Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• ). Additionally, low cost, low power consumption, and simple fabrication of gas sensors are desirable factors. Different technologies have been used to detect numerous gases that include semiconductor, catalytic, electrochemical, optical, and acoustic gas sensors [8]. In particular, conductometric semiconductor

• metal oxide (SMO) sensors are most popular due to their low cost, simplicity, easy fabrication, and wide range of gas detection capabilities [9]. Thin films and nanostructures exhibit better sensing characteristics. Various researchers have reported structures with morphologies such as nanowires (NWs

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• deposition; irradiation-driven molecular dynamics; irradiation-induced chemistry; platinum nanostructures; reactive force fields; Introduction The controllable fabrication of nanostructures with nanoscale resolution remains a considerable scientific and technological challenge [1]. To address this challenge

• working chamber. Nowadays, FEBID permits the fabrication of nanostructures with sizes down to a few nanometers, which is similar to the size of the incident electron beam [7]. To date, FEBID mainly relies on precursor molecules developed for chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a process mainly governed by

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• their core–shell structures with Zn-based compounds possessing higher bandgaps than Cd-based compounds [8][9][10][11][12]. The wide bandgap of Zn-based compounds has provided an opportunity to produce blue-emitting ‘all ZnO’-based LED, following the successful fabrication of p-type ZnO [13]. Organic

• light-emitting diodes (OLED) possess several interesting properties and are therefore gaining popularity [14]. Their low-cost and facile fabrication routes, wider viewer angle, higher resolution, lower-power consumption, lightweight, higher contrast, and faster switching characteristics give them

• unsubstituted PPV polymer, show improved properties. More recently, QD-based LED have shown an increase in the overall performance and longer lifetime values than OLED [85][86][87][88][89]. Furthermore, facile tuning of the emission wavelength by adjusting the particle size, their low fabrication cost, and

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• arrays over hypodermic needles. Developing the necessary microneedle fabrication processes has the potential to dramatically impact the health care delivery system by changing the landscape of fluid sampling and subcutaneous drug delivery. Microneedle designs which range from sub-micron to millimetre

• methods has been constrained by the limitations and high cost of microfabrication technology. Additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing and two-photon polymerization fabrication are promising transformative technologies developed in recent years. The present article provides an overview of

• , materials, and fabrication of microneedles. Review The advantages of microneedles Drug and vaccine delivery Microneedle devices have potential advantages over traditional hypodermic needles for drug and vaccine delivery. Microneedles are less invasive, with dimensions designed to avoid stimulating nerves

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• disproportionation reaction of Na2S2O3 in presence of concentrated H2SO4 [57]. Raffo sols are stable, aqueous colloidal dispersions of SO3−-capped sulfur NPs in the 100–500 nm range and could be readily assembled with other compounds such as cathode materials. Yet, this fabrication route of sulfur cathodes appears

• two fabrication methods of dispersed Na anodes. In one liquid Na is soaked into a porous scaffold, while in the other Na ions plate the porous host material. An example of the former method is the use of carbonized wood, into the open pore system of which liquid Na is soaked (Figure 9A) [67]. Also

• electrodes. Table 2 collects information of some of the patents focused on the protection of devices. Most of these patents have been applied by Nanotek Instruments and include diverse designs of devices and processes for fabrication. The patents are very large in protecting the use of materials and

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• stirred for 30 min at this temperature. At the end of synthesis time, the three-neck flask was removed from the heating mantle, and the solution was allowed to cool down to 80 °C. Finally, CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals were precipitated via centrifugation by adding 35 mL toluene and 5 mL ethanol. Fabrication of

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• times [1][2][3][4][5]. Nowadays, Pt and Au NEAs find a wide range of applications in electroanalytical chemistry, electrocatalysis, bioelectrochemistry, and kinetic measurements [6][7][8][9][10]. Several strategies have been applied for the fabrication of NEAs. Modern instrumental techniques (such as

• value was chosen as an optimal Ed for further experiments. According to the scheme of the NEA fabrication (Figure 1), the first Cu segment’s length (LCu1) determines the recess of NEAs relative to the template surface. In order to enhance a response time of sensing material inside AAO, LCu1 was

• a long-term Au electrodeposition from acidic electrolyte with pH < 5 leads to the degradation of the AAO template, characterized by a low chemical stability in the as-prepared amorphous state [28][29]. Thus, the proposed design and strategy for the fabrication of the Au NEAs include the formation of

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• experimental setup and sample fabrication and characterization can be found in [23][34] and [43], respectively. Resistances are measured by the lock-in technique with different current amplitudes Iac. In all cases, the magnetic field is applied parallel to the film plane in the orientation sketched in Figure

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• balance. This is a fundamental step in the development of automated fabrication systems for these materials [111]. Object tracking Objects are tracked by following them in a movie or a series of time-lapse images. Reliable object tracking depends on the segmentation accuracy [7]. Moen et al. applied deep

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• of micro/nanorobots and to achieve optimal control. Third, the study of fabrication and new materials of micro/nanorobots. With the continuous development of nanotechnology, more and more new materials and new technologies have emerged [51][52]. In order to make good use of micro/nanorobots in

• biomedicine and other fields, new fabrication methods of micro/nanorobots should be explored, and more biocompatible nanomaterials should be selected to reduce costs and expand applications. Finally, problems of clinical testing and practical application. There is still a long way to go before the micro

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• trigger drug release. The fabrication method of Chen’s team yielded not only easily adjustable length and diameter of the nanowires, but also excellent interface coupling between the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases. It enabled precise magnetic manipulation on patterned surfaces and 3D swimming

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• materials, which often differ from their bulk equivalent, as well as the flexibility in fabrication afforded by an ultrathin material [17]. The majority of applications are built on an interaction between a metal and the 2D material. There are multiple studies in this regard that involve the adsorption of

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• by varying the irradiation dose, and the authors showed that by using irradiation doses of 2 × 1016 and 6 × 1016 ions/cm2, tunnel junctions with barriers exhibiting normal-metal and insulator behavior, respectively, were obtained. Similarly, the fabrication of superconducting quantum interference

• biomolecules by optical means, as opposed to having to rely on the conventional ionic current method. Nanopore fabrication using the HIM is discussed in more detail in Section 5. The HIM has also been used to tune the optical properties of quantum well structures [61]. In this work, epitaxially grown InGaAs

• analysis of an isolated silicon nanocrystal from this work is shown in Figure 4c. The authors highlighted that the demonstration presents a promising new technique for the fabrication of single-electron transistor devices. This work is also closely related to the magnetic property tuning by Röder et al

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• have gained much attention in replacing ITO because of their low-cost solution-based fabrication, flexibility, and high optical transparency [14][15]. A large-scale uniform synthesis of AgNWs with high aspect ratio would be greatly preferred because of better plasmonic and optical properties [16]. An

• schematically in Figure 1 and produces about 270 mg of AgNWs, which could be considered a high-yield synthesis. Formulation of AgNW ink and fabrication of transparent conducting films A facile method was chosen for synthesizing the AgNW ink, which involved the mixing of an aqueous solution of the adhesive agent

• alignment and density of AgNWs can be easily adjusted by increasing the number of times of water washing. Water, with a very high surface tension of 72.75 × 10−3 N·m−1 at 20 °C, tends to bundle the hydrophilic AgNWs together [55]. The literature has shown the fabrication of conducting PET films using

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• the ammonium sulfide solution was simply removed by N2 blow. Each sample set (A and B) was exposed to air after the final preparation step for approx. 30 min before loading them to the ALD reactor chamber. Fabrication of the photovoltaic structures In order to check how different methods of

• -cycles. Each multi-cycle, in turn, consisted of one aluminum oxide creation cycle (TMA + H2O) and 24 cycles of zinc oxide deposition (diethylzinc/Zn(C2H5)2, DEZ, CAS:557-20-0) + H2O [2]. In the final fabrication process, a top point contact was deposited (70 nm) by aluminum-target sputtering (Kurt J

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• gaps which can particularly enhance the Raman intensities. Consequently, a lot of research and development efforts have been devoted to the fabrication of high-performance substrates following a wide range of different design concepts. These include, for example, the assembly of colloidal nanoparticles

• ], nanogratings [18], or the customization of readily available structures (i.e., HR-DVD templates) [19]. The aim of these developments is not only the optimization of the nanoparticle arrangement to obtain high enhancement factors, but also to guarantee uniformity, homogeneity, the ease of fabrication, low

• fabrication costs, as well as the stability of the SERS substrates to enable their universal applicability [7]. The microwave-assisted synthesis of nanoparticles is by now an established method for the synthesis of uniform metal nanoparticles in solution, which can be applied to fabricate SERS substrates by

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• , electromagnetic, and other attractive physical properties [1][2]. Their structures can be usually tailored or modified at the nanoscale [3][4]. One type of modification is the fabrication of 2D layered heterostructures, which have been the subject of intensive scientific research in recent years [5][6][7]. The

• topological insulator Bi2Se3 can be used, for example, for the fabrication of 2D layered heterostructures with graphene. Thus, systems can be created to study the unusual interaction of Dirac fermions, opening up new possibilities for novel electronic and spintronic devices [5]. Another famous 2D insulator is

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• fundamental framework for understanding and tuning the assembly behavior of colloidal particles, which could have implications across a broad range of fabrication techniques. Model Details First, we consider the pairwise DLVO interactions between two isolated spheres suspended in an electrolyte solution. The

• driving forces (i.e., electric or magnetic fields) and, finally, a third dimension. Nonetheless, our model provides a fundamental framework for understanding and tuning the assembly behavior of colloidal particles and can have broad implications on fabrication techniques. (a) Schematic of the pairwise

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• sustainable electricity. However, there is a need for improvement regarding the output performance and the complex fabrication of TENG devices. Here, a triboelectric nanogenerator in single-electrode mode is fabricated by a simple strategy, which involves a sandwich structure of silicone rubber and silver

• harvesting human motion energy and monitoring [17]. It can produce an open-circuit voltage up to 150 V and an optimal instantaneous power density of 44.6 mW/m2. From the abovementioned references [15][16], it can be seen that the output performance remains to be improved despite the complex fabrication

• layer. The S-TENG can charge commercial capacitors and power LED lights and scientific calculators and has three distinct advantages. These advantages are: (a) It can be made into multiple shapes and placed on various parts of the body to harvest mechanical energy, requires only a simple fabrication

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• ≃1.5 μm in length. Considering that several Mn-rich Ge–Mn phases are usually ferromagnetic at room temperature, our results offer an alternative route to a simple and fast fabrication process of novel nanodevices, capable to exploit ferromagnetic properties. SEM images of the morphological evolution of

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• others. Among the important applications of these oxides are materials with dielectric properties used in the fabrication of metasurface structures, transparent conductive oxides and buffer layers used in solar cells, and materials used in sensor technology [6][8][17][18][19][20][21]. Materials with

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• electron beam-induced processing is a versatile method for the fabrication of metallic nanostructures with arbitrary shape, in particular, on top of two-dimensional (2D) organic materials, such as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Two methods, namely electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) and electron

• reduction of the iron structures. These results demonstrate that the fabrication of hybrids of metallic nanostructures onto organic 2D materials is an intrinsically complex procedure. The interactions among the metallic deposits, the substrate for the growth of the SAM, and the associated etching/dissolving

• ” approach for the fabrication of arbitrarily shaped nanostructures [1][2][3][4][5]. The most prominent method within the FEBIP family is electron beam-induced deposition (EBID). In EBID, a focused electron beam is used to locally dissociate adsorbed precursor molecules. Thus, a localized deposit of the non

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• ubiquitous in ion beam machining with well-established applications in material characterization, for example, TEM lamella fabrication, cross sections or tomographies [19][20], or in the fabrication of prototype nanostructures, such as plasmonic antennas [2]. In contrast, appropriate fields of application

• , other challenges such as small sputter rates and large interaction volumes persist. Therefore, 2D materials are an ideal platform for ion beam machining with light ions. The lack (or non-relevance) of the interaction volume allows for a high spatial resolution, enabling the fabrication of structural

• including, but not limited to, the direct writing of defects to act as nuclei for epitaxial growth [25], the fabrication of two-dimensional phononic crystals [26], the magnetic patterning of suspended Co/Pt multilayers, the fabrication of two-dimensional mechanical resonators based on single-layer graphene

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• and some volatile fragments. The technique has been employed in applications such as the fabrication of nanoconnectors [5], extreme ultra-violet lithography (EUVL) mask repair [6], AFM probe tips [7][8][9], nanodevices for plasmonics [10], gas sensors [11][12], optoelectronics [13], and magnetic [14