Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• ] top-down NEM switch fabrication approaches. Similarly to copper, the fabrication of a platinum cantilever NEM switching element involved an additional thermal annealing step at 300 °C to reduce the stress gradient in the beam. The usability of platinum for electron-beam lithography-based fabrication

• of NEM relay-only and CMOS–NEM hybrid circuits was demonstrated. Platinum cantilevers with thickness of ≈60–70 nm, length of ≈3.2–3.5 μm and gap of 100 nm, showed a jump-in voltage of 3.3 V in 3T configuration, and 5–6 V in the CMOS–NEM hybrid circuit [114]. Ruthenium also allows CMOS compatible

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• bandgap of the TiO2 semiconductors [21]. Gallo et al. used amorphous TiO2 doped with Au and/or platinum (Pt) NPs to split water under ultraviolet (UV)-A light and simulated sunlight. Best results with 1.6 mmol/(h·g) of H2 production were obtained with Au0.5Pt0.5/TiO2 catalysts [22]. Chen et al. used

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• deposited on TiN substrates were supplied with platinum electrodes, with an area of 0.204 mm2, that were electron-beam-evaporated on top of the films. In addition, for investigating deposition uniformity in terms of conformal growth, stacked three-dimensional structures of silicon substrates with an aspect

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• highly contaminated by carbon originating from the precursor used in the process. Recently, it was shown that platinum nanostructures produced by FEBID can be efficiently purified by electron irradiation in the presence of water. If such processes can be transferred to FEBID deposits produced from other

• carbon-containing precursors, a new general approach to the generation of pure metallic nanostructures could be implemented. Therefore this study aims to understand the chemical reactions that are fundamental to the water-assisted purification of platinum FEBID deposits generated from trimethyl

• (methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) (MeCpPtMe3). The experiments performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions apply a combination of different desorption experiments coupled with mass spectrometry to analyse reaction products. Electron-stimulated desorption monitors species that leave the surface during electron exposure

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• )platinum(IV) ((MeCp)PtMe3) [29][31], or the acetylacetonate ligand in dimethyl(acetylacetonate)gold(III) ((acac)AuMe2) [30], leaving the majority of the carbon in the deposit. In contrast, small groups such as halides, CO and (a single) methyl ligand can be removed [29]. Successful examples of FEBIP

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• studies with η-(C3H5)Ru(CO)3Br [5] and the bimetallic precursor HFeCo3(CO)12 [6][7]. Results of electron interactions with platinum-based precursors, such as Pt(PF3)4 and MeCpPtMe3 [8][9][10], as well as with Co(CO)3NO and W(CO)6 [11][12][13] were also reported. Metal carbonyl precursors were investigated

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• purity [48]. For cobalt, a combination of heat, H2 exposure and electron irradiation improved the metal content in the deposits [49]. Similarly, in the case of platinum, several purification approaches have been studied, including laser assisted purification [50][51], a sequential EBID process and

• different surface mechanisms prevented the direct application of the methods used for Pt purification to Au purification. These differences between the platinum precursor MeCpPtMe3 and the acetylacetonate-based gold precursors Me2-Au-acac, Me2-Au-tfac, and Me2-Au-hfac become evident by the fact that atomic

• layer deposition is feasible for platinum [58][59], but has proved very challenging for gold [60][61]. While the encouraging results from Pt purification can provide inspiration, it is still necessary to develop new procedures for the purification of FEBID gold. Roughly, all these procedures that strive

Refractive index sensing and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver–gold layered bimetallic plasmonic crystals

• Somi Kang,
• Sean E. Lehman,
• Matthew V. Schulmerich,
• An-Phong Le,
• Tae-woo Lee,
• Stephen K. Gray,
• Rohit Bhargava and
• Ralph G. Nuzzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2492–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.249

• % methylhydrosiloxane)-(dimethylsiloxane) (HMS-301), poly(7–8% vinylmethylsiloxane)-(dimethylsiloxane), (VDT-731), platinum divinyltetramethyldisiloxane (SIP6831.1) and (1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane) (7900), were purchased from Gelest. Polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW = 10,000 g/mol) and

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• purification by LAEBID resulted not only in higher platinum content but also in an improved platinum coalescence and a transition from amorphous to graphitic carbon. The net effect of these chemical and structural transformations was a 100-fold improvement in nanowire resistivity, while maintaining a high

• postdeposition electron-induced purification methods using O2 and H2O [13][17]. The majority of the work described in this study investigates potential strategies for purifying platinum-based FEBID deposits created from cis-Pt(CO)2Cl2 by treatment with electrons and AH, strategies which were deemed capable of

• present in the platinum-containing precursors (MeCpPtMe3, Pt(hfac)2, and Pt(PF3)4) was also evaluated. Experimental FEBID structures were fabricated using two different systems: (i) a PHI 610 scanning Auger microprobe system (Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)), where deposits were subsequently treated

Robust procedure for creating and characterizing the atomic structure of scanning tunneling microscope tips

• Sumit Tewari,
• Koen M. Bastiaans,
• Milan P. Allan and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2389–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.238

• Au surface was prepared in situ by several cycles of argon sputtering at 1 keV at 5 · 10−5 mbar for 15 min and annealing at 600 K for 1 min to ensure a clean crystalline surface. The STM tips used in the experiments were commercial Unisoku platinum–iridium (PtIr) tips having a tip radius of less than

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• mbar) atmosphere to avoid ice crystal formation on the plant surfaces. The samples were platinum-coated before transferring them into the precooled (−140 °C) SEM chamber. The transfer of the frozen samples was performed using an evacuated (10−2 mbar) transfer chamber. The cryo-fixed samples were

Suppression of low-energy dissociative electron attachment in Fe(CO)₅ upon clustering

• Jozef Lengyel,
• Peter Papp,
• Štefan Matejčík,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Michal Fárník and
• Juraj Fedor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2200–2207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.219

• anion synthesis in pure Fe(CO)5 clusters. As already mentioned, Massey et al. [20] studied degradation of Fe(CO)5 films condensed on a xenon spacer on platinum foil by electron stimulated desorption. They did not observe any anion desorption at electron energies below 4 eV and strong desorption signals

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• ), platinum (Pt), or palladium (Pd) [13][14], (e) the use of dye-modified TiO2 [15][16], or (f) coupling TiO2 with other semiconductors [17][18]. In the current work, we will focus on surface modification methods. Metal-ion doped TiO2 (so-called second generation nanomaterials) may cause adverse effects not

Functional materials for environmental sensors and energy systems

• Michele Penza,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz,
• Albert Romano-Rodriguez and
• Meyya Meyyappan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2015–2016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.201

• tens of mW) are key elements for adequate air-quality measurement at indoor and outdoor levels. This Thematic Series, published in the platinum open access Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, is an exciting collection of works on functional nanomaterials such as metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials (e.g

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• . Experimental Materials All solvents and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich in high purity grade. All reactions and measurements were carried out under ambient conditions, unless otherwise stated. Instrumentation Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) TGA was conducted on a TA Q500 analyzer, using a platinum

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

•  2. No additional post-conditioning of the sample/substrate was performed. For the SEM evaluation of membrane filtered samples it was helpful to sputter a thin (≈1 nm) platinum layer over the surface to prevent charging effects. Liquid phase preparation As mentioned before, preparation should lead

Synthesis and catalytic application of magnetic Co–Cu nanowires

• Lijuan Sun,
• Xiaoyu Li,
• Zhiqiang Xu,
• Kenan Xie and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1769–1773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.178

• elemental spectrum corresponding to the selected area. Figure 4b shows that the as-prepared product contained elemental cobalt as well as elemental copper, which is in accordance with the XRD patterns. Additionally, silicon, carbon and platinum peaks were from the calculation of the elementary composition

Three-in-one approach towards efficient organic dye-sensitized solar cells: aggregation suppression, panchromatic absorption and resonance energy transfer

• Jayita Patwari,
• Samim Sardar,
• Bo Liu,
• Peter Lemmens and
• Samir Kumar Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1705–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.171

• increased absorption window, FRET-enhanced photocurrent and the prevention of SQ2 aggregation. Experimental Reagents TiO2 nanoparticles (21 nm), protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), platinum chloride (H2PtCl6), lithium iodide (LiI), 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) and iodine (I2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Squarine

• sensitized DSSCs are named SQ2_PPIX and PPIX_SQ2 according to the sequence of dye used for sensitization. To ease the comparison, the total immersion time was 24 h during both mixed-dye sensitization and sequential sensitization. The counter electrodes were prepared by depositing platinum on the FTO

• substrates via thermal decomposition of 5 mM platinum chloride (in isopropanol) at 385 °C for 30 min. 60 μm thick Surlyn was used as a spacer between the active and counter electrodes. The I−/I3− redox couple, which was prepared by mixing iodine crystal (I2), lithium iodide (LiI), and 4-tert-butylpyridine

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• the hollow nanostructure. As noted above, PVP is widely used as a colloidal stabilizer to inhibit the aggregation of metal nanoparticles such as gold [49][50][51][52], silver [53][54], platinum [55][56][57], palladium [46][57][58][59], nickel [60][61], and cobalt [62][63]. To verify this hypothesis in

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• . Oxidized PAN nanofiber mats were used as free standing working electrodes, a platinum wire was used as counter electrode, and a silver wire was used as pseudo-reference electrode. EIS data were simulated with electrical equivalent circuit by using the ZSimpWin V.3.10 analysis program. Experimental and

Low-temperature CO oxidation over Cu/Pt co-doped ZrO₂ nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1546–1552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.156

• gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and initial CO concentration. Keywords: CO oxidation; copper; nanoparticles; platinum; solution combustion; zirconia; Introduction The catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) is of potential interest in applications such as CO sensors, carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• adhesion of this polymer to different substrates. According to the literature Parylene C exhibits a satisfactory adherence to gold, platinum and silicon nitride [61], which is, however, in contradiction to older reports [62][63]. Its adherence to polyimide, on the other hand, is found to be very low [61

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• , Szczecin, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.8.151 Abstract We present an ink platform for a printable polymer–graphene nanocomposite that is intended for the development of modular biosensors. The ink consists of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide decorated with platinum nanoparticles (rGO–Pt). We

• . First, we prepare dispersions of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with platinum nanoparticles (rGO–Pt) in ethylene glycol (EG). As the polymer matrix, we utilize chitosan (CHI), a polycationic biopolymer that provides excellent film-forming properties and easy-to-functionalize amine groups [8

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• lymphocytes and reduces the fraction of necrotic cells. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; C60 fullerene; cisplatin; comet assay; computer simulation; dynamic light scattering; flow cytometry; human lymphocytes; toxicity in vitro; Introduction The water-soluble inorganic bi-valent platinum derivative

• HyperChem 8.0 according to Wysokiński et al. [42] and then optimizated in Gaussian 09W at the mPW1PW hybrid level of theory [43] in LanL2DZ basis set [44]. This level of theory and basis set is considered to be optimal for quantum-mechanical calculations of the molecules containing platinum atoms, in

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• of two types of poly-p-xylylenes, which are commercially named parylene™ N and parylene™ C, respectively) were found to deactivate on several high-energy surfaces of several transition metals such as iron, copper, silver, platinum, and the salts of these metals. The monomer deactivation inhibits the