dependences of step heights for different external signal frequencies were found in the limit of a weak driving signal, with the maxima occurring at different points as function of the temperature. The step heights

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• thin films can be implemented in many ways. The change of deposition parameters and working gasses, doping with various elements, or annealing at an elevated temperature are the most commonly used procedures [17][18]. It gives enormous possibilities for manufacturing thin films with novel properties

• enhance the luminescence by plasmon resonance. These nanostructures could find practical applications, for example, as phosphor material in LEDs. Experimental Corning 1737 glass was chosen as a substrate for film deposition. The substrates were gently cleaned with warm acetylacetone, then rinsed in

• . The round Au target with 99.99% purity was sputtered by 30 W of incident power. The rate of Au layer deposition was about 4 Å/s. Thickness was controlled by a built-in quartz crystal microbalance. As prepared films were subsequently put in a hot furnace for the formation of nanostructures. Samples

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• temperatures. This process, usually referred to as electrical poling, requires the deposition of contact electrodes on the sample surface and the use of high-voltage apparatus. In the present work, in order to overcome these constraints, we have produced, characterized, and studied a polymer nanocomposite

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• a lower value of fractal dimension is more effective in sensing NO2 gas and lowers the optimum operating temperature. Chen et al. used pulsed laser deposition for growing different SnO2 thin films by varying the substrate temperature. The obtained films exhibited fractal features [43]. In another

• . 3D porous nanoscale hybrid SnO2/CuO foam sensors were prepared by Jeun et al. via electrochemical deposition followed by thermal oxidation [72]. These foam sensors were studied for H2S gas sensing. Figure 10a and Figure 10b show SEM images of the porous and 3D network structure of as-prepared Sn/Cu

• ], Materials Letters, vol. 105, by J.-H. Jeun; D.-H. Kim; S.-H. Hong, “SnO2/CuO nano-hybrid foams synthesized by electrochemical deposition and their gas sensing properties”, pages no. 58–61, Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. TiO2 fractals. (a) Top-view

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• three main groups: electroplating, electroless plating, and bottom-up methods such as vapour deposition. Another way to introduce metals to a carbon fibre system in form of nanoparticles was reported by groups who prepared cobalt/cobalt oxide-decorated carbon nanofibres from electrospinning by adding a

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• presents a detailed computational protocol for the atomistic simulation of formation and growth of metal-containing nanostructures during focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID). The protocol is based upon irradiation-driven molecular dynamics (IDMD), a novel and general methodology for computer

• deposition; irradiation-driven molecular dynamics; irradiation-induced chemistry; platinum nanostructures; reactive force fields; Introduction The controllable fabrication of nanostructures with nanoscale resolution remains a considerable scientific and technological challenge [1]. To address this challenge

• irradiation-sensitive resists. The EBL process includes the surface coating with a resist, exposure to the energetic electron beam, and further development of the surface to remove irradiated or non-irradiated material. Another technique, focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) [2][3][4][5], is based

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• from certain limitations, including high processing temperatures, cracking upon bending, and poor transparency in the blue and UV regions. In addition, ITO is expensive owing to the fact that it is deposited by high-vacuum thin-film deposition methods and the price of indium has escalated by almost 900

• increase of the maximum current value from 2.3 to 5 mA at 10 V, when graphene is present. Guo et al. also reported an increase of about 40% in the EL intensity under a 5 mA current injection at room temperature in AlGaInP LED, after the deposition of graphene onto the anode or the GaP surface [40]. Roll-to

• -roll techniques and chemical vapor deposition, both industrially viable techniques, are capable of producing 30 inch wafers of graphene, thereby demonstrating the viable upscaling of its production [41]. Other carbon-based nanomaterials such as SWNT have also been employed as current-spreading layers

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• layer of polymer introduced between the mould and the metal structure to facilitate chemical lift-off separation of the final array. For hollow metal microneedles, a plasma etching step was performed prior to metal deposition [106]. Unlike the ubiquitous stainless steel hypodermic needle, safety

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• deposition [13] methods. Up to now, the syntheses of Sb2S3 nanomaterials lack sufficient control of the growth conditions. The result are nanoparticles of which the size, shape, and crystallinity can only be tuned to a limited extent. However, for several applications, such as electronic circuits [14], it is

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• . reported on the wet impregnation of carbon fiber cloth with sulfur dissolved in CS2 [56]. The process leads to sulfur deposition within the hollow lumen of the carbon fibers as well as on the external surface as thin film. A battery assembled with a metal Na anode had a capacity of 120 mAh·g−1 after 300

• emerging that advocate metal Na-free anodes. These can be divided in depositing nanometric Na on a porous host material and inserting Na ions in a suitable host material. Host materials for the deposition of Na are porous scaffolds based on carbon and metal. The insertion of Na ions can be performed with

• capacity of these electrodes depends on two mechanisms, the deposition/stripping of Na and the insertion/extraction of Na+. Metal scaffolds and meshes fabricated from Cu, Ni, Ni@Cu, or Al are other materials onto which Na can be plated. As shown in a recent work, porous Ni structures formed on Cu foil

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• alternative approach includes bulk electrode structuring by deposition or etching techniques using self-assembled arrays of colloidal nanoparticles [15], liquid crystals [16], or track-etched membranes [17][18][19] as template or mask, respectively. Among porous templates, anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) allows

• segment were selectively etched away after turning the AAO template upside down (Figure 1d). Segment 1 – copper Optimization of the deposition potential (Ed) for the formation of the first Cu segment was performed in the range from −0.1 to −0.5 V. In the case of more negative potentials, an intensive

• growth rate as can be seen from the dependence of the average current density (javer) and the Cu growth rate on the deposition potential (Table 1). To determine the Cu electrodeposition conditions leading to the highest length uniformity, the first segment with much longer length than the supposed recess

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• physical and electronic decoupling have been developed in view of fundamental studies as well as application in devices. Ultrathin semiconducting or insulating decoupling layers can be epitaxially grown as mono- and multilayers on many metallic substrates by either physical or chemical vapor deposition

• ][30][31][32]. Additional concepts to weaken adsorbate–surface interactions involve the post-deposition intercalation of atomic species such as iodine [33]. For semiconductors, for example, bare silicon or germanium, electronic decoupling of molecules can be achieved by either the growth of ultrathin

• ][37][38][39], while also B deposition was shown to result in effective passivation of the Si surface [40][41]. In particular for electronic devices, oxidized semiconductor surfaces (e.g., silicon dioxide layers formed on bare silicon) are mostly used as substrates for fabricating devices [42]. Most of

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• mass deposition, also known as “coffee ring effect” [36], was visible in low magnification. In areas of very high mass accumulation, both substances assembled into plates with a random orientation and into tubules on both substrates. On areas with lower mass accumulation, different structures were

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• layers composing a single pseudo spin valve. A more complex S2, Nb(50 nm)/[Co(1.5 nm)/Nb(6 nm)/Co(2.5 nm)/Nb(6 mn)]3Co(1.5 nm)/Nb(6 nm)/Si (the structure in square brackets is repeated three times) has five Co layers. MLs are deposited by magnetron sputtering in a single deposition cycle without breaking

• the vacuum. We use a Nb target (99.95% purity) for deposition of S-layers, Co (99.95% purity) for F-layers, and Si (99.999%) for seeding bottom and protective top layers. MLs are grown on a Si(111) wafer. Prior to deposition, targets were precleaned by plasma-etching for 3 min and in addition for 1

• min upon switching between targets. The deposition is performed at room temperature with a water-cooled sample stage. Thicknesses are defined using calibrated growth rates: 3.5 nm/s for Nb and 0.1 nm/s for Co. For every set of F-layers, three identical samples were prepared simultaneously, and some

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• % for planar structures, respectively. The work, therefore, describes an environmentally friendly technology for PV architecture with surface textures increasing the efficiency of PV cells. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; hydrothermal method; photovoltaics; silicon; solar cell; zinc oxide

• environmentally friendly solar cells are cells based on zinc oxide (ZnO). ZnO thin films can be obtained using many technologies, including molecular beam epitaxy, RF magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition (ALD) [3]. ALD attracts the attention of many

• , confirming the validity of our approach. A textured surface was obtained for the cell modified with ZnONR. As mentioned earlier, the nanorods were separated at the top. This means that the ALD films were deposited both on the top of and in the space between the nanorods. Therefore, the deposition process led

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• actuated by an electric mechanism decomposing H2O2. Xu used a chemical vapor deposition method to obtain a large number of helical molecular chains and studied the motion behavior related to the number of rotations. With increasing number of rotations, the micro/nanorobot may counter greater resistance

• during motion. In addition, the study also found that the concentration of H2O2 and the distribution of platinum may also affect the movement. Although chemical vapor deposition offers a high yield, the oxide produced during chemical vapor deposition reduces the effective controllability, which is a new

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• favourable metal–substrate interaction should inhibit migration of atoms to form 3D structures during thin film deposition, resulting in a 2D film suitable for interconnect applications, without the need of an additional liner material to promote wetting. This is the subject of further work and will include

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• applied to the substrate leads to efficient surface heating and, as a consequence, the induced spatially directed drift of adatoms begins to play a significant role in the formation of surface structures during deposition [8][9][10][11]. Reorganization of the step structure of the adsorbate islands was

• observed on silicon substrates [12][13]. Strong effects of EM were manifested in the processes of evolution of vanadium surface morphology [14], and in the epitaxial growth of semiconductor heterostructures [15]. It was found that at low deposition temperatures the growth of surface structures occurs

• dynamics of the evolution of surface morphology at elevated temperatures. This effect can lead to a change in the morphology of the surface compared to the isotropic case of deposition without the presence of an external field. Mathematical and numerical modeling of nanostructured thin film growth

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• are created by several pathways, including partial AgNPs dissolution in the gastric fluid, uptake and systemic transport of ionic and nanoparticulate Ag as thiol and selenium complexes, and final deposition in the near-skin regions [15]. Especially important is the process of interaction with thiols

• (902A; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) operated in bright-field mode with an acceleration voltage of 80 kV, while a Canon PowerShot S50 camera was used to capture the images. The sample preparation for TEM involved the deposition of a drop of the AgNP suspension onto a Formvar®-coated copper grid

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• ; focused helium ion beam-induced deposition; focused helium ion beam milling; helium ion beam lithography; helium ion implantation; Introduction Since the helium ion microscope (HIM) was introduced 15 years ago [1][2][3], over one hundred HIMs have been installed worldwide and over one thousand research

• irradiation effects, such as defect formation and ion implantation, are used to locally change the properties of the material, and at higher doses, nanofabrication is performed using localized material removal (by sputtering) or addition (by gas-assisted deposition). Sometimes, lower-dose irradiation effects

• . gas-assisted deposition. Each topic is illustrated using a series of research highlights from the literature. In many cases, a particular application draws on the effects of more than one of the above areas, which is also discussed. At the root of all of these applications are the unique

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• deposition of Pt as the cocatalyst, P45 exhibited the most prominent photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution (29.6 μmol·h−1, 100 mg) under visible light. These results suggest that the D–π–A architecture might be better than the conventional D–A counterpart for designing high-performance polymer-based

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• solution with no final passivation. Subsequent I–V measurements, however, confirmed that from these samples, only the sulfur-passivated ones provided the highest current density. The tested devices were fabricated by using the ALD method. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; external quantum efficiency

• ; gallium arsenide; photovoltaics; surface passivation; Introduction The atomic layer deposition (ALD) method is used for silicon passivation in photovoltaics. In recent years we proposed the usage of ALD for the construction of simplified Si-based cells [1]. Once zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were employed as

• the removal of the native oxide layer followed by an adequate surface passivation technique [13] and/or by a proper choice of the dielectric and its deposition method. Regarding the dielectric, the most common ones are aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and hafnium dioxide (HfO2) for which the preferable

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• a separate analysis of graphene strain, carrier concentration, and defects. The presented analysis is also important in the tracing of the interdependencies of the parameters which characterize graphene properties. Experimental Monolayer graphene was grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on a

• -called defect bands. In the case of graphene transferred onto NWs, the analysis of scattering on defects allows for one to trace how graphene structure changes after the deposition on NWs and how these changes depend on the density of NWs and their differences in height. An additional aspect is the