Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• transitions and the zones of radiation stability for nanoparticles. We utilize nanoparticles exhibiting transitions from the body-centered cubic α phase to the face-centered cubic β phase, and the reverse transition from β phase to α phase, as a model system for first-order phase transformations. We

• incorporate nucleation through the appearance and growth of the nucleus of a new phase, resulting in the formation of a two-phase α+β system, and we highlight the importance of accounting for nucleation. Our model study reveals that very small α-phase particles are unstable (while very small β-phase particles

• are stable) because of surface effects. There is an intermediate zone of sizes and parameters where radiation-induced defects become important so that the α-phase particle is unstable without irradiation but becomes stable under irradiation. For large sizes and low temperatures, the α→β transformation

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• temperature. The deposition process was monitored by the QMS, and the integrated QMS signal was used to calculate the QA coverage θQA. It is given in numbers of monolayers (ML) of the α-phase, as explained in detail in [23]. A more detailed description of the experimental procedures can be found in [23]. The

• corresponding features in the LEED images in detail. A LEED image of QA with a coverage of θQA = 0.65 ML is illustrated in Figure 3a. It is very similar to that of the α-phase of QA/Ag(100) but contains additional spots. The α-phase is defined as the phase of parallel QA chains at a coverage of θQA = 1.0 ML, at

• which the distance b2 between the chains is minimal [23]. The model of the diffraction pattern in Figure 3b shows the spots of the known α-phase diffraction pattern in black and the new spots in gray. The reciprocal vectors of the α-phase and those of the new orientation E are depicted in red and light

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• , and 1071 cm−1 correspond to the α-phase [26], whereas the γ-phase peaks were observed at 812 cm−1 [27][28] and 1234 cm−1 [29]. The polar β-phase was characterized by the absorption bands at 510, 840, 1275, and 1430 cm−1 [30]. From the spectrum, it was evident that the β-phase in the P(VDF-TrFE) + ZnO

The microstrain-accompanied structural phase transition from h-MoO₃ to α-MoO₃ investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction

• Zeqian Zhang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Minting Luo and
• Zhenfei Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 692–700, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.55

• , 430, and 450 °C, respectively. The morphologies of the three samples (the inset of Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1) are, respectively, smooth hexagonal prisms in h-MoO3, phase boundaries between h-MoO3 and α-MoO3, and numerous tabular microstructures in α-MoO3, implying that the h/α phase

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• were first imaged by STM, then exposed to 1 keV or 50 eV electrons at a series of doses, and imaged again by STM (see Figure 1). Characterization of TPT SAMs on Au(111) The TPT SAMs prepared from dimethylformamide (DMF)-based solution display two molecular arrangements: the α-phase and the β-phase

• (Figure 2a), similarly to what have been reported [64][65][66][67]. Figure 2b (top panel) shows a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-enhanced image of the α-phase, where the absence of Moiré-like superstructures indicates a commensurate molecular arrangement with respect to the Au surface. Figure 2e (top panel

• ) shows the molecular structure model of the α-phase, where the sulfur atoms are located on a (√3 × √3)R30° lattice and the molecular backbones exhibit a (2√3 × √3)R30° structure. The area per molecule of the α-phase is 0.216 ± 0.036 nm2. The tilt angle for the TPT backbone in the α-phase is ≈13° relative

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• is well known that PVDF is characterized by four main polymorph phases, namely α, β, γ, and δ [12]. Due to its high thermodynamic stability at room temperature the α phase is the predominant one. However, the α phase does not contribute to the piezoelectricity of the polymer, whereas the γ and δ

• mT). As already reported in [1][2][3][5][6][28], it is possible to determine the relative fraction of the β phase, F(β), through the analysis of the peaks at 763 and 840 cm−1, which are characteristic of the α phase and the β phase, respectively. To be more specific, F(β) can be estimated by the

• nanoparticles, the measured FTIR spectra show a broadband shoulder close to the α phase peak located at 763 cm−1 (probably due to the interaction between polymer and nanoparticles), making the evaluation of the relative fraction of β phase by using Equation 1 difficult. By deconvolving the shoulder from the

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• ] corresponds to the PVdF α-phase and the broad peaks at 20.4 and 25.6° show the superposition of the β- and γ-phases, respectively [33]. Furthermore, it can be observed from the plot that after mixing the polymer with the ionic liquid [BDiMIM][Cl] and by dissolving the liquid electrolyte PC-Mg(ClO4)2 solution

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• could be assigned to the cubic α-phase of Sb2O3, senarmontite (COD 1011201). These results indicate that the first species formed consisted of a compound of antimony, sulfur, and oxygen, with the oxygen being replaced by sulfur with increasing reaction time while the nanoparticles transform into pure

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• ) has been reported for loading from the gas phase at a hydrogen pressure of the order of 30 kPa [21] at 20 °C. In this compositional range two different phases coexist: At hydrogen concentrations below 0.02 (H/Pd) only the α-phase (solid solution, PdHα) is observed, while at higher concentrations the β

• depletion of PdHα at a value below −0.99 V is consistent with values reported for palladium thin films [31][32]. The threshold values for the palladium hydride β-phase formation (−0.96 V) and the potential of α-phase depletion (−0.99 V) can be used for a phase distinction in current-controlled experiments

• desorption the PdHβ-to-PdHα transition follows a classical nucleation-and-growth mechanism, i.e., the α-phase forms nuclei in the β-matrix that begin to grow [37]. During the hydride phase transition lattice constants of both phases may differ from their equilibrium values, which are quoted in the

Solid-state Stern–Gerlach spin splitter for magnetic field sensing, spintronics, and quantum computing

• Kristofer Björnson and
• Annica M. Black-Schaffer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.147

• proportional to the identity matrix and therefore only contribute to the irrelevant α phase. Discussion We would like to end with a few comments on some of the assumptions made when deriving the above results. First of all, the tunneling parameter t, which otherwise would have multiplied the L and R matrices

Formation of ferromagnetic molecular thin films from blends by annealing

• Peter Robaschik,
• Ye Ma,
• Salahud Din and
• Sandrine Heutz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1469–1475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.146

• instance, at room temperature, films commonly adopt the α-phase (φ = 65°) and can be transformed to the thermodynamically stable β-phase (φ = 45°) by annealing in vacuum at 330 °C [7][8][9]. However, such temperatures are too high for most flexible substrates, and therefore limit one of the main

• correspond to the diffraction from the (001) and (20−1) planes of β-MnPc [17][18]. We note that the (20−1) plane is not usually observed in β-MnPc films obtained by annealing of the α-phase and its observation indicates a reduced texture. This is presumably due to the disordered nature of the starting film

• in this case, in contrast to the case of highly oriented α-phase film. The inset of Figure 3a reveals the sharp nature of both peaks and fits using the Lorentz function result in full width at half maximums (FWHM) of 0.11° and 0.10°, respectively. From the obtained FWHMs we can estimate the grain

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• indicated. It has been noticed that for 200 nm particles of CL-20 the α phase is obtained. From the same research group, nanoscale CL-20:HMX has been prepared by bead milling an aqueous suspension of ε-CL-20 and β-HMX in a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio [37]. The progressive conversion of raw materials into the

Surfactant-controlled composition and crystal structure of manganese(II) sulfide nanocrystals prepared by solvothermal synthesis

• Elena Capetti,
• Anna M. Ferretti,
• Vladimiro Dal Santo and
• Alessandro Ponti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2319–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.238

• stemming from a β-MnS core, whereas 30 nm α-MnS cubes were obtained at 180 °C [19]. A more detailed investigation gave similar results for the reaction of manganese(II) chloride and thioacetamide in oleylamine, confirming the key role of temperature [26]. These authors also described the β→α and γ→α phase

Silica-coated upconversion lanthanide nanoparticles: The effect of crystal design on morphology, structure and optical properties

• Uliana Kostiv,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Hana Macková,
• Alexander Zhigunov,
• Hana Engstová,
• Katarína Smolková,
• Petr Ježek and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2290–2299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.235

• XRD. The crystal structure of NaYF4 typically exhibits two polymorphic forms: the metastable cubic α-phase and the thermodynamically stable hexagonal β-phase. The latter is a much better host lattice for the luminescence of various optically active lanthanide ions. Altering reaction temperature is a

• diffractograms of the OM–NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles prepared at lower temperatures exhibited both α- and β-phases, but the average α-phase crystallite size decreased from about 9 to 6 nm with increasing temperature (Table 1). In contrast, the average size of the β-phase crystals increased from 12 to 21 nm

Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy

• M. Kalyan Phani,
• Anish Kumar,
• T. Jayakumar,
• Walter Arnold and
• Konrad Samwer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.79

• exhibit the highest and the lowest contact-resonance frequencies, respectively. This indicates that the α-phase has the highest modulus followed by the α′- and β-phases, respectively. This is in agreement with the values reported on the basis of ultrasonic velocity measurements on bulk samples heat

• K that has the maximum volume fraction of the α-phase. The attenuation was found to be highest in the sample heat-treated at 1223 K that has the maximum amount of β-phase. The SHT at 1323 K is comprised of a single-phase α′ microstructure. Hence, the isotropic indentation modulus of the α′-phase can

• isotropic indentation modulus of the α′-phase is used as a reference for obtaining the indentation modulus of the other phases in the present study. The M value for the α′-phase as determined by the ultrasonic velocity measurements is 127.8 GPa [31]. By using the software developed in LabVIEW® incorporating