First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• difference is attributed to the methyl group of MTMS possibly rendering the material slightly more hydrophobic and thus reduces water uptake. The second weight loss between ca. 120 and 300 °C is assigned to condensation of residual silanol groups and further water evaporation. Possibly this is accompanied by

• onset of significant nitrogen uptake and the parallel adsorption and desorption branches also indicate the presence of rather small pores and a relatively narrow pore size distribution [37]. Analysis of the SAXS data using the Porod-approach [37][38][39][40] confirms this, although pore sizes determined

• identical wet IGs directly from the synthesis shows that the overall water uptake of the IG can reach ca. 12% when stored at ambient conditions rather than under vacuum. Even when dried, the IL alone already contains ca. 6% of water. Overall, TGA thus shows that the IGs consist of around 85 to 90% of IL by

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• length influences CNT toxicity and cellular uptake [22][23]. Surfactants commonly used for dispersion of CNTs include SDS, CTAB, Triton X-100 or sodium cholate [24][25][26]. A less known approach is based on the interaction of CNTs with a bis-azo dye – Congo red (CR) [27]. This original procedure was

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• with regard to SnO2-based sensing devices. It also shows that for sensor devices based on changes of the surface conductivity (resistive sensors) the oxygen uptake from ambient air is affecting the energy band structure. However, the process is reversible by de-gassing, which proves the ability of SnO2

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Olga Rotan,
• Katharina N. Severin,
• Simon Pöpsel,
• Alexander Peetsch,
• Melisa Merdanovic,
• Michael Ehrmann and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

• electron microscopy. Various cell types (HeLa, MG-63, THP-1, and hMSC) were incubated with fluorescently labelled proteins alone or with protein-loaded cationic and anionic nanoparticles. The cellular uptake was followed by light and fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and

• flow cytometry. All proteins were readily transported into the cells by cationic calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Notably, only HTRA1 was able to penetrate the cell membrane of MG-63 cells in dissolved form. However, the application of endocytosis inhibitors revealed that the uptake pathway was

• cellular uptake, calcium phosphate nanoparticles are dissolved in the acidified lysosomes and finally excreted in ionic form [28]. The high temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of serine proteases belongs to the core set of proteases found in cells and is widely conserved in single and multicellular

Tailoring bifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic nanoadsorbents by the choice of functional layer composition probed by adsorption of Cu²⁺ ions

• Veronika V. Tomina,
• Inna V. Melnyk,
• Yuriy L. Zub,
• Aivaras Kareiva,
• Miroslava Vaclavikova,
• Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and
• Vadim G. Kessler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 334–347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.36

• the nature and fraction of the co-ligand. The methyl groups dilute the aminopropyl groups uniformly, opening for uptake of higher amounts of Cu2+ ions used as probes in relation to the amount of grafted amino functions. This should even improve potentially the reactivity used for further

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• surfaces are often used for biomedical applications (e.g., biosensing, hyperthermia and MRI) [10]. In biomedical applications, the morphology of the nanoparticle significantly influences both pharmacokinetics and cell uptake [11]. Nanoparticles are also preferred as fillers for polymers to induce certain

Controlled supramolecular structure of guanosine monophosphate in the interlayer space of layered double hydroxide

• Gyeong-Hyeon Gwak,
• Istvan Kocsis,
• Yves-Marie Legrand,
• Mihail Barboiu and
• Jae-Min Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1928–1935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.184

• (Figure 1g,h). The optimum GMP/LDH ratio, yielding single-phased GMP intercalated LDH, was determined to be 1:2, which was expected from the stoichiometry according to charge neutralization. From the adsorption isotherm, the GMP/LDH ratio of 1:2 resulted in 90% of GMP uptake compared to theoretical AEC

• hybrid obtained at lower temperature was approximately 17.7 Å, which was 5.1 Å larger than for the single molecular orientation. Similar to the GMP adsorption at 80 °C, GMP uptake at 20 °C followed a Langmuir model. Although the Langmuir adsorption rate at 20 °C was slightly smaller than 80 °C, the

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• . Monitoring of cellular uptake of LbL-microcapsules decorated with O-dots Murine macrophages readily take up microcapsules decorated with O-dots. By using different sets of filters, it is possible to register the multicoloured fluorescence of phagocytized microcapsules in vitro (Figure 7). Thus, this property

• , Russia). Cultures were incubated at 37 °C in air containing 5% CO2. Cells growing exponentially were harvested by a brief incubation with 0.25% trypsin–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (Gibco). The cellular uptake of microcapsules was studied using RAW 264.7 murine macrophage-like cell

• (Carl Zeiss) confocal laser scanning microscope, equipped with a Plan-Apochromat 100×/1.4 Oil DIC objective. The excitation wavelength was 488 nm. Uptake of LbL-microcapsules Cells were seeded in a 35 mm μ-Dish (Ibidi, Germany) and cultured in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2, at 37 °C. Six hours after

Numerical investigation of depth profiling capabilities of helium and neon ions in ion microscopy

• Patrick Philipp,
• Lukasz Rzeznik and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1749–1760, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.168

• + irradiation of polyimide (PI) and polyethersulfone improves the moisture uptake in the films [7]. Further applications include metal adhesion on polymer surface [8], novel inorganic films by ion bombardment of polymers [9], surface morphology for biocompatibility [10], etch resistance of polymers [11

Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania

• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Piotr Olszowski,
• Res Jöhr,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Bartosz Such,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1642–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.156

• is evident that each of the three analysed species adsorbs with the central macrocycle almost parallel to the substrate. Additionally, the authors report the hydrogen uptake from the substrate (hydroxyl groups, hydrogen bulk interstitials) and/or from the residual gas by the molecules in the first

Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles

• Tudor Braniste,
• Ion Tiginyanu,
• Tibor Horvath,
• Simion Raevschi,
• Serghei Cebotari,
• Marco Lux,
• Axel Haverich and
• Andres Hilfiker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1330–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124

• ) semiconductor nanoparticles. Cellular viability, adhesion, proliferation, and uptake of nanoparticles by endothelial cells were investigated. The effect of free GaN nanoparticles versus the effect of growing endothelial cells on GaN functionalized surfaces was examined. To functionalize surfaces with GaN, GaN

• nanoparticles were synthesized on a sacrificial layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The uptake of GaN nanoparticles by porcine endothelial cells was strongly dependent upon whether they were fixed to the substrate surface or free floating in the medium. The endothelial

• concentration of 10, 50, or 100 µg/mL GaN nanoparticles. The uptake of free GaN nanoparticles was also microscopically visualized (Figure 3) and found to be correlated with increasing concentration of GaN nanoparticles. At higher concentrations, the cell morphology was preserved (Figure 3e–h) as assessed by SEM

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• energy-dependent or -independent routes. Nanoparticles are no exemption. It is known that small silica nanoparticles with a diameter below 50 nm are taken up by cells and that their uptake exerts pronounced toxic effects beyond a certain concentration threshold. However, neither the exact uptake

• mechanism of these particles nor the actual reason for their toxicity has yet been elucidated. In this study we examined the uptake of silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 7, 12 and 22 nm by means of transmission electron microscopy, accompanied by toxicological assays. We show that for every particle

• diameter tested a different membrane morphology during uptake can be observed and that the amount of particles entering in one event is different for the three sizes. Silica particles with a diameter of 22 nm show single-particle internalization with a membrane wrapped around the particles in the cytosol

Straightforward and robust synthesis of monodisperse surface-functionalized gold nanoclusters

• Silvia Varela-Aramburu,
• Richard Wirth,
• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Guillermo Orts-Gil and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1278–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.118

• synthesis without dialysis. Glc-NCs were not cytotoxic at any concentration tested (Figure 3B), whereas THPC-NCs were toxic at 100 µM (Figure S14, Supporting Information File 1), indicating that Glc-NCs are suitable for biological experiments even without purification. Cellular uptake of the nanoclusters

• lectin ConA (4). Cell viability of Glc-NCs A) purified and B) without purification incubated for one day with L929 cells. The Glc-NCs were not toxic at any of the concentrations studied. C) Cellular uptake of Glc-NCs when incubated with L929 cells for one day. Gold concentration taken up by the cells was

• measured with ICP-OES and showed an uptake of 108–109 gold atoms per cell. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 168: Additional experimental data. Acknowledgements We thank the Max Planck Society for generous funding. The authors would like to thank the group of Prof. Luisa De Cola for XPS

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• resting position [113]. For the uptake of food, hemolymph is pumped into the proboscis resulting in the generation of hydrostatic pressure that completely uncoils the proboscis [113][114][115] and strongly changes the shape of certain proboscis elements. During this process, dorsal parts of the proboscis

In situ characterization of hydrogen absorption in nanoporous palladium produced by dealloying

• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Christopher Wiednig,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1197–1201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.110

• of the total H absorption takes place on sites close to the surface. Being subjected to significantly lower constraints than atomic layers inside the bulk, superficial planes may show stronger outward relaxation during hydrogen uptake, similar to the surface-chemistry-driven actuation behavior known

Experimental and simulation-based investigation of He, Ne and Ar irradiation of polymers for ion microscopy

• Lukasz Rzeznik,
• Yves Fleming,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.104

• monatomic primary ion beams has already been applied to many problems. Typical examples include the investigation of chromosomes [5], the localization of arsenic [6] and iodine [7] in human hair, precise localisation of elements at sub-cellular level in cell biology [8], study of uptake processes in

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• according to their magnetic moment (and the content of iron), so the researchers were able to separate mechanically the most iron-enriched hybrids from the rest of the product. Another example comes from Lamanna's research, where enhanced uptake of CNTs by PC3 tumor cells directly above a neodymium magnet

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• , 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.7.84 Abstract Background: Cell tracking is a powerful tool to understand cellular migration, dynamics, homing and function of stem cell transplants. Nanoparticles represent possible stem cell tracers, but they differ in cellular uptake and side effects

• their cellular uptake, the mechanism of internalization, cytotoxicity, viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and compared them to the commercially available dextran-coated nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles. Results: Light microscopy of Prussian blue staining revealed a concentration-dependent

• intracellular uptake of iron oxide in neural stem cells. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and the calcein acetoxymethyl ester/propidium iodide assay demonstrated that poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles scored better than nanomag®-D-spio in cell labeling efficiency, viability and proliferation

Templated green synthesis of plasmonic silver nanoparticles in onion epidermal cells suitable for surface-enhanced Raman and hyper-Raman scattering

• Marta Espina Palanco,
• Klaus Bo Mogensen,
• Marina Gühlke,
• Zsuzsanna Heiner,
• Janina Kneipp and
• Katrin Kneipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 834–840, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.75

• demonstrate a templated green preparation of enhancing plasmonic nanoparticles and suggest a new route to deliver silver nanoparticles as basic building blocks of plasmonic nanosensors to plants by the uptake of solutions of metal salts. Keywords: biotemplates; green preparation; onion; plasmonic

• extracellular space a biomolecular environment is provided that enables the templated growth and the stabilization of larger plasmonic nanoparticles. As suggested by uptake studies with other metal ions into epidermal cells, adsorption of the silver to the extracellular matrix is expected to be faster than

• uptake into the cells [29]. Several molecular candidates can be responsible for the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles in these regions, specifically pectin, which is part of the cell wall, and which has been shown to be an efficient reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• into the arteriovenous plexus underneath the epidermis. NPs, in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, also cause acute eye irritation after administration [30]. The respiratory system shows its unique role in the uptake of NPs, because inhaled NPs have noxious effects on human health. Apical

• . Research using endothelial cell cultures in order to quantify the uptake of PLGA NPs showed a concentration-dependent uptake of PLGA [47]. Several NPs (COOH100, PEG100, Methyl100, Lysine100) associate with cells through the ability of protein binding on their surfaces [48]. SiO2 causes inflammation and

• stress found that without shear stress, the cellular uptake/association of both PDA-coated liposomes (LPDA) and LPDA-PEG for hepatocytes were quite similar, while myoblasts preferred to internalize/associate with LPDA. However, under shear stress, hepatocytes showed its preference to LPDA after 30 min

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• mitochondrial impairment. At the same time, glutamate uptake was down-regulated, and ROS was promoted [38]. Coccini et al. [39] found that when D384 (human glial cell line) and SH-SY5Y (human neuronal cell line) cells were treated with TiO2 NPs, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired cell membrane, and changes in

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• mechanisms proposed to explain the cellular uptake of CNTs including the passive diffusion in a non-invasive manner (tiny nanoneedle mechanism) [18]. Carbon nanotubes have been successfully used to transport different types of anticancer agents including camptothecin, doxorubicin and daunorubicin [19]. The

Molecular machines operating on the nanoscale: from classical to quantum

• Igor Goychuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 328–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.31

• electronic states of the pump. This process is complex. It requires, apart from intramolecular electron transfer, also uptake and release of electrons from two baths of electrons on different sides of a membrane, which can be provided, for example, by mobile electron carriers [1]. However, intramolecular

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• substances (EPS) of vegetative cells and the heterocyst polysaccharide layer (HEP) are the regions, where the first nanoparticles are detected on most other cells. The uptake of gold starts immediately after incubation and within four hours the average size remains constant around 10 nm. Analyzing the TEM

• the vegetative cells are more important as location for nanoparticle biosynthesis than the heterocysts. In this study we have undertaken first steps to quantify the uptake of gold into the cyanobacteria in various ways: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) shows that the higher the

• concentration of gold ions in the culture the larger is the amount of gold found in the biomass. From the average size of nanoparticles determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the number of nanoparticles recorded by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the average uptake of the cyanobacteria can be

Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological environment

• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Ivona Capjak,
• Tea Crnković,
• Marija Lovrić,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Ivana Vinković Vrček and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 246–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.23

• delivery systems [4]. The biomedical applications of AgNPs and SPIONs imply uptake into the body, which consequently leads to interactions with protein-containing biological fluids [5][6]. Therefore, it is of increasing interest to systematically collect detailed information on their physicochemical

• media like dissolution, adsorption, binding, and aggregation, all influencing biological impacts by affecting reactive oxygen species generation, cellular uptake and NP biodistribution [15][16][17][18]. Metallic NPs usually aggregate in media with high electrolyte content that correspond to biological

• uptake and toxicity of metallic NPs [41][42], whereas differences in surface coatings influence cytotoxicity and surface charge [43]. However, it is still unclear how different surface coatings affect the interaction of NPs with biological environments and the formation of the protein corona. Because