Nanocuration workflows: Establishing best practices for identifying, inputting, and sharing data to inform decisions on nanomaterials

• Christina M. Powers,
• Karmann A. Mills,
• Stephanie A. Morris,
• Fred Klaessig,
• Sharon Gaheen,
• Nastassja Lewinski and
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1860–1871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.189

• ., dissolution rate at a particular pH and toxicity in a specific organism). These three organizations (caNanoLab, NR, and CEINT-NIKC) differ in sourcing data to be curated (established protocols, literature sources, primarily internal or fully external), the intended users (medical researchers conversant with

NanoE-Tox: New and in-depth database concerning ecotoxicity of nanomaterials

• Katre Juganson,
• Angela Ivask,
• Irina Blinova,
• Monika Mortimer and
• Anne Kahru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1788–1804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.183

• environment the following information was registered: test medium, hydrodynamic size of NPs in the test environment (including the method used for analysis), dissolution (if applicable), and surface charge (ζ-potential). Concerning the toxicity testing, we tabulated the following information: test organism

• , primary size, possible impurities, surface area and other observations, and the test environment-specific characteristics are: media, size, dissolution and zeta potential (Supporting Information File 2). Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of the data on ENM characteristics in NanoE-Tox database

• on their fate in respective conditions [24][49]. In aquatic environment, ENMs tend to form agglomerates that might lead to their precipitation from the water phase; on the other hand, metal-based ENMs can release potentially toxic metal ions due to dissolution [50]. Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ag+, which can

Influence of surface chemical properties on the toxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles to embryonic zebrafish

• Zitao Zhou,
• Jino Son,
• Bryan Harper,
• Zheng Zhou and
• Stacey Harper

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1568–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.160

• (lacking surface ligands) are known to cause delayed embryo hatching, developmental abnormalities [12] through dissolution and release of ionic zinc [13][14] as well as induction of DNA damage through generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) [12][15]. ZnO NPs are often coated with a variety of

• ][21]. While the dissolution kinetics and agglomeration state of the ZnO NPs is known to influence the toxicity of the materials, this study aimed to determine if specific intrinsic features could be used in lieu of empirical data on the material’s behaviour. Surface chemical ligands and capping agents

• biological interactions, even more than core composition. This finding has been supported in other studies investigating a wide range of NP types [27][41][42]. Given that dissolution and the resulting release of zinc ions and ROS are the primary cause of ZnO NP toxicity [8], it is possible that the lack of

Formation of substrate-based gold nanocage chains through dealloying with nitric acid

• Ziren Yan,
• Ying Wu and
• Junwei Di

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.140

• consistent with the previous report [4]. The chemical reaction involved in the dissolution of Ag at neutral conditions is the following: The deposition of byproducts, such as AgOH or Ag2O, on the particle surface might hinder the complete removal of Ag from the alloy and block up the hole of wall [30

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• were also determined by ICP and XPS (Table 1). The experimental ratios measured by ICP are relatively close to the theoretical values, as expected. There is a systematic error due to the known difficulties regarding Ru dissolution. Therefore, we conclude that clusters when broken down give fragments

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• occurs at similar potentials as the reduction of the ions as it can be seen in the CV in Figure 1b. Once enough ions are reduced, the dissolution of Au atoms is most probably suppressed, resulting in a constant current flow, during the growth of the Ag-rich segments. When the voltage is switched back

• electrodeposition of thin films where the effect is called kinetic surface roughening [55][56]. These Au/Ag/Au nanowires constitute excellent platforms for the fabrication of small nanogaps, by selective dissolution of the Ag segment. The method named “on-wire lithography” has been reported previously for wires of

• different noble metals [38]. In these cases, segmented nanowires were created by using different electrolytes for Au and Ag and by exchanging the electrolyte after the deposition of each segment. Our nanowires, in turn, are deposited from a single-bath electrolyte, which could influence the dissolution

Addition of Zn during the phosphine-based synthesis of indium phospide quantum dots: doping and surface passivation

• Natalia E. Mordvinova,
• Alexander A. Vinokurov,
• Oleg I. Lebedev,
• Tatiana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1237–1246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.127

• with HF. According to the literature [24], during daylight photoetching a significant blue shift of the luminescence maximum is observed, which means that the diameter of the QDs decreases because of a partial dissolution of the QDs. If the Zn atoms are located only on the surface of the QDs, then

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• is possible that a passivating effect from the alloyed gold is responsible for these observations. Future studies on the time-dependent dissolution of such alloyed nanoparticles in biological media may help to better understand this effect. Experimental Chemicals We used silver nitrate (Roth, p.a

• dissolution of gold in aqua regia according to standard procedures. Ultrapure water (Purelab ultra instrument from ELGA) was used for all preparations. Synthesis Prior to use, all glassware was cleaned with boiling aqua regia. The nanoparticles were synthesized by reduction with citrate and tannic acid in

Polymer blend lithography for metal films: large-area patterning with over 1 billion holes/inch²

• Cheng Huang,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1205–1211, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.123

• and to the air interface. Therefore, a subsequent selective dissolution of either the PS or PMMA component leaves behind a nanostructured film which can be used as a lithographic mask. We use this lithographic mask for the fabrication of metal patterns by thermal evaporation of the metal, followed by

• dissolution, either the PMMA matrix (see Figure 1b, PMMA marked in red) or the PS droplets (see Figure 1g, PS marked in blue) can be kept on the substrate for the lithographic application. After the deposition of metal by thermal evaporation, the desired metal covers the whole surface of the sample (see in

• ][39]. Conclusion Polymer blend lithography (PBL) makes use of the purely lateral phase separation of two immiscible polymers during spin-casting at controlled humidity. A metal copy of either of the polymer components can be fabricated by the selective dissolution of one component, followed by metal

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• containing 0.5 mg/mL tetrazolium dye (MTT) for 4 h. The medium was carefully removed and 150 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) added to each well. The plate was gently shaken to achieve complete dissolution of the formazan crystals then the absorbance read on a spectrophotometer (Tecan Infinite) at 550 nm. The

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• . 2.3.1.7 Particle growth and dissolution: At first glance, the chemistry of a Li/O2 cell may appear quite simple, however, due to worldwide research efforts within the last four years, it was recognized that it is in fact, a very complex cell chemistry. As a consequence it was necessary to refocus on

• fundamental aspects such as the growth and dissolution process of Li2O2 particles during cycling on a microscopic scale. Various morphologies of Li2O2 deposits are reported in literature. On the one hand, so-called Li2O2 “donuts” or toroids are reported that form to a diameter of up to 1 µm, depending on

• -state Li/O2 cell, without any liquid electrolyte, in an environmental SEM and observed the formation of large toroid particles larger than 500 nm [95]. To conclude, even the dissolution process of Li2O2 during battery operation is not fully understood and continues to be a part of research efforts

Automatic morphological characterization of nanobubbles with a novel image segmentation method and its application in the study of nanobubble coalescence

• Yuliang Wang,
• Huimin Wang,
• Shusheng Bi and
• Bin Guo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 952–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.98

• decreased from 79% to 66% could be the dissolution of some NBs during coalescence. Conclusion In this study, the morphological characterization of NBs was implemented. Here, a new method was developed for image segmentation through the combination of the threshold method and the active contour method. The

Simulation tool for assessing the release and environmental distribution of nanomaterials

• Haoyang Haven Liu,
• Muhammad Bilal,
• Anastasiya Lazareva,
• Arturo Keller and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.97

• . In such analysis, the environmental entry, movement, and distribution of contaminants are described by a set of mathematical expressions. Specifically, MCMs require mechanistic quantification of intermedia transport rates (e.g., dry and wet deposition, sedimentation, dissolution) and rates of

• strong dependence of ENM intermedia transport on the complete PSDs [9]. In earlier work, a multimedia environmental distribution of nanomaterials (MendNano) model was developed [9] based on a mechanistic description of various intermedia transport and reaction (including dissolution) processes, which

• the absence of direct ENM release to those compartments. Also, the dissolution of sparingly soluble ENMs in the water compartment can be the dominant mechanism for removal of particulate ENMs from water. MendNano was also applied to the modeling of the environmental distribution of semi-volatile

Electron-stimulated purification of platinum nanostructures grown via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Jason D. Fowlkes,
• Kevin Lester,
• Harald Plank and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 907–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.94

• pressure P. Dissolution at the surface is treated according to Henry’s law S = KeqP where S is the solubility of oxygen and Keq is the solubility constant. The use of this approximation requires a description of the deposit composition model. The model deposit consists of metal nanoparticles with a defined

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• the NPs would, mediated by the protein corona, reach biological “endpoints” that they could not reach without their protein cover [5][7][22]. Dissolution of NPs has also been addressed and is of specific importance where molecular or ionic substances are released from the NP that cause own, sometimes

• well known, adverse effects [23][24][25][26][27]. The intriguing consequence of dissolution is that the particulate state may define the transport of the NPs within a biological system and molecular agents that are released wherever the NPs are located may dominate the (patho)biological effects. In

• consequence, the delicate interplay between the relative timescales of particle transport and dissolution/release kinetics can well govern NP toxicity. While this factor further complicates a fundamental understanding of NP toxicity, the right time-scale ratio of the participating effects can be a critically

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

• formed through a dissolution–recrystallization process, as suggested by Zhu et al. [14]. The shape of these crystallites strongly depends on the pH of the reaction medium since different ions act as capping agents [31]. Published results [14][20][21] suggest that the stability of HTiNRs in aqueous

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• obtained at the solid/gas interface are also valid at the solid electrolyte interface. In this paper we present the results of investigations of friction forces during UPD and dissolution of Cu/Au(111) and also during sulfate adsorption in sulfuric acid solution. We extend previous measurements to lower

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• procedure, 0.05 M zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) was mixed with hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) in a glass beaker and slowly stirred until complete dissolution was achieved. The growth temperature and time was 95 °C and 3 h, respectively. The beaker was then left inside the oven for 30 min to cool down to 40 °C

In situ observation of biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 and 9.5 by advanced optical microscopy

• Chiara Cappelli,
• Daniel Lamarca-Irisarri,
• Jordi Camas,
• F. Javier Huertas and
• Alexander E. S. Van Driessche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.67

• dissolution rates (e.g., phyllosilicates). With this technique, it is possible to carry out in situ inspection of the reacting surface in a broad range of pH, ionic strength and temperature providing useful information to help unravel the dissolution mechanisms of phyllosilicates. In this work, LCM-DIM was

• used to study the mechanisms controlling the biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 (11 and 25 °C) and pH 9.5 (50 °C). Step edges are the preferential sites of dissolution and lead to step retreat, regardless of the solution pH. At pH 1, layer swelling and peeling takes place, whereas at pH 9.5

• fibrous structures (streaks) form at the step edges. Confocal Raman spectroscopy characterization of the reacted surface could not confirm if the formation of a secondary phase was responsible for the presence of these structures. Keywords: biotite; dissolution mechanism; environmental; in situ

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• layers [24][25]. On the other hand, uptake via ingestion has been proven for silver [26][27][28] as well as gold nanoparticles [29][30]. Interestingly, for AgNP, it has been suggested that mainly ionic silver, released from the actual particles due to dissolution is absorbed via the intestinal tract

• ex situ produced BSA–AgNP displayed no toxicity at all (Figure 7B). As small nanoparticles possess a higher surface area, dissolution of Ag+ ions occurs to a greater extend than in case of larger particles. Therefore, if Ag+ ions are responsible for the observed effects, these should be more grave

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• refractive index matching between the solvents and the adsorbed organic contaminants, and the possible dissolution of the contaminants, the multiple-environment method revealed the intrinsic optical dispersion function of the flat titanium surfaces. The measured data of a neat titanium layer in different

• particles, then blow-dried and kept in vacuum until further use. A poly(dopamine) coating was deposited from a 2 mg·mL−1 solution prepared by dissolution of dopamine hydrochloride in an air-saturated 10 mM Tris hydrochloride (pH 8.5) buffer. After 3 h of polymerization, the PDA-coated surfaces were rinsed

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• derived toxicity was due to dissolution of the particles and release of free metal ions leading to cell death [41][42]. It is possible that the cytotoxic effects are a result of a combination of both of these events. However, detailed investigation of the actual mode of action needs to be done. Conclusion

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• and subsequent dissolution of the polymer template. Most of the observed tubes are about 30 µm long, which corresponds to the initial thickness of the PC foil. This and the fact that the outer diameter is constant along the tubes evidence a conformal deposition process along the complete length of the

• . (a) SEM image of a bundle of highly-flexible SiO2 nanotubes after dissolution of the PC membrane. (b–e) STEM-in-SEM images of representative sections of SiO2 nanotubes after applying 28, 56, 84, and 112 ALD cycles, respectively. (a) Small angle X-ray scattering intensities as a function of the

In situ scanning tunneling microscopy study of Ca-modified rutile TiO₂(110) in bulk water

• Giulia Serrano,
• Beatrice Bonanni,
• Tomasz Kosmala,
• Marco Di Giovannantonio,
• Ulrike Diebold,
• Klaus Wandelt and
• Claudio Goletti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 438–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.44

• -dimensional appearance of the rows in our data is most likely related to the immersion in water. Dissolution of segregated atoms in liquid very likely depends upon the surface site. Therefore, we hypothesize that the Ca row-like structures along the direction [5] are dissolved and transferred into solution

• for adsorption [6]. Interestingly, San Miguel et al. [6] report that from increasing the surface coverage of the surface as well as reducing the proximity to an oxygen vacancy, a significant reduction of the adsorption energy for Ca results. This means that calcium dissolution from the TiO2 surface

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• incubated for 24 h with SPIONs (50 µg Fe/mL) which were either caboxylated, PEGylated or which had no further modifications on their silica shell. Uptake of nanoparticles was measured by dissolution of cell pellets and nanoparticles in concentrated hydrochloric acid, followed by quantitative determination