Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• devices and magnetic drive structures integrated into the robots. This greatly improves the efficiency of power transmission of the MNR, the sensitivity of the motion control, and the biocompatibility, with better performance and wider applications. In-depth research in the field of MNRs is inseparable

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• can monitor the training status of athletes in real time and provide training suggestions [83]. TENGs have high sensitivity, and a slight strain can cause the output signal of TENGs to change. Self-powered sensors based on TENGs are feasible signal monitoring sensors for facial activity, breathing

• ion triboelectric nanosensor [16]. By adding three ligand molecules to the surface of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide, the detection sensitivity for Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ reached 0.005 × 10−6, 0.003 × 10−6, and 0.004 × 10−6 M, respectively. The self-powered tribo-nanosensor generates different output

• (MOS) gas sensors, the PENG/TENG-based self-powered gas sensor has a lower power consumption, requires no heating, and exhibits high stability and high sensitivity. In 2013, Xue et al. proposed a ZnO NWs PENG-based self-powered gas sensor [18]. The response of the unpackaged PENG sensor was studied

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• focused ion beam as it is scanned across the sample. Compared with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the HIM offers enhanced surface sensitivity, greater topographic contrast, and a larger depth of field [4][5]. A charge-neutralization system based on flooding the scanned region with low-energy

• the high sensitivity of the electronic transport properties of YBCO to point defects introduced into the lattice [43]. The same study also confirmed that minimal lateral scatter of the ions in the YBCO thin film occurs; even at the higher doses used to induce amorphisity, the irradiated channels

• ) can achieve minimum features sizes approaching 5 nm, but key drawbacks of using electrons (beam energies typically up to 100 keV) are the low sensitivity of the resists to these particles and also proximity effects (i.e., unintentional exposure of resist surrounding the targeted pixel) due to

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• mobility and, consequently, graphene conductivity. On the other hand, chemical functionalization of graphene may improve the sensitivity of graphene-based sensors [6]. Therefore, the control of density and types of defects in graphene might be a new way to prepare efficient molecular sensors. Systems

• equal to 1583.5 cm–1 [14]. The sensitivity of the G band energy on the carrier concentration is caused by the presence of a Kohn anomaly near the Γ point in the phonon band structure of graphene [15]. Consequently, the G band energy significantly increases with an increasing concentration of both

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• slightly different position of the Fermi level in the gap of the STO semiconductor. Upon evaporation of the organic molecules, no changes of the peak shape can be detected, pointing to the absence of chemical interactions involving Ti atoms at the interface. However, we note that the surface sensitivity at

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• AgNPs and Ag+ The ICP-OES technique is one of the most popular techniques used to identify metal ions and it allows us to detect AgNPs and Ag+ with high precision and sensitivity. This technique atomizes both Ag+ and AgNPs in the plasma and does not differentiate ionic silver (Ag+) from AgNPs [147

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• cannot meet the requirements of the next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) due to their low capacity, sensitivity to electrolyte, and limited capability [1][2][3]. As a result, plenty of materials with high capacity and rate capability, good recyclability, and long lifetime have been proposed as

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• rapidly divide, such as bone marrow stem cells and the gastrointestinal epithelium. This leads to severe and sometimes life-threatening side effects and disruption of the normal hematopoiesis and subsequent recovery, especially of elderly patients. The lack of sensitivity and the development of resistance

• . The combination of two or more drugs into one treatment protocol usually increases the therapeutic outcomes. This is achieved through modifications of specific cell signaling pathways with the aim to increase the cell sensitivity to at least one agent of the employed therapeutic drug combination. This

• sensitivity of the cancer cells against the antineoplastic agents, (ii) functionalized nanoscale systems carrying anticancer agents that target multiple receptors, or (iii) other multifunctional approaches involving gene therapy for receptor knockdown administered with anticancer agents in targeted

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• of resistance in n-type MOS and an increase of resistance in p-type MOS and vice versa [8]. MOS have certain advantages such as fast response time and excellent sensitivity towards all kinds of gases [11]. The major disadvantages of MOS are their poor selectivity and high operating temperatures of

• 200 to 400 °C, which means a high power consumption [4]. WO3 is a wide-bandgap [12][13] n-type semiconductor [14][15] with good sensitivity towards NO2 [16] and CO [17]. Known successful routes to improve the MOS gas sensing performance are doping with transition metals, decoration with noble metals

• , formation of heterojunctions, or size reduction [18][19]. Doping of WO3 with nickel improves the humidity sensing compared to neat WO3. Attributed to a greater number of electrons donated by Ni atoms, higher surface area, and smaller bandgap energy, Ni-doped WO3 has a faster response, higher sensitivity

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• -scrambled images) and were asked to identify the images that were repeatedly presented. The results showed a strong early-stage sensitivity to word stimuli at 100–400 ms (Figure 3b). Notably, one patient (termed “Patient 1”) underwent surgical removal of tissue around the location of the implanted ventral

• Publishing. All rights reserved. iEEG recording of patients with medically intractable epilepsy. (a) Electrodes were implanted in the ventral temporal cortex of the patients. (b) The signals showed a strong early-stage sensitivity to words at 100–400 ms. (c) The results from the word length and naming task

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• ], and graphene nanomechanical resonators have been employed as various sensors [42][43][44][45][46]. Yet, the sensitivity at room temperature is limited by a rather low quality factor. Patterning of the devices into trampoline-shaped resonators yields a large increase in quality factor and, thus, device

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• external stimulus [13]. Additionally, the NIR light-induced heat can improve the sensitivity of cancer cells towards chemotherapeutic agents by increasing blood vessel dilation and membrane permeability. These findings provide an incentive to combine photothermal therapy and chemotherapy for cancer

• DOX [35]. Similarly, a study showed an improved toxicity of DOX-loaded DNA-wrapped gold nanoparticles in drug-resistant cancer cells [36]. Our results are opposite to this study, it might be due to the higher sensitivity of HepG2 cells to DOX, which could induce more toxicity of free drug compared to

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• higher concentrations, which could not be analyzed at lower concentrations due to limits to analytical sensitivity. This interpretation is supported by UV–vis spectra. Although not directly studied, dissolved silver chloride complexes and other particles were also likely formed [37], along with Ag

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• ), sensitivity, and moderate body size make Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) [45] an ideal model organism to study environmental nanotoxicity at the nanoscale level. C. elegans was used as a model organism to evaluate the impact of an exposure to a 50–100 mg/L dose of graphite, graphite oxide nanoplatelets, and

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• Helium ion microscopy (HIM) offers the opportunity to obtain direct views of biological samples such as cellular structures, virus particles, and microbial interactions. Imaging with the HIM combines sub-nanometer resolution, large depth of field, and high surface sensitivity. Due to its charge

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• TENG structure with a high sensitivity and a wide range of humidity detection. The corresponding mechanism of a self-powered GO P-TENG humidity sensor is displayed in Figure 8a. In general, GO P-TENG sensors respond to humidity due to the physical adsorption of water molecules on the surface of the GO

• that utilizes the output performances as sensing signals. The achieved high sensitivity of 500% (V/V-%RH) is useful for portable/wearable electronics and for potential industrial applications due to its flexibility and lightweight. Regarding height sensors, Xia et al. proposed a stacked 3D zigzag

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• in sheet resistance and to increase touch sensitivity [89]. Furthermore, AgNWs can be used to prepare AgNW-based conductive inks that have remarkable rheological characteristics such as thixotropic shear thinning and thus, can be simply used for screen printing without the addition of polymeric

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• spectroscopy needs to be overcome. Despite the fact that AFM, in general, has a high sensitivity for physical properties and physical material contrasts, it is usually considered to lack sensitivity to detect chemical or structural information. Therefore, the magnitude and extent of different material phases

• attractive forces are clearly dominated by the van der Waals interactions and correlate with AHam. As an example, the specificity and sensitivity of Fattr for different materials is shown in Figure 2a for averaged example curves (average of approximately 50 curves) of different neat solids: glass (black

• two inorganic materials, glass and boehmite (γ-AlOOH), with up to four (epoxy) and three (boehmite) different sample–tip pairings. We also have a very strong indication that this parameter has a certain sensitivity for subsurface structures (model sample epoxy/PC). Consequently, by sensing into some

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• the existence of the defects. Owing to the extreme sensitivity of EPR spectroscopy (1011 spins/g) to paramagnetically active defect centers, one may correlate the information on the local electronic configuration from EPR spectra with Raman and PL spectra. Thus, when such semiconductor materials are

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• resembles a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), but the use of helium ions rather than electrons provides several advantages, including higher surface sensitivity, larger depth of field, and a straightforward charge-compensating electron flood gun, which enables imaging of non-conductive

• the secondary electron. In SEM, the acceleration voltage of the electron beam needs to be lowered to yield low-energy secondary electrons. This increases surface sensitivity since only secondary electrons produced directly under the surface will be able to overcome the work function of the sample and

• surface in order to avoid charging. Charge compensation can even be considered to be necessary for conductive metals, because the high surface sensitivity of the HIM would only reveal the metal layer and not the fine detail of the surface ultrastructure without the use of the flood gun. From a practical

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• the fabricated piezotronic strain sensor. The gauge factor is as high as 30 under compressive or tensile stress, which indicates a high sensitivity of the strain sensor. Periodic strain tests show the high stability and repeatability of the sensor. The working mechanism of the strain sensor is

• into electrical signals. They exhibit a potential for application in health-monitoring and motion-monitoring devices, and in artificial intelligence, for example [20][21][22]. However, high sensitivity (gauge factor ≥20) is key to detect a very small deformation of a given material [23][24]. Therefore

• % tensile strain, which shows its high sensitivity. Furthermore, the current increases with an increase in the tensile strain and decreases with an increase in the compressive strain along the c-axis. The current returns to its original value after release of the mechanical stress. At the same time, the

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• structures are highly sensitivity to magnetic field switching and energy consumption is significantly reduced due to the absence of dissipation in such a valve in the ground (superconducting) state. Practice shows that the creation of multilayer S/F nanostructures with the required properties is an

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• architecture is analysed. sMIM measurements of the different layers of the PIN diode are presented and discussed in terms of detection mechanism, sensitivity, and precision. In the second part, supported by analytic calculations of the equivalent nano-MIS capacitor, a new multidimensional approach, including a

• -frequency (approx. 100 kHz) AC voltage (VAC) is applied to the tip–sample system in order to generate the movement of free carriers [18]. At a fixed DC bias, the capacitance variation is measured with a highly sensitive capacitance sensor with a sensitivity of approx. 10−19 F·Hz−1/2. In addition, the

• detected phase sign indicates the majority carrier type and, hereby, enables the distinction between n-type and p-type semiconductor regions. In this way, SCM is applied to map the local carrier concentration and carrier type in semiconductor materials with a sensitivity between 1015 and 1020 atoms·cm−3

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• curves in well-defined spatial intervals, can take several hours to complete. In order to overcome these drawbacks, dynamic scanning methods are a promising alternative to force–distance curves. For example, intermittent-contact (or tapping) mode AFM shows sensitivity to mechanical properties in the

• sphere (Sigma-Aldrich) with a radius of 1.5 µm that has been glued to a NSC15 tipless cantilever with kc = 40 N/m (MikroMasch, Sofia, Bulgaria) using two-component epoxy UHU Endfest 300 (UHU, Bühl, Germany). Before the measurement, the sensitivity of the cantilever has been calibrated by recording force