Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• nanoprobes, which were doped with lanthanide elements to allow for up-conversion luminescence imaging [15]. We assessed their photothermal effects in both A375 cells and BALB/c mice models. However, the synthesis of these nanoprobes requires complex procedures and is economically challenging. Recent findings

• Comparative Medicine Center of Yangzhou University. All animal experiments conducted in the current study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Jilin University (including guidelines for animal care, use, and euthanasia). Synthesis of individual Fe3O4 nanoparticles The

• ethanol and dispersed in chloroform at a concentration of 1 mg/mL for later use. Synthesis of clustered Fe3O4 nanoparticles Step 1: PVP (0.58 g, molecular weight 58,000) was dissolved in 5 mL ethylene glycol under magnetic stirring. Step 2: DTAB or TTAB or DeTAB (0.02 g) were dissolved in 1 mL pure water

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and provide high mechanical strength [1][8]. In this study, ampicillin trihydrate, FDA-approved β-lactam antibiotics, a broad-spectrum semi-synthetic derivative of aminopenicillin, was used. Ampicillin trihydrate acts by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a

Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles

• Mikkel Juelsholt,
• Jonathan Quinson,
• Emil T. S. Kjær,
• Baiyu Wang,
• Rebecca Pittkowski,
• Susan R. Cooper,
• Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh,
• Søren B. Simonsen,
• Luise Theil Kuhn,
• María Escudero-Escribano and
• Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 230–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.17

• -free synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles (NPs) performed in alkaline low-boiling-point solvents has been recently reported. Monoalcohols are here investigated as solvents and reducing agents to obtain colloidal Os nanoparticles by using low-temperature (<100 °C) surfactant-free syntheses. The

• opposed to the case of Pt or Ir NPs. The robustness of the synthesis for a precursor concentration up to 100 mM allows for the performance of X-ray total scattering with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, which shows that 1–2 nm hexagonal close packed (hcp) NPs are formed from chain-like [OsOxCly

• ] complexes. Keywords: metal nanoparticles; osmium; pair distribution function; surfactant-free synthesis; Findings Precious metals are limited resources, yet fundamental for a range of applications, such as in medicine or catalysis [1][2][3]. There are relatively few reports on osmium (Os) compared to

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• device physics is mainly determined by the molecular properties. Experimental Chemical synthesis 4’-Mercaptophenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (MPTP), 4′-[4-(acetylthio)phenyl]-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (MPTP-SAc), 1,4-bis(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine-4-yl)benzene (BTP), the complex RuCl2(DMSO)MPTP-SAc and the

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• [92]. Shabib and his colleagues published an interesting study on the synthesis of TiO2 nps from the root extract of W. somnifera and examined its broad-spectrum antibiofilm potential against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Serratia marcescens

• of TiO2 nanomaterials that were investigated for their ability to mitigate challenges regarding biomedical applications. Furthermore, ongoing efforts are being implemented to improve nanomaterial synthesis and explore their novel clinical applications. Regarding this, it is crucial to understand the

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• predominant PEMs [13]. Zhang et al. developed nanohybrid PVDF membranes by incorporating zeolite with enhanced thermal and electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries [14]. ENHs have also been used as a heterogeneous catalyst in indole synthesis by Savva et al. by incorporating gold nanoparticles

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• inhibit DNA synthesis in bacteria, and similar effects are also seen on RNA and protein syntheses [44][45]. In addition, glutaraldehyde particularly acts on the outer layers of E. coli and cross-links lipoproteins and proteins there as well. This fixation of bacteria prevents the bacterial cells from

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• , hydrothermal, and microwave synthesis [49][50][51]. The formation and concentration of OVs depend on particle size, synthesizing temperature, and morphology of SnO2. The OVs play the role of an electron donor and provide free electrons, making SnO2 an n-type semiconductor [52]. Guoliang Xu et al. indicated

• materials, preferably using two redox sites; (3) synthesizing other morphologies of SnO2 such as nanorods, nanotubes, or 3D structures to increase the specific surface area of the catalyst; (4) upscaling the syntheses and using other synthesis approaches such as sol–gel or chemical vapor deposition to form

• time of SnO2 NPs (a) and Ag@SnO2 (b). Figure 16 was reprinted from [72], Catalysis Communications, vol. 136, by Bui, D. P.; Nguyen, M. T.; Tran, H. H.; You, S.-J.; Wang, Y.-F.; Van Viet, P. “Green synthesis of Ag@SnO2 nanocomposites for enhancing photocatalysis of nitrogen monoxide removal under solar

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• partial PEI oxidation during the synthesis. Here, we demonstrate in vitro dye-free optical imaging and successful gene transfection with luminescent SPION@bPEI, which was further modified for receptor-mediated delivery of the cargo selectively to cancer cell lines overexpressing the epidermal growth

• amines during the synthesis of SPION@bPEI is responsible for the enhanced bPEI luminescence. It is further enhanced with the immobilization of bPEI on SPION crystals and post-synthetic acidification of the particles, which also increased the rigidity. These nanoparticles have a small hydrodynamic size

• the expressed gene within the transfected cells. Overall, we have demonstrated the label-free optical tracking, gene transfection, and receptor targeting ability of SPION@bPEI, which exploited its small size, cationic nature and intrinsic luminescence. Materials and Methods Synthesis of branched PEI

Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

• Huang-Hsiang Lin,
• Jonathan Heinze,
• Alexander Croy,
• Rafael Gutiérrez and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

• either solid-state gears or molecular gears, which are created by top-down approaches (e.g., using focused ion beams [23] or electron beams [24][25] to etch the substrate) or bottom-up approaches such as chemical synthesis [26][27]. The ultimate goal for those miniaturized gears is to implement nanoscale

• that full atom simulations in combination with further advances in the fabrication and chemical synthesis techniques will improve the design of solid-state gears at the microscopic scale. A schematic illustration of two interlocked diamond involute solid-state gears (red and yellow) with separation

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• colloidal synthesis, the review contains chapters explaining the basics of (magnetron) sputter deposition and the formation of NPs in solution. This review article covers more than 132 papers published on this topic from 1996 to September 2021 and aims at providing a critical analysis of most of the

• the composition of surrounding media, it is extremely important to control these parameters. Nowadays, an interested reader can find thousands of different recipes of NP synthesis allowing one to prepare stable colloidal solutions of monodisperse NPs. However, not all published synthetic procedures

• [11]. Afterward, Torimoto et al. used a sputter coater for the synthesis of small gold (Au) NPs by sputtering an Au target onto a thin layer of an ionic liquid (IL) [12]. This paper [12] published in 2006 initiated a series of similar works in several labs which, were focused on the deposition of

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52452 Jülich, Germany Faculty of Science and Technology, Inorganic Membranes, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands Central Facility for Electron Microscopy GFE

• interfaces between CSO and FC2O have been shown to be mainly clean with only a slight segregation of Sm. Additionally, in some areas residues of a rock salt phase have been found. This phase is prone to develop during the synthesis process of CSO-FC2O depending on the sintering parameters. The formation can

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• M = Fe ions in all samples, as studied by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), is given in Table 2. No extra impurity peaks were present in the spectrum (Figure 2b) due to the use of coprecipitation synthesis methods in which the samples were washed several times to remove any impurity. The

• ), diaminobenzidine (DAB), chromogen (DM827), and hematoxylin (K8018) ready to use were obtained from Agilent Technologies, Inc. (USA). Colloidal synthesis of MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) nanoparticles The two-step sonochemical method was used for the synthesis of MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Zn, Ni) NPs. The coprecipitation

• method was used in the first step of the synthesis of MFe2O4 nanoparticles (0.2 M) by mixing iron nitrate [Fe(NO3)3·9H2O] and (Co/Zn/Ni) nitrates with a molar ratio of Fe/M (2:1) in 100 mL of deionized water. The solution was stirred for 15 min, heated at 70 °C, and further stirred for 1 h after the

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• reduced animal testing, there is considerable value in developing computational models that could reliably predict the toxic hazard of novel metal oxide ENMs, prior to experimental testing and, ideally, prior to synthesis, based upon synthesis-controlled, intrinsic characteristics of the ENMs. Indeed, the

• et al. [35] to model synthesis routes for inorganic materials. Here, the original endpoint actually being modelled was always one of the previously described binary response variables (toxic vs non-toxic) based upon whether a LOEL was identified for lethality at 24 hpf or, alternatively, excess

• suggests that the very simple, single descriptor model we identified herein could be of value in providing manufacturers of ENM-enabled products with a rapid initial hazard ranking prior to synthesis and testing. Nonetheless, we do not suggest that the toxicity of diverse ENMs towards embryonic zebrafish

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• ][23], fluoropolymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) have received much attention from the research community as potential polymer hosts for the synthesis of polymer electrolytes [10][11][24][25]. The dielectric constant value of PVdF-HFP is ≈8.4 and it comprises a

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• had minimum influence. Thus, better interaction between NO2 and the sensor surface was achieved. The SnO2 DNWs were estimated to have a fractal dimension of 1.82. In 2017, Zang et al. fabricated SnO2 leaf-like hierarchical structures by hydrothermal synthesis [67]. Figure 7a–f shows SEM images of SnO2

• temperature of 260 °C, while Figure 21l and Figure 21m show the response towards 50 ppm of N2H4 at 260 °C. Other oxide-based fractals In 2020, Tran-Phu et al. demonstrated the formation of three-dimensional fractals of Au–Bi2O3, having D ≈ 1.80, on a substrate by hot-aerosol synthesis [45]. The fabricated Au

• . Stuerga, “Shape-controlled synthesis of hematite for microwave gas sensing”, pages no. 764–768, Copyright (2015), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Dandelion-like ZnO fractals. (a–f) SEM images of the samples annealed at different temperatures. The inset in (c) shows

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• electrochemical activity using linear sweep voltammetry with a focus on the oxygen reduction reaction. Experimental Synthesis of carbon fibres and electrode preparation Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (98%, MW = 150,000 g·mol−1; BOC sciences, USA) was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) to obtain 10 wt % solutions

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• nanostructures at both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Amino acids, as the smallest constituent of proteins and the smallest constituent in the bottom-up approach, are the smallest building blocks that can be self-assembled. The self-assembly of single amino acids has the advantages of low synthesis cost

• ordered nanostructures through noncovalent interactions, including electrostatic, π–π stacking, van der Waals, and hydrophobic interactions. The self-assembly of single amino acids has the advantages of low synthesis cost, relatively easy modeling [27], and excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability

• biomedical science. The nanostructure of amino acids can be a good substitute for therapeutic delivery due to its good biocompatibility, functionalization, and ease of design/synthesis. Self-assembled nanostructures have become smart tools in the biomedical field, as demonstrated by the ability of self

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• permeabilization [10], in turn improving the bactericidal activity of the drug, too. For biological applications, it is essential for IONPs to be stabilized with the help of stabilizing agents [11][12]. This helps to reduce the nanoparticle toxicity and facilitates the synthesis of stable nanoparticle dispersions

• the treatment of intracellular pathogens. Experimental Reagents FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O and NOR used in the nanoparticle synthesis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. 25% ammonia solution was purchased from Merck, Germany (GR grade). RPMI-1640 and fetal bovine serum (FBS) used for the culturing

• of THP1 cells were purchased from HiMedia, India. Phorbol 12 myristate acetate (PMA) used for THP1 cell differentiation was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Synthesis The synthesis of IONPs and NOR@IONPs was carried out analogously to our previous study [30]. Specifically, IONPs were

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

• Dieter Vollath NanoConsulting, Primelweg 3, 76297 Stutensee, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.81 Abstract Most of the technically important properties of nanomaterials, such as superparamagnetism or luminescence, depend on the particle size. During synthesis and handling of nanoparticles, agglomeration

• may occur. Agglomeration of nanoparticles may be controlled by different mechanisms. During synthesis one observes agglomeration controlled by the geometry and electrical charges of the particles. Additionally, one may find agglomeration controlled by thermodynamic interaction of the particles in the

• . Synthesis of larger particles may be carried out in the gas phase, where the probability of collision is controlled by the geometry of the particles or forces among the particles [1]. Alternatively, in case of existing particles, the agglomeration is controlled by the minimum of free enthalpy. In this case

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• crucial to adjust these parameters. Also, when aiming for continuous production by transferring the synthesis into a microreactor, it is necessary to know and control synthesis and particle parameters in a broader range [15]. Mainly two synthesis strategies to gain nanoparticles with uniform size and

• of 180–210 °C to facilitate the synthesis process following the hot-injection method with a sulfur–oleylamine (S-OlAm) precursor. They have found that the temperature influences the crystallinity, shape, and size of the particles [21]. These studies revealed growth processes comprising a primary

• a detailed proposal for a formation mechanism was elaborated. The mechanism involves the seeding process, growth of amorphous particles, crystallization of the particles, and the following growth of the crystals. The synthesis demonstrated that it is possible to tune the band gap of the Sb2S3

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• in the presence of graphene [55]. One advantage of this method over vapor impregnation routes is that it can yield very high sulfur loads of up to 90 wt % resulting in a high cathode capacity of 555 mAh·g−1 at 5C [55]. Wet chemistry synthesis routes can also produce nanostructured sulfur. Lu et al

• cycles at 167 mA·g−1 current density. While CS2 is the most efficient solvent for sulfur, it is also an extremely reactive and hazardous solvent. Therefore, more benign solution methods for the synthesis of S NPs and sols are sought. In fact, such methods have been known for more than a hundred years now

• to be highly underinvestigated despite the advantages an aqueous solution-based synthesis route can offer. Instead, commercial S NPs are increasingly employed in cathodes, for instance, by Chen et al. [58], who wrapped reduced graphene oxide sheets around such NPs (Figure 7B). In this case, the

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD, EDS, and HR-TEM analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of CuNiCoS4. The obtained CuNiCoS4 thiospinel nanocrystals were tested for photodiode and capacitance applications as interfacial layer between Au and

• to their remarkable crystal, electric, thermoelectric, magnetic, and optical properties [6][7]. There are many studies on the usage of thiospinels in batteries, super-capacitors, and electrochemical reactions [8][9][10][11][12]. However, there are only two studies on the synthesis and application of

• quaternary CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals. The first study by Thompson is on the synthesis of CuNiCoS4 thiospinels [13]. The second is a study on the synthesis and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, which was performed by our group [8]. In this study, the optical characterization results of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• made owing to their cytotoxicity. The toxicity concern is primarily due to the conventional synthesis route that involves surfactants as a structure-directing agent and as a capping agent for nanoparticles. Wet chemical methods employ toxic auxiliary chemicals. However, the approach yields

• monodispersed nanoparticles, an essential criterion for their intended application and a limitation of the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts. Several biocompatible counterparts such as polymers, lipids, and chitosan-based nanoparticles have been successfully used in the synthesis of safe

• ]. Traditionally used stabilizing agents, such as surfactants and citrate, enable the synthesis of nanoparticles with high yield and monodispersity but also cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity even at low concentrations [9][10]. Surfactants are known to act as a template for anisotropy in plasmonic metal

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• detector (Princeton Instruments). Spectra were excited by a 441.6 nm of a He–Cd laser. Synthesis of silver NPs The synthetic procedure was analogous to that described in [36]. 50 mL of deionized water, 42 mg of sodium bicarbonate, 15 mg sodium citrate, and 450 mg of water-free glucose were added into a