High performance Ce-doped ZnO nanorods for sunlight-driven photocatalysis

• Bilel Chouchene,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Kevin Mozet,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1338–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.125

• irradiation, the reaction mixture was centrifuged and the UV–visible absorbance of Orange II at 485 nm measured. The catalyst recovered by centrifugation was reused after a simple washing with water. As can be seen in Figure 13, the photocatalytic activity is retained over 85% of its original value after five

Mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for lithium–sulfur batteries: distribution of sulfur and electrochemical performance

• Anika C. Juhl,
• Artur Schneider,
• Boris Ufer,
• Torsten Brezesinski,
• Jürgen Janek and
• Michael Fröba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1229–1240, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.114

• with water and dried at 60 °C. Carbonization was carried out in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere in two steps: The sample was heated to 350 °C for 5 h (heating rate: 1 °C/min) and 900 °C for 2 h (heating rate: 5 °C/min). The silica template was removed by washing with hydrofluoric acid (10

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• temperature for about 3 h for moderate oxidation and to maintain a high aspect ratio. After washing with deionized water, HCl is added to produce carboxylic acid groups. Again, the mixture is washed with deionized water, while the pH value is maintained at 5–6. Then the aqueous suspension is centrifuged and

Voltammetric determination of polyphenolic content in pomegranate juice using a poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

• Refat Abdel-Hamid and
• Emad F. Newair

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1104–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.103

• mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid (3:1 vol.) for 6 h to remove impurities, reduce bundle sizes and to generate functional groups on their surface. This was then washed several times with double-distilled water until the washing was neutral and then dried at about 70 °C as described by Abdel-Hamid

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• ), polyclonal chicken anti-MAP2 (1:10000, Abcam), polyclonal chicken anti-GFAP (1:250; Abcam) and monoclonal mouse anti-O4 (1:50; Millipore). After washing three times with PBS, glass slides with NSCs were incubated for 2 h at room temperature with the following secondary antibodies: goat anti-mouse Alexa Flour

Efficient electron-induced removal of oxalate ions and formation of copper nanoparticles from copper(II) oxalate precursor layers

• Kai Rückriem,
• Sarah Grotheer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Paul Penner,
• André Beyer,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 852–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.77

• the layer thickness [15]. Washing and pyrolysis of the molecular residues was then necessary to obtain pure metal NPs, the latter unfortunately inducing post-irradiation particle growth ascribed to Ostwald ripening and therefore deteriorating the monodispersity [15]. As an alternative, a homogeneous

• rather homogeneous distribution of monodisperse NPs has been achieved by electron irradiation and subsequent washing of well-organized silver(I) dodecanethiolate layers [19]. Also, self-assembled layers can be prepared by simple wet-chemical dipping processes [21][22] or high-throughput spray

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• adsorbing on top of the nanocrystal surfaces, the still hot samples were immersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (which is a rather good solvent for CPE45) at room temperature. We note that CPE45 nanocrystals are stable in THF and do not dissolve at temperatures below 50 °C. However, this annealing and washing

Hierarchical coassembly of DNA–triptycene hybrid molecular building blocks and zinc protoporphyrin IX

• Rina Kumari,
• Sumit Singh,
• Mohan Monisha,
• Sourav Bhowmick,
• Anindya Roy,
• Neeladri Das and
• Prolay Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 697–707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.62

• ) in suitable dialysis buffer to exclude small molecule impurities. Denaturing PAGE (20%) was used for visualization and purification of the DNA–TPA conjugates. The desired bands were excised from the PAGE and the DNA–TPA conjugates were purified using extraction buffer and ethanol washing. These

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• with an overall concentration of 0.8 mM Au3+, samples were taken after 15 minutes, 9.25 hours and 25.75 hours. These samples were processed for analysis by transmission electron microscopy by separating the supernatant and biomass by centrifugation, washing the biomass and fixing it with glutaraldehyde

Chemical bath deposition of textured and compact zinc oxide thin films on vinyl-terminated polystyrene brushes

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Caroline G. Hofmeister,
• Peter Lindemann,
• Cheng Huang,
• Johannes Baier,
• Andreas Leineweber,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Christof Wöll,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 102–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.12

• molecule is split into two parts. The smaller part R2 with the ester group is soluble in methanol, whereas the longer chain R1 remains insoluble. Due to the washing steps during modification, the smaller molecules are removed from the reaction vessel. Therefore, the number of ester groups present in the

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• acetonitrile at 45 °C, and each adsorption step was followed by three washing steps in acetonitrile. The process was carried out until three (PDLA/PLLA) bilayers were adsorbed, and the final structure (PSS/PAH)4/PSS/PLL(PDLA/PLLA)3 was obtained. The same procedure was used for the fabrication of the multilayer

• structure PLL(PDLA/PLLA)n directly on calcium carbonate microtemplates. The obtained PLA-coated particles were then transferred back to water after washing off the organic solvent and the CaCO3 cores were solubilized by 0.2 M EDTA solution. The hollow microcapsules were redispersed in water and were stored

• volume) for 2 min, followed by two washing steps in pure water and a final drying step in nitrogen flux. The amount of polymer adsorbed, Δm, could be calculated by measuring the frequency decrease in the QCM, ΔF, using the following equation: derived from Sauerbrey’s equation [57], where F0 is the

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• chloroform by using an ultrasonic bath. The washing procedure was repeated at least three times in order to ensure the complete removal of the reagents. The suspensions of AgNCs thus obtained were stored in centrifuge tubes at −20 °C. Transmission electron microscopy measurements. TEM micrographs of the

Sonochemical co-deposition of antibacterial nanoparticles and dyes on textiles

• Ilana Perelshtein,
• Anat Lipovsky,
• Nina Perkas,
• Tzanko Tzanov and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.1

• the case of nano-CuO coated on cotton, which after 65 intensive washing cycles at 75 °C in a hospital washing machine, still maintained their bactericidal effect, yielding a reduction of about log 5 after this long process. Moreover, SEM pictures demonstrated that the CuO NPs remained on the surface

• after 65 washing cycles at 75 °C [9]. Herein, for the first time we report on the co-deposition of two functional materials. The morphologies of the dye alone and co-deposited dye and metal oxides were studied by HRSEM and are shown in Figure 4. The morphology of RB5 sonochemically deposited on cotton

pH-Triggered release from surface-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles

• Manuel Häuser,
• Klaus Langer and
• Monika Schönhoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2504–2512, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.260

• obtained PLGA–PEI nanoparticles showed only a minor increase in particle diameter (266 ± 4) nm and no significant increase in PDI (0.07 ± 0.03), which indicates no aggregation of nanoparticles taking place during adsorption or washing. The zeta potential was inverted to a positive value of (+35 ± 4) mV

• adsorption to the pH of PAA during adsorption can be extracted. Adsorption of PAA with a low charge density (pH 3) leads to a highly charged nanoparticle system after removal of excess polyelectrolyte. During the washing process using ultrapure water (pH approx. 6), the adsorbed PAA chains become more

• water during the washing procedure (pH approx. 6) is not significantly influencing the charge density of PAA on the particle surface, hence leading to considerably lower absolute value of the zeta potential for PAA adsorption at pH 7 as compared to pH 3. This trend can be underlined considering the

Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced by positively charged silver nanoparticles

• Dulce G. Romero-Urbina,
• Humberto H. Lara,
• J. Jesús Velázquez-Salazar,
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez,
• Eduardo Larios,
• Anand Srinivasan,
• Jose L. Lopez-Ribot and
• Miguel José Yacamán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2396–2405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.246

• spun down again for 10 min for washing. After washing two times, fixation of the bacterial cells was performed by resuspending each pellet in 1 mL of 4% formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS. After 2 h of incubation at room temperature, the samples were stored at 4 °C until they were stained with 1

• % osmium tetroxide (OsO4) at room temperature. After washing the bacterial cells with PBS to eliminate excess OsO4, a dehydration series was performed with 25, 50, 75, 95 and 100% ethanol. The samples were further dehydrated with propylene oxide, embedded in a resin (LX112) and left to harden for 48 h at

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• properties of mica (Scheme 2). They were adsorbed from their diluted solutions in THF or MeOH. The excess of the primer compound was removed by washing the sample with THF. The formation of surface salts (potassium carboxylates) by the used primers was confirmed by ATR-FTIR analysis (Figure 3). Comparison of

• mica. AFM height and phase images of bare mica and mica modified with N-acetylcysteine (mica-NAC), citric acid (mica-CA) and thioglycolic acid (mica-TG). The modified samples were prepared by immersion (ti = 15 min) of mica in 0.002 M solutions of primers in THF, followed by washing the excess primer

Surfactant-controlled composition and crystal structure of manganese(II) sulfide nanocrystals prepared by solvothermal synthesis

• Elena Capetti,
• Anna M. Ferretti,
• Vladimiro Dal Santo and
• Alessandro Ponti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2319–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.238

• of strongly adsorbed StAc on metal sulfides surfaces, which could not be eliminated even with several washing cycles, is in agreement with previous papers: Hironaka et al. [44] reported on StAc adsorbing more strongly on sulfides, such as FeS, rather than on oxides. The presence of DdTh on NCs

Fabrication of hybrid graphene oxide/polyelectrolyte capsules by means of layer-by-layer assembly on erythrocyte cell templates

• Joseba Irigoyen,
• Nikolaos Politakos,
• Eleftheria Diamanti,
• Elena Rojas,
• Marco Marradi,
• Raquel Ledezma,
• Layza Arizmendi,
• J. Alberto Rodríguez,
• Ronald F. Ziolo and
• Sergio E. Moya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2310–2318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.237

• the coated cell, thus reducing aggregation. The removal of the cell interior by NaOCl is based on the oxidation of the cell content, which is mainly proteins, which become defragmented and are easily eliminated during centrifugation and washing cycles with NaCl and water. Oxidation also affects the

Electrochemical coating of dental implants with anodic porous titania for enhanced osteointegration

• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Alberto Rebaudi,
• Pierpaolo Cortella,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Marco Salerno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2183–2192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.224

• both types of implants. According to the producing companies, these contaminates may be associated with the machining tools and/or the final washing, or possibly due to cross-contamination among different manufacturing processes carried out with the same equipment. In the case of Stark implants, a

Selective porous gates made from colloidal silica nanoparticles

• Roberto Nisticò,
• Paola Avetta,
• Paola Calza,
• Debora Fabbri,
• Giuliana Magnacca and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2105–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.215

• partially blocked: at the time value of 167 h the diffusion of MB is ca. 10%, whereas for RNAse it is significantly lower, ca. 3%. These trends evidence a steric selectivity of the silica membrane. Interestingly, the functionalized membranes can be regenerated and reused by gently washing them with 2

Temperature-dependent breakdown of hydrogen peroxide-treated ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticle agglomerates

• Sinan Sabuncu and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1897–1903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.193

• until all of the solvent had evaporated. For the washing step, the resulting NP powder was dispersed in 10 mL of distilled water (dH2O) and dried on a hot plate, which was previously set to the 300 scale. Finally, the H2O2-treated NPs were obtained in powder form. The NPs were redispersed in dH2O and

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• synthesized, Au nanoparticle, colloid solution for about 2 h under continuous stirring conditions. The Au nanoparticles were assumed to attach to the polymer/Fe3O4 complex via electrostatic interaction, which was confirmed by the discoloration of the mixture. After washing with deionized water and adding

Simulation tool for assessing the release and environmental distribution of nanomaterials

• Haoyang Haven Liu,
• Muhammad Bilal,
• Anastasiya Lazareva,
• Arturo Keller and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.97

• . These results are consistent with reported TiO2 use in coatings, paints, and pigments and associated release into the environment due to weathering [48] and TiO2 used in cosmetics is primarily released during washing into waste water [49]. The release of SiO2 into air (Figure 14) associated with energy

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• (3.7%) in CS buffer (PIPES 0.1 M, EGTA 1 mM, 4% polyethylene glycol 800, NaOH 0.1 M) for 20 min at room temperature, and washed three times with PBS. Cell membranes were then permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min. After washing three times in PBS cells were stained with primary

• antibodies in PBS + 1% BSA for 1 h at room temperature (E-Cadherin, 1:100: Monosan, 7024; CD31; 1:40: Dako, M 0823). The secondary antibody (Alexa fluor 488-conjugated, 1:1000, anti-mouse, invitrogen) was added for 1 h after washing three times in PBS. Terminal cells were counterstained with 5 µg/mL Hoechst

Electrical properties of single CdTe nanowires

• Elena Matei,
• Camelia Florica,
• Andreea Costas,
• María Eugenia Toimil-Molares and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 444–450, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.45

• the nanowires in chloroform and the process was repeated at least 5 times. The process was started with p.a.-grade chloroform and for the last two washing steps, semiconductor-grade chloroform was used. Thorough washing is important for precise electrical characterization since template remnants can