Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• mechanical strain [124][125], their electrical breakdown and mass loss caused by field evaporation [126]. Graphene: For fabricating NEM switches, monolayer [24][25][26][27] as well as few-layer [28][29][30][31] graphene materials are used. The mechanical properties are decisive for selecting the number of

Al₂O₃/TiO₂ inverse opals from electrosprayed self-assembled templates

• Arnau Coll,
• Sandra Bermejo,
• David Hernández and
• Luís Castañer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 216–223, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.23

• several optoelectronic devices such as dichroic mirrors, optical switches, lasers, biosensors or strain sensors [1][2][3][4][5]. The performance of these devices is mainly related to the lattice periodicity, the quality and the size of the ordered structure and the refractive index contrast. The

Humidity-dependent wound sealing in succulent leaves of Delosperma cooperi – An adaptation to seasonal drought stress

• Olga Speck,
• Mark Schlechtendahl,
• Florian Borm,
• Tim Kampowski and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 175–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.20

• construction plans, numerical and analytical models [6]. In cases in which mainly physical processes (e.g., movement driven by hydraulics and mechanical instabilities or a given stress–strain field in combination with morphological–anatomical characteristics) and/or chemical processes (e.g., polymerisation

• modelling by Konrad et al. [7] supports the idea that the new stress and strain distribution additionally increases leaf bending and improves the sealing of the incision. Leaf movement continues until a new equilibrium between the internal compressive and tensile stresses has been established. In the case

• carefully arranged parallel to the tension forces to ensure an even strain field over the diameter of the sample. During hardening the adhesive glued samples were stored in a humidity chamber (>95% relative air humidity) in order to prevent or slow down dehydration (storage time for leaves: 2–4 h, storage

Dopant-stimulated growth of GaN nanotube-like nanostructures on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

• Alexey D. Bolshakov,
• Alexey M. Mozharov,
• Georgiy A. Sapunov,
• Igor V. Shtrom,
• Nickolay V. Sibirev,
• Vladimir V. Fedorov,
• Evgeniy V. Ubyivovk,
• Maria Tchernycheva,
• George E. Cirlin and
• Ivan S. Mukhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.17

• , therefore, the central part of the NW base is silicon-enriched. Further away from the substrate, the strain rapidly reduces, and the lattice constant in the NW is reduced to that of bulk GaN. Here Si atoms preferentially join the outer part of the NW [44]. So we conclude that the Si dopant concentration in

Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria

• Jiajun Wang,
• Xia Liu,
• Gesmi Milcovich,
• Tzu-Yu Chen,
• Edel Durack,
• Sarah Mallen,
• Yongming Ruan,
• Xuexiang Weng and
• Sarah P. Hudson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 137–145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.16

• , exhibited excellent fluorescent features. On the other hand, a low cytotoxicity for a model bacterial strain Xag was found. Confocal analysis confirmed the suitability of the C-dots as a bioimaging tool for a model bacterial strain, with specific optimal sample synthesis and concentration targeted at this

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• applications, such as gas [14][15], strain [16], magnetic [12][17] and thermal sensors [18], besides nano-antennas as probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) [19]. Other applications comprising superconducting [20] and plasmonic [21] structures, nanoalloys for nanoelectronic applications [22

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• reference material causing lattice contraction or expansion and strain [97][98][99][100][101]. The HR-TEM imaging was performed on a FEI Tecnai G2 F20 electron microscopy operated at 200kV accelerating voltage [102]. Digital images were recorded by a Gatan UltraScan 1000P detector. Samples were prepared

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• on various parameters, including the crystal defects, oxygen vacancies, phonon confinement, and inhomogeneous strain related to the reduced ceria [31][32]. Herein, the shift can be related to the interaction between the MOx species and CeO2 surface, which leads to lengthening and weakening of the M–O

Material property analytical relations for the case of an AFM probe tapping a viscoelastic surface containing multiple characteristic times

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2230–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.223

• sinusoidal trajectory. From the rheological viewpoint, the characterization of viscoelastic materials has been classically performed by applying a well-defined input excitation (either stress or sample strain) to elicit a response, which is then measured. The measured output response and the well-defined

• input are related through a material transfer function, which contains the viscoelastic parameters. Standard inputs are typically strain and stress step functions (in the case of stress relaxation and creep experiments, respectively) or harmonic excitations (in the case of DMA). Following the spirit of

• the viscoelastic parameters of the sample (further explanation is provided below), and R is the circular punch’s radius. The factor having units of displacement, can be regarded as the cell constant b which converts stress–strain to force–displacement relationships [8]. This relationship (Equation 1

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• evidence exists concerning the possible presence of impurities, with the exception of Mg involved in the intentional doping. Fourthly, other effects such as strain [73][74] can influence the electronic level structure of the nanowires. From our results, in the case of the growth on the GaAs(111)B substrate

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• ), contact-resonance force microscopy (mechanical properties), and SEM combined with a variety of stress-strain AFM experiments and AFM numerical simulations (internal structure). We further study the nanoclay’s response to the application of pressure with multifrequency AFM and conductive AFM, whereby

• and for particles with random orientation, among others. Since the calculation of the Young’s modulus with AFM methods is not reliable (as also discussed above) [51], the strain is measured instead and related to the peak imaging forces. The increased force obtained from bimodal AFM for increasing

• free oscillation amplitudes of the higher eigenmode [62] is used to compress the coating and measure the strain for different nanoclay concentrations. The predicted strain from different mechanical models was then compared to the experimental results. The strain was calculated from bimodal AFM

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• crystals. This can be attributed to the comparatively shorter lithium-ion path ways and better ability to accommodate the strain during volume change caused by lithiation/delithiation [15]. The delithiation step, which is essential for the reaction reversibility, is considered thermodynamically impossible

• a few cycles [17]. This can be attributed to the specific nanometer-scale dimensions of the material, which have several impacts: (1) improved ability to accommodate the strain during volume changes caused by lithiation/delithiation. (2) The rate of lithium insertion and removal is increased. The

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• tearing and ripping of the detached graphene layer. A compartmentalized etching chamber drastically reduces the strain on the graphene during this procedure. This is due to the fact that the most mechanically demanding step that occurs during the isolation of the graphene layer (i.e., the cleaning process

Growth and characterization of textured well-faceted ZnO on planar Si(100), planar Si(111), and textured Si(100) substrates for solar cell applications

• Chin-Yi Tsai,
• Jyong-Di Lai,
• Shih-Wei Feng,
• Chien-Jung Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen,
• Fann-Wei Yang,
• Hsiang-Chen Wang and
• Li-Wei Tu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1939–1945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.194

• expose the Si(111) surface to form pyramid structures. However, the additional strain constraints from these Si surface textures will normally limit the growth of the ZnO(002) hexagonal cylinder and therefore favor the growth of the ZnO(101) pyramidal tips, with the same size of a surface unit cell as

• structures from the ZnO(110) grains, while the ZnO film on planar Si(111) substrate will have more pyramid-like structures from the ZnO(002) grains. Average grain size and strain In addition, the ZnO average grain size (D) can be calculated from the following equation [17]: where βhkl, κ, λ, and θ are full

• not only the percentages of different grain crystal orientations but also the associated strain. The strain (ε) associated with the XRD peaks can be calculated by the following equation [17]: where βhkl and θ are the FWHM and XRD angle, respectively. As shown in Figure 6a, the ε in the ZnOp(100

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• . The reason for the latter deterioration could be attributed to the increased rigidity of the laminates expressed as lower strain at yield, or the incompatibility between the FG sizing and the various SAAs leading to agglomeration in the matrix phase, as shown in Figure 3. Experiments aimed at

Stick–slip boundary friction mode as a second-order phase transition with an inhomogeneous distribution of elastic stress in the contact area

• Iakov A. Lyashenko,
• Vadym N. Borysiuk and
• Valentin L. Popov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1889–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.189

• the stick–slip mode of boundary friction. An analytical description and numerical simulation with radial distributions of the order parameter, stress and strain were performed to investigate the spatial inhomogeneity. It is shown that in the case when the driving device is connected to the upper part

• of the friction block through an elastic spring, the frequency of the melting/solidification phase transitions increases with time. Keywords: boundary friction; dimensionality reduction; numerical simulation; shear stress and strain; stick–slip motion; tribology; Introduction The boundary friction

• relevant physical results. The dependence of the order parameter on elastic strain in the lubricant layer, obtained using the above-mentioned thermodynamic approach, agrees with the similar data obtained from computational studies [14][15][16]. Moreover, strain–stress curves obtained in [10] are confirmed

Process-specific mechanisms of vertically oriented graphene growth in plasmas

• Subrata Ghosh,
• Shyamal R. Polaki,
• Niranjan Kumar,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Mohamed Kamruddin and
• Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1658–1670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.166

• described by the formation of low-dimensional, extremely small nanosheets where strain might be high due to the generation of intrinsic defects as discussed below in this paper. However, better graphitization is noticed at high temperatures when the number of edge-related defects is reduced. The residual

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• –strain curve obtained by DMA shows that fiber alignment increases the mechanical properties of the web. A directional orientation of the fibers definitely and expectedly has the effect of increasing modulus and reducing the strain to break [18][28][29]. Aligned nanofibers has a greater modulus than non

• properties in terms of modulus. Figure 2 shows stress–strain plots of aligned and non-aligned PAN nanofibers. According to the plots, the elastic modulus of a PAN-nanofiber web increases with fiber orientation from 63 MPa to 159 MPa. Thus, rotating collectors were chosen to obtain nanofibers with better

• . Conclusion In this paper, CNF webs and GO-containing CNF webs were successfully fabricated. Nanofiber webs were fabricated via electrospinning. Nanofiber alignment was achieved with a rotating collector, which also had the definite and expected effect of increasing modulus and reducing the strain to break of

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• . However, the main difference between the results obtained for TTF derivatives, described above, and those obtained in [33] is that the transistor was additionally encapsulated with 3 μm thick Parylene C coating to set it on a strain neutral position. Figure 5a presents a device bent onto a 0.8 mm radius

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• % Tween 80 aqueous solution no positive mutagenic response was observed up to the dose of 1 mg/plate with any tester strain in the bacterial genotoxicity tests in vitro and in vivo [28]. The aqueous suspension of C60 fullerenes caused positive responses in two bacterial genotoxicity tests, namely the

3D continuum phonon model for group-IV 2D materials

• Morten Willatzen,
• Lok C. Lew Yan Voon,
• Appala Naidu Gandi and
• Udo Schwingenschlögl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1345–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.136

• : graphene For both graphene and MoS2, the general form of the stiffness tensor for hexagonal structures is and the stress–strain relations TI = cIJSJ for graphene become where TI and SJ denote stress and strain, respectively. Here we have used Voigt notation for tensors. The latter equations are different

• and the stress–strain relations become The only difference compared to the corresponding equations for graphene are the terms containing c14. Elastic equations The elastic equations for silicene then read or, in terms of the displacements, Again, the differences compared to graphene are the c14 terms

• graphene, Equation 2, because of the same hexagonal symmetry. However, the stress–strain relations are different because of the presence of piezoelectricity. Specifically, there are additional contributions to the stress–strain constitutive relations: by use of the piezoelectric e-tensor: and the equation

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• constant strain velocity of 2 mm·s−1 at two different temperatures, 25 °C and 60 °C. Results and Discussion Miniemulsion polymerization kinetics and properties of the hybrid latexes In situ miniemulsion polymerization at 20 wt % solid content was performed in the presence of various amounts of air

• situ composites in the high temperature region suggest the formation of 3D networks of the filler within the polymer matrix and significant crosslinking between the both phases [18]. In order to gain deeper insight into the reinforcement effect of the MWCNTs in these composites, stress–strain testing

• of the films made of MMA/BA/HEMA/air-sonicated MWCNT. Stress–strain behavior of MWCNT/polymer composites (a) at 25 ºC and (b) at 60 ºC. Preparation method and characteristics of the investigated samples. Droplet z-average diameter (dd) and particle z-average diameter (dp), number of particles (Np

Charge transport in organic nanocrystal diodes based on rolled-up robust nanomembrane contacts

• Vineeth Kumar Bandari,
• Lakshmi Varadharajan,
• Longqian Xu,
• Abdur Rehman Jalil,
• Mirunalini Devarajulu,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Feng Zhu and
• Oliver G. Schmidt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1277–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.129

• tedious problem. Part of the authors of this report have developed a novel ‘rolled-up nanotechnology’ to tackle this challenge [17][18][19]. By this method, strained nanomembranes are released from a substrate surface and the elastic relaxation of the built-in strain gradient triggers a self-rolling

Characterization of ferrite nanoparticles for preparation of biocomposites

• Urszula Klekotka,
• Magdalena Rogowska,
• Dariusz Satuła and
• Beata Kalska-Szostko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1257–1265, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.127

• important factors previously mentioned [25]. The obtained average particle size was found to be within the error bars for both the XRD and TEM particle size analysis. A decreasing trend is also preserved. This is all reflected in the strain value which is rather high but depends on the synthesis conditions

• presentation of two types of biocomposite preparation: A) nanoparticles with glutaraldehyde and enzyme; B) nanoparticles after surface modification and enzyme attachment. Diameter of nanoparticles determined from TEM images and estimated average grain diameters, unit cell parameters and strain values from the

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• method to produce periodic wrinkle structures on the surface of polymer films using prestrained substrates [28]. Various polymers were deposited on prestrained PDMS substrates using iCVD. The subsequent release of the strain leads to microstructured wrinkles, where the topography is controlled by tuning