Imidazolium-based ionic liquids used as additives in the nanolubrication of silicon surfaces

• Patrícia M. Amorim,
• Ana M. Ferraria,
• Rogério Colaço,
• Luís C. Branco and
• Benilde Saramago

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.197

• force microscope was used in the nanoscale investigation. Different lubrication regimes were observed at both scales: boundary lubrication at the nanoscale and mixed lubrication the macroscale. In the former case, lubricity was a function of the density of the adsorbed layer; in the latter one, the

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

• Germán Prieto,
• Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
• Walter R. Tuckart and
• Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

• engineering steels [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Tribometers built on nanoindentation-based equipments, such as triboindenters, made possible the study of friction and wear at small contact scales. This kind of equipment can be used to simulate a single sharp asperity sliding over a surface while simultaneously

• stainless steel evaluated at very small scales. Experimental The material used in this study was a low-carbon AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel. Its chemical composition is presented in Table 1 and was determined using an Spectro SPECTROMAXx optical emission spectrometer. AISI 420 specimens were pre

Collembola cuticles and the three-phase line tension

• Håkon Gundersen,
• Hans Petter Leinaas and
• Christian Thaulow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1714–1722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.172

• experimental studies of solid–liquid–vapor systems report a positive sign [17]. Despite the debate with regards to the exact value of the line tension it remains an important concept for surfaces with sub-micrometer roughness features because such small size scales result in very long total three-phase line

• contact line (). Zheng et al. [16] developed Equation 3 to describe the case of droplets resting on top of small surface roughness features, treating the three-phase line tension as a parameter to describe different contact angles observed for surfaces with feature tops with different size scales but

• identical solid area fraction. Zheng et al. reported that a line-tension magnitude of 1.57 × 10−8 N was found to provide a good agreement between results and theory for roughness scales down to S ≈ 0.3 μm, below which the equation predicts contact angles of 180°. Certain assumptions or simplifications must

Three-in-one approach towards efficient organic dye-sensitized solar cells: aggregation suppression, panchromatic absorption and resonance energy transfer

• Jayita Patwari,
• Samim Sardar,
• Bo Liu,
• Peter Lemmens and
• Samir Kumar Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1705–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.171

• , using time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements. The electron transfer time scales from the dyes to TiO2 have also been characterized for each dye. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and the wavelength-dependent photocurrent measurements of the co-sensitized DSSCs reveal that FRET between the

Light-induced magnetoresistance in solution-processed planar hybrid devices measured under ambient conditions

• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Daniel Bülz,
• Danny Reuter,
• Karla Hiller,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Georgeta Salvan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1502–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.150

• higher for the HED-TIE devices because of the much smaller channel length of these devices compared to the OFETs. We attribute the observed light-induced negative magnetoresistance in TIPS-pentacene to the presence of electron–hole pairs under illumination as the magnetoresistive effect scales with the

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• . The colloidal template was removed by ultrasonication after deposition. Structures derived from a broad range of polymers and across a variety of length scales (down to 25 nm) could be fabricated. Selective deposition A straightforward method to selectively deposit polymers on prepatterned substrates

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• easily aggregated, of providing qualitative metrics for ENM ranking (e.g., “most-least” favorable) [32]. The SMAA-TRI approach has been demonstrated for ranking of C60, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), CdSe, Ag nanoparticles (NP), and Al NP according to the following scales: size (quantitative

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• , that is also used in the theory of Anderson localization, defined as [51] For spatially localized modes, χ is independent on the sample size L, whereas for extended modes, χ scales as L−2 [51]. In addition, for localized states, at a given point r and a given frequency ω, the electric field is

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• S1 for larger scales). The line profiles of these cracks reveal a penetration depth of approximately 20 nm, which means that they are limited to the interfacial area (the film thickness is approximately 350 nm). For cross-linked films, the temperature treatment results in no observable changes

• -treated (b) p-PFDA films with different degrees of EGDMA cross-linking. The data are represented on individual color scales for clarity. Water contact angle (WCA) (a) and root mean square surface roughness (σRMS) (b) of p-PFDA films with different degrees of EGDMA cross-linking, as determined by the

• ; atomic force micrographs depicting larger scales; X-ray reflectivity scan evidencing the bilayer structure of p-PFDA. Acknowledgements The work was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [Grant P26993]. The authors gratefully acknowledge Roland Resel for interesting and helpful scientific discussions

Energy-level alignment at interfaces between manganese phthalocyanine and C₆₀

• Daniel Waas,
• Florian Rückerl,
• Martin Knupfer and
• Bernd Büchner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.94

• mbar. For the measurements an X-ray tube XR-50-M with a monochromator Focus-500, a gas-discharge lamp UVS-300 and a hemispherical electron-energy analyzer PHOIBOS-150 (SPECS) were used. The energy scales were calibrated with the Au 4f7/2 core level emission feature of the substrate at 84.0 eV binding

Triptycene-terminated thiolate and selenolate monolayers on Au(111)

• Jinxuan Liu,
• Martin Kind,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Daniel Käfer,
• Stefanie Winkler,
• Wenhua Zhang,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 892–905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.91

• 1.1 eV (in case of the Trp1S and Trp1Se), respectively. The energy scales of all spectra were referenced to the Au 4 f7/2 peak located at a binding energy of 84.0 eV. To evaluate the layer thicknesses of the investigated SAMs, the samples were mounted on a holder together with a reference of well

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• microscope; contact resonance; infrared spectroscopy; organosilicate; photothermal; Introduction A fundamental objective of materials science and engineering is to understand, control, and exploit the relationships between the structure of a material at various length scales and its properties in order to

• relationships is experimentally elusive [3]. However, it has become a pervasive need for research currently focused on manipulating matter at nanometer length scales to take advantage of various nanoscale size effects [4][5][6]. It is a particularly pressing need for the semiconductor industry where the ability

• of the CR-AFM measurements on the OSG fins. Both (c) and (d) cartoons are drawn at relative scales to highlight the differences between the two techniques, with the impulse of the rapid sample expansion due to IR absorption causing a resonant oscillation of the AFM cantilever in AFM-IR (c) and the

Measuring adhesion on rough surfaces using atomic force microscopy with a liquid probe

• Juan V. Escobar,
• Cristina Garza and
• Rolando Castillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 813–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.84

• the radial distance measured from the center of the peak. Thus, this oxidized surface is rough on both the nano- and the micro-scales, a necessary condition to achieve supersolvophobic states for mercury drops [26]. As a result, mercury drops lying on the surface would be in contact with a much

• atmosphere to avoid capillary forces due to water condensation and, in the case of the mercury drop, also to prevent oxidation. Measurements were carried out in many different areas along the surfaces, with 15–20 measurements per area. At these small scales, it is not uncommon that during the scanning using

• scales of the multi-scaled rough surface surely are playing an important role. This work is underway. Test grating. a) Lattice features given by the manufacturer. b) Scanning electron microscopy image of the array of sharp silicon peaks of the actual test grating (TGT1) used in our experiments obtained

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• millimeter length scales, as summarized in Table 1. These films have found utility in a diverse array of applications. Several biological applications have found uses for vapor deposited polymer thin films. For instance, Baxamusa et al. used iCVD to deposit conformal poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels

Optimizing qPlus sensor assemblies for simultaneous scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy operation based on finite element method analysis

• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 657–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.70

• individually. This is in particular important as any change in f0 is an indication that some change in k may have taken place as well, as f0 and k are entangled properties [26]. In contrast, the thermal noise δfthermal of the measurement, which is one of the main noise sources in FM-AFM, scales with Q−1/2

Gas sensing properties of MWCNT layers electrochemically decorated with Au and Pd nanoparticles

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Riccardo Rossi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 592–603, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.64

• reference gas was dry air (AirLiquide), used also as carrier during the exposure to dilute the target gas, maintaining a constant flow rate of 1000 sccm. Various software-controlled mass flowmeters (G-MIX, Bioage) at different full scales were used [19]. The gas sensing experiments were performed by

Modeling of the growth of GaAs–AlGaAs core–shell nanowires

• Qian Zhang,
• Peter W. Voorhees and
• Stephen H. Davis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 506–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.54

• surface diffusion for typical temperatures and length scales. Moreover, the motion of the atoms along the surface due to surface diffusion is driven by the difference of the chemical potentials between neighbouring facets. The average chemical potential on the i-th facet is calculated by where ni is the

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

• Ruchi Deshmukh,
• Anurag Mehra and
• Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

• temperature. A detailed analysis of the growth regime is presented in the following to clearly explain various aspects such as twinning, size reduction of particles, lattice parameters, and time scales of growth encountered in the growth process. Growth and morphology The growth of nanoplates obtained under

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• this method doubtful. Spray drying The development of spray drying [81][82] has been expanding over the years and has recently become a suitable commercial solution at both R&D and industry scales to produce dried particles from micrometers to nanometers. The pyrotechnic community quickly discerned the

• preexpansion pressure needed to guarantee a fine spraying. Besides the innovative applications of energetic nanomaterials, such as the synthesis of ultrafine nanodiamonds [116][117] and reactivity enhancement [10], the versatility of SFE allows the crystallization at a sub-micrometer or nanometer scales of a

• for the specific commercial drug products have been reported [125]. First, the choice of the gas at industrial scales is returning to CO2 due to safety and affordability criteria. For instance, gases such as nitrous oxide or ethane have low critical values, but explosive mixtures can be generated

Selective photodissociation of tailored molecular tags as a tool for quantum optics

• Ugur Sezer,
• Philipp Geyer,
• Moritz Kriegleder,
• Maxime Debiossac,
• Armin Shayeghi,
• Markus Arndt,
• Lukas Felix and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.35

• ask how complex an object may be while still displaying quantum delocalization over macroscopic times and length scales [4][5]. Matter-waves can then become tools for chemistry too, for instance in novel measurements of molecular properties [6][7][8]. First experiments with complex molecules realized

• objects. Both will be crucial for molecular quantum optics and future matter-wave experiments. An open future challenge will be to explore how well this method scales with the size of particles from individual monomer to trimers, chromophore-labelled biomolecules up to decorated viruses, as displayed as

Colorimetric gas detection by the varying thickness of a thin film of ultrasmall PTSA-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles on a Si substrate

• Urmas Joost,
• Andris Šutka,
• Meeri Visnapuu,
• Aile Tamm,
• Meeri Lembinen,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Kathriin Utt,
• Krisjanis Smits,
• Ergo Nõmmiste and
• Vambola Kisand

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 229–236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.25

• conducted under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. The binding energy scales for the XPS experiments were referenced to the binding energy of Ti4+ 2p3/2 (458.6 eV). To estimate the overall atomic concentrations of different compounds and elements, the average matrix relative sensitivity factors (AMRSF

Electron energy relaxation under terahertz excitation in (Cd_1−xZn_x)₃As₂ Dirac semimetals

• Alexandra V. Galeeva,
• Ivan V. Krylov,
• Konstantin A. Drozdov,
• Anatoly F. Knjazev,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Vasily S. Zakhvalinskii,
• Sergey N. Danilov,
• Ludmila I. Ryabova and
• Dmitry R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 167–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.17

• variation on the PEM effect amplitude is shown in Figure 2. For the direct spectrum sample with x = 0.25 (Figure 2a), the effect scales up as a function of the incident radiation power for both laser wavelengths used (the main panel), whereas the dependence of UPEM on the number of radiation quanta is

• than in the bulk. These kind of surface states are apparently present both in the inverse and direct gap phases of (Cd1−xZnx)3As2 solid solutions. The effect amplitude, however, scales up differently as a function of the incident radiation flux in the two cases. It was suggested in [12] that this

Studying friction while playing the violin: exploring the stick–slip phenomenon

• Santiago Casado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.16

• same magnifications as in Figure 4 were selected. Other violin strings were also inspected, but they all presented similar surface characteristics at these scales. Hence, only a representative D-string was analyzed in detail. In Figure 6, line profiles obtained from AFM characterization of samples 1

• orchestra, and a synthetic hair used with a Bestler violin for beginners. Both hairs were tested under optimal musical conditions in all the possible violin scales, checked and recorded by the same professional violin player, on the same violin, and on the same string (D). The age of the two samples was

• rosin particles. Sound waves and Fourier analyses of samples 1 and 2 after cleaning. Images of sample 1 (a) and 2 (b) cleaned surfaces, showing geometrical differences at various scales. Surface characterization of the D-string of a violin. Line profile comparison between D-string (upper plots, blue

Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D

• Jagoba Iturri,
• Ana C. Vianna,
• Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado,
• Dietmar Pum,
• Uwe B. Sleytr and
• José Luis Toca-Herrera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 91–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.10

• characteristic peak observed at the initial moments of the S-layer formation. Df plots representing the binding of SbpA onto the SCWP film. The color scales indicate the elapsed time after protein injection for (a) the full incubation process (1020 min, color step 60 min) and (b) the initial 60 min of the

Grazing-incidence optical magnetic recording with super-resolution

• Gunther Scheunert,
• Sidney. R. Cohen,
• René Kullock,
• Ryan McCarron,
• Katya Rechev,
• Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri,
• Ora Bitton,
• Paul Dawson,
• Bert Hecht and
• Dan Oron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 28–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.4

• end of the 50 ns pulse. The left side of the graph shows the long axis of the elliptical hot spot and the right side shows the short axis (note, there are different scales for the horizontal axis). The intensity distribution of the laser pulse (dotted black line) defines the lateral extension of the