Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• was used to compare its efficiency with some traditional organic fluorophores [105]. Lycii fructus was used by Sun et al. to develop an efficient method to prepare CDs by using a hydrothermal approach. The reported CDs showed good water solubility and excellent bio-compatibility, and the obtained QY

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• ) have carried out a study on bone regeneration efficiency by using the AuNPs, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, gold hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposites, and chitosan–hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposites. In vitro cell interaction with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells was

• gene expressions were observed. In vivo studies were done on Sprague Dawley rats. Microscale computational analysis and histological analysis show that new bone has formed. In addition, the developed scaffold demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus [86]. To

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• -light irradiation. The obtained BOM-20 composite (20 wt % Bi2O3/MIL101(Fe)) exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity with CTC degradation efficiency of 88.2% within 120 min. The degradation rate constant of BOM-20 toward CTC is 0.01348 min−1, which is 5.9 and 4.3 times higher than that of pristine

• traditional measures were difficult to be popularized. Photocatalysis is considered as an alternative and promising strategy for degradation and mineralization of antibiotics due to its low cost, high efficiency, mild reaction condition, and no secondary pollution [9][10][11]. A variety of semiconductors have

• ][21][35]. However, pure phase MIL101(Fe), like most semiconductor photocatalysts, has inherent defects, such as low conductivity and high recombination efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs [26][36]. To overcome these shortcomings, several strategies have been developed. One approach is to

Analytical and numerical design of a hybrid Fabry–Perot plano-concave microcavity for hexagonal boron nitride

• Felipe Ortiz-Huerta and
• Karina Garay-Palmett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1030–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.90

• -defined spatio-temporal mode along with an accessible numerical aperture (NA) to increase the light extraction efficiency that is required for effective coupling into optical waveguides. Based on a previously developed experimental approach to fabricate hybrid Fabry–Perot microcavities (Ortiz-Huerta et al

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• ; microwave synthesis; oxygen electroreduction; reduced graphene oxide; silver NPs; Introduction Fuel cells and rechargeable metal–air batteries have become an integral part of the renewable energy system because of their superior efficiency, high power density, and reliability. Also, they are

• slow reaction rates of the electrode processes impede the efficiency and, thus, require innovative catalyst designs. The ORR is an irreversible, complex (involving multiple steps and intermediates O, OH−, O2−, HO2− and H2O2) and kinetically slow process (via two- or four-electron transfer) dominating

• trimetallic atoms finely dispersed over rGO. Moreover, based on the d-band centre theory, the low value of Ag impacts the low oxygen absorption energy, which can be boosted by doping with copper atoms on the surface [31]. The efficiency of the ORR depends on the design and composition of the catalyst for

Numerical study on all-optical modulation characteristics of quantum cascade lasers

• Biao Wei,
• Haijun Zhou,
• Guangxiang Li and
• Bin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1011–1019, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.88

• standard 35-stage In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As type-I four-level Fabry–Perot QCL based on a two-phonon-resonance design [27]. Current injection efficiency is defined as the ratio of current to total current injected into the upper subband of the QCL in the active region, which is close to 56%. The QCL

Efficiency of electron cooling in cold-electron bolometers with traps

• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Vladimir A. Frost,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 896–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.80

• efficiency. This concept is based on negative electrothermal feedback for an incoming signal, which is due to the direct electron cooling of the absorber by the normal metal–insulator–superconductor (NIS) tunnel junctions. Recently, in receivers with cold-electron bolometers [4][5][6], electron cooling from

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• transmittance and suitable surface area for degrading methylparaben. Although Ti-doped catalyst was expected as a semiconductor to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency, pure LaFeO3 still revealed the better performance of methylparaben photodegradation than LaTi0.15Fe0.85O3 [28]. On the contrary, Garcia-Muñoz

• presented as black, as shown in Figure 5b. They successfully increased the absorption efficiency of visible light and utilized more visible light effectively. In order to determine the specific surface area, pore size, and pore volume of the prepared perovskite oxides, the analysis of nitrogen adsorption

• . LaFe0.7Ni0.3O3 had a larger crystal diameter and higher specific surface, which improved the separation of photogenerated charge carriers and the efficiency of the surface reaction. For comparison, the second-order kinetics analysis was also conducted for the samples prepared at pH 0 in Table 1. However, the R2

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• the target [17]. The CE separation efficiency allows for high-affinity aptamers to be obtained with only three to five rounds. Our present study demonstrates, for the first time, the application of CE-SELEX to obtain DNA aptamers for the ZIKV NS1 protein. In particular, the ZIKV60 aptamer (patent

• characterization, the selectivity of this aptamer towards ZIKV NS1 protein diluted in human serum. The functionalized graphene devices exhibit an evident recognition of NS1 ranging from 0.01 to 100 pg/mL. As a result, the efficiency of our functionalization protocol in combination with the distinguished

• confirmed that ZIKV60 binds preferentially to the NS1 ZIKV protein relative to NS1 of the other viruses, with the following ratios: DENV1 14.2, DENV2 14.8, DENV3 13.4, DENV4 14.8, and YFV 14.2 (Table 1). Applying CE to SELEX (CE-SELEX) was an important advance. The separation efficiency of CE contributed to

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• array matching with a SQUID readout (the total resistance of this array should be 1 Ohm). Third, the electron cooling efficiency is increased by a factor of two due to the two-fold increase in the readout for the same power going through the system. Last but not least, the absence of a second SIN tunnel

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• the cell efficiency [21]. It has been shown that a buffer layer interposed between the substrate and the molecular film can improve the crystallinity of the latter and reduce the electronic coupling with the support [22]. The buffer layer can either be a thin oxide film [23][24][25][26] or a single

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• tunnels and high-speed cameras, the relationships between wing shapes, flapping flight lift, and aerodynamic efficiency of dragonflies [31] and fruit flies [32] were examined. In addition, the influence of frequency and wind speed on the aerodynamic characteristics (such as the lift, drag, and vortex) of

• wings were flapping, lift and drag increased at the same time. At this time, the beetle could change its flight speed and obtain more lift or thrust to improve the flight efficiency and reduce the energy loss. When the wind speed reached a larger value, the lift decreased and the drag increased, and the

Ultrafast signatures of magnetic inhomogeneity in Pd_1−xFe_x (x ≤ 0.08) epitaxial thin films

• Andrey V. Petrov,
• Sergey I. Nikitin,
• Lenar R. Tagirov,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Igor V. Yanilkin and
• Roman V. Yusupov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 836–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.74

• supercomputing, big-data processing, artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic computing [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The highlight features of superconducting data processing techniques, for example, RSFQ logic [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], are the high speed and unprecedental energy efficiency [2][3][10][11][12][13

Ideal Kerker scattering by homogeneous spheres: the role of gain or loss

• Qingdong Yang,
• Weijin Chen,
• Yuntian Chen and
• Wei Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 828–835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.73

• respect to the entire argument in the bracket; Sl(z) = zjl(z) and Cl(z) = −zyl(z) are Riccati–Bessel functions; jl(z) and yl(z) are spherical Bessel functions of the first and second kinds. With al and bl obtained, the total scattering efficiency can be calculated through [26][27]: and the ideal Kerker

• scattering in terms of backward scattering efficiency Qb can be expressed as [26][27]: Equation 4 has an infinite set of possible solutions, and what is discussed [25] is actually the following very special scenario: where l0 is an arbitrary natural number and a pair of multipoles of order l0 are perfectly

• (ED and MD) are perfectly matched in non-resonant spectra regimes. The scattering efficiency spectra (scattering efficiency Qsca as a function of x = kR) for a homogeneous sphere (m = 4.1) are shown in Figure 1a, where both total scattering and the contributions from different multipoles (dipoles and

Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• high flexibility. In this case, the surface of bulk materials is peeled off or corroded by physical or chemical reactions in a liquid medium, and finally low-dimensional materials are obtained. Based on the Hansen's empirical theory, the exfoliation efficiency of low-dimensional materials can be

• improved by adjusting the composition and type of solutions used in the liquid-phase exfoliation [15][16][17]. This theory has been successfully used for improving the exfoliation efficiency in several low-dimensional materials, such as carbon, graphene, metal oxides, and fibrous phosphorus. [18]. In a

• previous study, we exfoliated KP15 in alcohol; however, this method was still inefficient [13]. Herein, the Hansen's empirical theory was firstly introduced to improve the liquid-phase exfoliation efficiency of KP15 nanowires. In addition, Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) for KP15 were also obtained in

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• that the transfection efficiency of cationized gelatin nanoparticles to myeloid leukemia cells (K562) highly depends on the elasticity [16]. Furthermore, it could be shown that stiffer particles were taken up faster in the alveolar epithelial cancer cell line A549 compared to their soft counterparts

• pH (−36.0 ± 1.18 mV). The achieved entrapment efficiency was comparable to the loading determined in a previous study in our lab [12]. Crosslinking degree and Young’s moduli Regarding the mechanical properties of the gelatin nanoparticles, a clear dependency of Young’s moduli on the crosslinking time

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• assembled vaccine particles showed improved immunogenicity. Moreover, the activity of the encapsulated OVA and CpG was maintained under enzyme incubation, heating treatment (60 °C for 12 h), or long-term storage (longer than six months) at 25 °C. The efficiency of this strategy encourages large-scale

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• method for the reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) due to its high efficiency, energy-saving, and nonpolluting advantages [4]. Among the various photocatalysts, traditional titania (TiO2) photocatalysts have received great attention due to their high reactivity, excellent stability, and nontoxicity [5][6][7

• nanocomposite was set as the representative photocatalyst for the exploration of optimal pH values of the Cr(VI) pollutant solution under visible-light irradiation. It was demonstrated that the reduction efficiency of Cr(VI) under the alkaline condition was poor because the newly formed Cr(OH)3 precipitates

• reactions shown in Equation 3 and Equation 4 [55]. Under the pH 2 condition, the mass transfer efficiency of Cr(VI) is low due to the poor adsorption capacity of the photocatalyst toward HCrO4− and Cr2O72−. Although the concentration of H+ is high in the pollutant solution, the excessive adsorbed HCrO4− and

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• [12]. Specifically, during a viral infection, viral antigens are presented by MHC I to be recognized by T cells, which, in turn, promote cytosine release and the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells [12][52][53]. Due to the efficiency of this system, many biological therapeutics (proteins, peptides

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• -trip efficiency and cycling performance of nonaqueous lithium–oxygen batteries are governed by minimizing the discharge products, such as Li2O and Li2O2. Recently, a metal–organic framework has been directly pyrolyzed into a carbon frame with controllable pore volume and size. Furthermore, selective

• blocked, resulting in a decrease of the electrochemical performance of LOBs [9]. In addition to the pore structure of the cathode, the morphology and physicochemical properties of Li2O2 directly affect the overpotential and round-trip efficiency of LOBs during cycling [10][11]. The morphologies and

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• delivery efficiency of BBR. This nanoformulation increased the oral relative bioavailability to approximately 343% compared to that of the original BBR. Although nanoformulations have emerged as an effective approach to improve the bioavailability of BBR, several drawbacks should be addressed as follows

• ), and it remains a challenge to increase drug loading. Besides, the high cost and the complexity of nanoformulation production narrow the accessibility [32]. Regarding dendrimers, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, there are also issues with long-term stability, low drug loading efficiency, and

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• setting. Keywords: hot embossing; microneedles; penetration efficiency; thermoplastic polymers; two-photon polymerization; Introduction During the past two decades, MN devices have become a promising tool for transdermal drug delivery, vaccination, and point-of-care diagnostics [1][2]. MNs are a

• efficiency (APE), defined as the fraction of the MNs in the array passing through the stratum corneum layer without damage [24][25]. Further quantification of MN penetration is the fractional penetration length (FPL), defined as the proportion of a MN’s length penetrating the skin relative to its overall

• , measured from the MN tip. During the compression test, the force-displacement data were collected and plotted with MATLAB (Natick, Massachusetts, USA). Skin preparation and MN array insertion tests Porcine back skin was used to test the penetration efficiency and insertion depth of the 9 × 9 MN arrays

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• heterojunction exhibited a synergetic effect, improving the photocatalytic activity for both hydrogen generation and organic dye degradation [10][11]). Similarly, the anatase/brookite heterojunction (38.2% brookite) also exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of cylindrospermopsin under UV–vis light [12

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• -house designed software for image analysis (Magn3t) together with a brief description of a newly designed image filtering utility. Further, a validity check of the software on fully resolved (simulated) input data is shown. The efficiency of the software is finally shown on a real-life, magnetite

• image filter, the efficiency will strongly depend on the system complexity and user appeal. However, in this particular case, the filter had an obvious beneficial effect on the image series. Improvement in the quality of image series by de-noising and removal of diffraction effects translates into a

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• efficiency of switching q. The fitting curves in Figure 5a are obtained with δt = 0.3 ns for slope 3 and δt = 5.7 ns for slope 15. The curve with slope 3 fits the experimental data for the bias current of 8.15 μA quite well if the q-array is [5 × 10−10, 5 × 10−10, 5 × 10−10, 0.002, 0.13, 1, 1, …]. Therefore

• smaller than the critical current. There is still three-photon sensitivity with efficiency 0.01, but for a slightly lower bias current of 8 μA. Curves for other bias currents can be fitted with slopes 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12. The small difference between the results at 50 mK (265 mK) and 500 mK can be

• range. Using a strongly attenuated 10 GHz harmonic signal with Poisson distribution of photons as the photon source, three-photon sensitivity with an efficiency of 0.002 and a dark count time of 0.02 s has been shown. From the analysis of the lifetime, we see that there is a room for improvement of the