Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• PTFE matrix was prepared through in situ polymerization. It had a conductivity of 0.049 S/cm at room temperature, which resulted in a peak power density of 110 mW/cm2 [163]. The main drawback of direct hydrazine fuel cells is the high toxicity of N2H4 and its derivatives [164]. Less toxic hydrazine

Influence of the PDMS substrate stiffness on the adhesion of Acanthamoeba castellanii

• Sören B. Gutekunst,
• Carsten Grabosch,
• Alexander Kovalev,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1393–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.152

• , and 40:1 by following the curing procedure given in Trappmann et al. [11]. Afterwards, the mixtures were poured in sterile 6-well plates (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) up to a thickness of approx. 2 mm and degased for 3.5 h. Thermal polymerization was carried out for 21 h at 70 °C followed by a slow

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• etches, which is limited not only by the etching selectivity but also by the reduced mechanical stability of very long and narrow nanowires. Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) is a plasma etching technique that alternates vertical etching steps (for example by SF6) and polymerization steps (by CF4) [105

• ][106][107][108]. Each polymerization step provides a conformal polymer deposition, meanwhile each etching step that follows is anisotropic. Therefore, the etching step removes the polymer on the bottom of the feature while a passivating polymer layer is preserved (or only partially removed) on the

Dry friction of microstructured polymer surfaces inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe,
• Elena Fadeeva and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1091–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.122

• Spurr’s low-viscosity resin [68]. The polymerization of the resin took place overnight at 70° C. The resin (Polysciences Inc., Eppelheim, Germany) consists of nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) (61.3%), 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate (ERL 4221) (23.6%), diglycidyl ether of

Characterization and photocatalytic study of tantalum oxide nanoparticles prepared by the hydrolysis of tantalum oxo-ethoxide Ta₈(μ₃-O)₂(μ-O)₈(μ-OEt)₆(OEt)₁₄

• Subia Ambreen,
• N D Pandey,
• Peter Mayer and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.121

• (μ-OEt)6(OEt)14 (1) was obtained by the controlled hydrolysis of tantalum ethoxide Ta(OEt)5 in the presence of ammonia. Compound 1 is considered as the intermediate building block in the sol–gel polymerization of Ta(OEt)5. Further hydrolysis of compound 1 yielded nanoparticles of Ta2O5, which were

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed to study the chemical states of CN and CNS. As shown in the survey spectra in Figure 1e, CN has the typical C1s and N1s signals, which evidence the successful formation of CN through thermal decomposition and polymerization of the

Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to aromatic hydrocarbons by using an iron/iron oxide nanocatalyst

• Hongwang Wang,
• Jim Hodgson,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Prem S. Thapa,
• David Moore,
• Xiaorong Wu,
• Myles Ikenberry,
• Deryl L. Troyer,
• Donghai Wang,
• Keith L. Hohn and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 760–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.88

• mass spectrum (Supporting Information File 1) with the reference spectrum available from the Wiley collection [59]. C3O2 is metastable and undergoes rapid polymerization at temperatures above 400 °C [60]. It is noteworthy that the formation of polymers at the surface of the catalyst was not observed in

Cyclodextrin-poly(ε-caprolactone) based nanoparticles able to complex phenolphthalein and adamantyl carboxylate

• Daniela Ailincai and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.76

• studied and used is poly(ε-caprolactone), a linear aliphatic polyester, obtained by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Poly(ε-caprolactone) was used in several combinations, including click reaction products. Functionalized polyester was obtained, which was further used for grafting β-CD on it

• polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone by using the propargylic alcohol as an initiator. A 10 mL round bottom flask was heated and purged with argon. 5 g (43.806 mmol, 10 Eg) of ε-caprolactone and 608.86 mg of propargylic alcohol was added to the round-bottom flask and heated at 120 °C. When the temperature is

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• new large-area mask for each separate pattern. Such masks are usually prepared by electron-beam lithography. Direct laser writing by two-photon polymerization is a promising approach, since it allows for more flexibility and large areas, as well as for chiral structures [16][17][18]. However, this

Chemi- vs physisorption in the radical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes under microwaves

• Victor Mamane,
• Guillaume Mercier,
• Junidah Abdul Shukor,
• Jérôme Gleize,
• Aziz Azizan,
• Yves Fort and
• Brigitte Vigolo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.63

• as defunctionalization, solvent addition and polymerization of the grafted functions. The strength (chemi- vs physisorption) of the bonds between the grafted functional groups and the SWNTs is discussed showing the occurrence of physical adsorption as a consequence of defunctionalization after 15 min

• of reaction under microwaves. Several chemical mechanisms of grafting could be identified, and it was possible to distinguish conditions leading to the desired chemical grafting from those leading to undesired reactions such as physisorption and polymerization. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; covalent

• under microwave heating. Because of the locally high temperatures attained in the microwave reactor, we show that undesired reactions can occur after prolonged reaction times such as the addition of the solvent xylene, partial functional group detachment, and polymerization by adding diazonium to the

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• Young’s modulus (Figure 6B). The Cyt-D inhibits the actin polymerization by binding to the fast growing plus ends of the microfilaments and blocking both the assembly and the disassembly of individual actin monomers from the bound end. It has been reported that the results of its action is a drop of the

Friction behavior of a microstructured polymer surface inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 83–97, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.8

• anhydride (NSA) (61.3%), (2) 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-carboxylate (ERL 4221) (23.6%), (3) diglycidyl ether of polypropyleneglycol (D.E.R. 736) (14.2%), and (4) N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) (0.9%). The polymerization of the resin took place over night at 70 °C. The surface roughness

The role of electron-stimulated desorption in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Thomas W. Hansen,
• Jakob B. Wagner and
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 474–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.56

• of secondary electron emission. According to Madey and Yates, “electron bombardment can promote the desorption of ionic and neutral atomic and molecular species from the surface, can alter the bonding of surface species and can cause polymerization” [17]. While the latter two processes are driving

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• . Recently we introduced a method for the preparation of a porous biocompatible polymer coating on a solid substrate, using in situ free radical polymerization of methacrylate monomers in the presence of porogens [4]. Porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate, HEMA) was shown to

• glass slides was fluorinated with tridecafluoro-(1,1,2,2)-tetrahydrooctyltrichlorosilane in a vacuumed desiccator. In the next step, the polymerization mixture consisted of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (24 wt %), ethylene dimethacrylate (16 wt %), 1-decanol (12 wt %), cyclohexanol (48 wt %), and 2,2

• . Polymerization was carried out on an OAI Model 30 deep-UV collimated light source (San Jose, CA) fitted with an USHIO 500 W Hg-xenon lamp (Japan). Irradiation intensity was calibrated by using an OAI 360 UV power meter with a 260 nm probe head. Monomers were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Further

Selective surface modification of lithographic silicon oxide nanostructures by organofunctional silanes

• Thomas Baumgärtel,
• Christian von Borczyskowski and
• Harald Graaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 218–226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.22

• (2.6 nm), OTS evidently does not form closed monolayers on the nanostructure (Figure 3A), but rather a vertical or 3D polymerization of OTS has to be assumed (Figure 3B). For much shorter immersion times in the OTS solution (several minutes to a few hours), only a partial and also very nonuniform

• height increase of the LAO structures is observed. Obviously, without any special preparation conditions, the tendency towards a 3D polymerization is much stronger than that for the formation of smooth uniform layers. A vertical polymerization is known for tri- and di-functional silanes, especially

• alkoxysilanes and alkylchlorosilanes [23][32][33] under certain conditions. In order to understand why 3D polymerization is preferred to monolayer formation on the LAO structure under ambient conditions, the reaction mechanism of trichlorosilanes with silica surfaces has to be considered in greater detail. In

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• fibers was solved by Feng et al. who made well-aligned MWCNTs/PANI hybrid materials. The methodology is the following: (i) VA-CNTs are grown on a quartz substrate by catalytic pyrolysis, (ii) the film is immersed in an aniline/HCl solution (0 °C, 12 h), (iii) polymerization on the CNTs surfaces. The

• also mention the work of Raravikar et al. [142] who embedded VA-CNTs into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix with a two-step strategy. The first step is the fabrication of a VA-CNTs array followed by a MMA monomer infiltration while the subsequent step is in situ polymerization. Finally, we

Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers

• Cheng Huang,
• Markus Moosmann,
• Jiehong Jin,
• Tobias Heiler,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.71

• The dependence of the PS island diameter upon the polymerization degree of PS is shown in Figure 4. It can clearly be seen that the average diameter and the width of the diameter distribution decrease with the reducing molar mass of the polymer. When PS of 9.58 kg/mol is used, the average diameter of

Focused electron beam induced deposition: A perspective

• Michael Huth,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Schwalb,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Roland Sachser,
• Maja Dukic,
• Jonathan Adams and
• Georg Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 597–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.70

Synthesis and electrical characterization of intrinsic and in situ doped Si nanowires using a novel precursor

• Wolfgang Molnar,
• Alois Lugstein,
• Tomasz Wojcik,
• Peter Pongratz,
• Norbert Auner,
• Christian Bauch and
• Emmerich Bertagnolli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 564–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.65

• Research GmbH, Entwicklungszentrum Wolfen, Kunstseidenstrasse 6, D-06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen Johann Wolfgang von Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.3.65 Abstract Perchlorinated polysilanes were synthesized by polymerization of tetrachlorosilane under

Colloidal lithography for fabricating patterned polymer-brush microstructures

• Tao Chen,
• Debby P. Chang,
• Rainer Jordan and
• Stefan Zauscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 397–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.46

• -initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) to fabricate patterned polymer-brush microstructures. The advantages of the CL technique over other lithographic approaches for the fabrication of patterned polymer brushes are (i) that it can be carried out with commercially available colloidal

• : atom-transfer radical polymerization; colloidal lithography; patterning; self-assembled microsphere monolayer; Introduction It is well known that monodisperse colloidal microspheres easily self-assemble into hexagonally close-packed arrays on surfaces as a result of capillary forces arising from the

• nanoscale, by changing the sphere diameter of the colloid mask. Spherical particles are commercially available with a wide range of sizes and types, or can be synthesized, e.g., by emulsion polymerization for polymer latex spheres or by controlled precipitation for inorganic oxides [12]. Patterned polymer

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• conduction band enhance the conductivity of the ZnO nanowires. The UV photoresponse of ZnO nanowires in PDMS can be explained with the help of Figure 5. After polymerization, the PDMS molecule chains of CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3, where n is the number of repeating monomer [SiO(CH3)3] units, form a network

Self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane: Surface structures formed using different protocols of particle lithography

• ChaMarra K. Saner,
• Kathie L. Lusker,
• Zorabel M. LeJeune,
• Wilson K. Serem and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 114–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.12

• masks of latex and silica spheres. The meniscus sites of water residues at the base of latex spheres furnish local containers for self-polymerization reactions to generate multilayer surface structures. Optimized structures with nearly the thickness of an ideal monolayer were achieved by using annealed

Surface functionalization of aluminosilicate nanotubes with organic molecules

• Wei Ma,
• Weng On Yah,
• Hideyuki Otsuka and
• Atsushi Takahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 82–100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.10

• through surface-initiated polymerization. In addition, the assembly of conjugated molecules, 2-(5’’-hexyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophen-5-yl)ethylphosphonic acid (HT3P) and 2-(5’’-hexyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophen-5-yl)ethylphosphonic acid 1,1-dioxide (HT3OP), on the imogolite nanotube surface was achieved by

• water content increases and there is a risk of formation of multilayers due to the uncontrolled polymerization of the multifunctional organosilanes [17][18]. Phosphorus derivatives are much less sensitive to nucleophilic substitution than silicon derivatives are, because phosphorus has a higher

• polymer chains are in situ grown from the surface by means of surface-initiated polymerization, and the grafting density is higher compared to the “grafting to” and “grafting through” approaches. The “grafting from” process can be performed with various polymerization techniques, from anionic and cationic

Improvement of the oxidation stability of cobalt nanoparticles

• Celin Dobbrow and
• Annette M. Schmidt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 75–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.9

• , respectively. Cobalt nanoparticles with a brush-like shell of linear polycaprolactone (Co@PCL) were obtained by a ring-opening polymerization process of ε-caprolactone starting from ricinolic acid-capped cobalt [13]. Polystyrene coated particles (Co@PS) were accessed by replacing the fatty acid stabilizer

• during the thermolysis of Co2(CO)8 with carboxylic acid-telechelic polystyrene, which was obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [14] (see Supporting Information File 1 for details). All synthetic steps involved were performed under argon in order to prevent premature oxidation. The

• an analogous investigation of oxidation kinetics. Polycaprolactone coated cobalt nanoparticles (Co@PCL) Co@PCL particles employed in this study were prepared according to a recently published method from ricinolic acid coated cobalt nanoparticles by surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization of CL

Approaches to nanostructure control and functionalizations of polymer@silica hybrid nanograss generated by biomimetic silica mineralization on a self-assembled polyamine layer

• Jian-Jun Yuan and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 760–773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.84

• novel external stimuli-responsive smart surface [47], with the superhydrophobic surface being switched into a superhydrophilic state by means of UV irradiation. Experimental Materials LPEI with an average polymerization degree of around 505 was synthesized by the hydrolysis of the corresponding