Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• at 70 °C for 2 h. Finally, the nanoparticles were annealed by subjecting them to a temperature of 450 °C in a muffle furnace for 1 h. Evaluation of Ag@ZnO nanorods The Ag@ZnO NRs obtained above were assessed for their morphological, structural, and optical characteristics. The FE-SEM experiments and

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• prepared using a wet-milling method with zirconium balls to enhance bioavailability and expand potential applications. The particle size and physicochemical properties of the BerNPs were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier

• -transform infrared spectroscopy. The broth dilution method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the BerNPs against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The impact of the BerNPs on the cell surface of S. mutans was evaluated through FE-SEM analysis, focusing on its ability to inhibit biofilm

• formation of S. mutans. In summary, BerNPs demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect on the activities of S. mutans at selectively applied concentrations. Keywords: antibacterial; berberine nanoparticles; BerNPs; biofilm; FE-SEM; Streptococcus mutans; Introduction According to the Global Burden of Disease

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• scanning electron microscope FE SEM LEO 1525 (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) at 5 kV accelerating voltage. Confocal laser scanning microscopy A CLSM-based method established by Michels and Gorb [37], to analyze material compositions and their gradients in arthropod cuticle by visualizing autofluorescence, was

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• properties of as-synthesized samples were analyzed using an X-ray diffraction system (XRD, Rigaku, SmartLab) with a 2θ range of 20–80° and a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Hitachi, S-4700). The absorption properties of the thin films were analyzed using a diffuse reflectance UV–vis

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• /IR780 (10 μL) suspension was loaded on a silica film for 1 min, and water was allowed to evaporate. Then, the nanoparticles were coated with titanium, and the SEM images were acquired using a FE-SEM S4800 HITACHI, Japan. Drug loading efficiency The F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 suspension was freeze-dried

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• -resolution analytical electron microscope (FE-SEM, Thermo Scientific, Apreo 2S LoVac) and a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM, Phillips XL, 30 ESEM-FEG/EDAX) operating at 120 kV acceleration voltage. The structure of the nanoparticles was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical, Xpert

• a solvothermal technique in a stainless steel reactor at 200 °C for 6 h. According to the results of FE-SEM and STEM examinations, the Fe3O4 NPs are spherical, as depicted in Figure 1a–c. When examining the STEM size distribution, it was observed that Fe3O4 NPs were efficiently synthesized with an

• ]. During this process in an alkaline environment, PDA polymerizes into its oxide form. As a result, the nanostructure undergoes coating with PDA [47]. The average distribution of PDA coating sizes and thicknesses was determined using FE-SEM size analysis. In Figure 1c, the average size of bare Fe3O4 NPs

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• film for 1 min, and water was allowed to evaporate. Then, the NPs were coated with titanium and SEM images were acquired using a FE-SEM S4800 HITACHI, Japan. Loading capacity Entrapment and release of CHL and IR780 in the NPs were measured by the absorbance of CHL at 256 nm and IR780 at 780 nm using

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the samples was performed on a TA Q500 instrument. The temperature was increased at a heating rate of 10 °C /min from room temperature to 900 °C in air atmosphere. The morphology of the DPNR/GO-VTES was observed with field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) performed

• curve of GO-VTES(a) and GO-VTES(b). FE-SEM images for GO-VTES(a) and GO-VTES(b) at 100k and 50k magnifications. Schematic for modification of GO-VTES. Stress–strain curves of DPNR, DPNR/GO, DPNR/GO-VTES(a), and DPNR/GO-VTEs(b). Dependence of storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G''), and loss tangent

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• materials in phase 2. A simulated annealing fitting algorithm was employed. The PAAO structure (Figure 1a) was confirmed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM-4800, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The relationship between thickness measurements using SEM and optical interferometry has been

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• detection is described using a silver/platinum nanoplate (Ag/Pt NPL) that interacts with an oligonucleotide aptamer as a bioreceptor. The size of the Ag/Pt NPLs was about 42 nm according to the FE-SEM images. The EDS result indicates that a thin layer of Pt ions was coated on the surface of the Ag NPLs

• microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to investigate the form and shapes of NPLs. The size of the NPLs is approx. 42 nm. Figure 1a shows a combination of truncated triangular and circular plates of Ag/Pt NPLs. The NPLs were evenly distributed and shaped in the form of discs or triangles. Energy-dispersive X-ray

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• temperature above LCST results in shrinkage of the hydrogel structure and formation of inhomogeneities. Such a hydrogel ceases to be transparent and loses most of its water [42]. Morphological and physicochemical characterisation Scanning electron microscopy was performed with an FE-SEM FEI Quanta FEG 250 at

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• nanoparticles is presented separately in the subsequent sections to verify the catalog information provided by the manufacturer. In the characterization of the nanoparticles used in the study, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction

• (XRD) analyses were performed. Characterization of Al2O3 nanoparticles The morphological features of the Al2O3 nanoparticles were investigated with the help of FE-SEM micrograph (Figure 2a). It is seen that the Al2O3 nanoparticles exhibit amorphous nature. Thus, it can be stated that the particle size

• cannot be clearly determined in FE-SEM micrograph, but the primary particle size is smaller than 50 nm. On the other hand, EDS analysis was conducted on the Al2O3 sample to determine the elemental composition and purity of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The result of the EDS analysis is given in Figure 2b and it

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• (USA). Deionized water with a resistivity of 18 MΩ·cm−1, provided by a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Corp., MA, USA), was used throughout all the experiments. The morphologies of Ag NPs and SERS substrates were examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Mira II

•  2). FE-SEM micrographs of the samples are shown in Figure 3. The average sizes of Ag nanoparticles were estimated to be 24.10 ± 0.15, 27.07 ± 0.16, 28.07 ± 0.17, and 30.88 ± 0.31 nm by using the ImageJ program. Based on the calculated data, it is evident that the average size of Ag NPs increases

• borohydride with molar ratios of (a) 5:5, (b) 10:10, (c) 15:15, and (d) 20:20 (in mM). FE-SEM images of the synthesized Ag NPs with the molar ratios of AgNO3 and NaBH4 of (a) 1:1 mM, (b) 5:5 mM, (c) 10:10 mM, and (d) 15:15 mM. Insets of the figures are size distributions obtained from the ImageJ software. (a

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• demonstrate the enhanced contact between the in situ formed Ge and the carbon matrix, which promotes conductivity, accommodates volume variation, and ultimately improves the electrochemical performance of the material. The morphology of the materials was observed using FE-SEM and HR-TEM. As shown in Figure 2a

• carried out for structural and phase information. Infrared (IR, Shimadzu IRAffinity-1S) and Raman (LabRAM HR evolution confocal Raman microscope) spectra were measured for bond analysis. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi S-4800) and high-resolution transmission electron

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• systems were studied by means of optical and electron microscopy (SEM and FE-SEM). Both techniques allowed us to study in detail the cellular arrangement of the microorganisms and their interaction with the inorganic matrix system. FE-SEM microscopy images of the different gel encapsulation systems are

• improved transport of nutrients and metabolites across the material. The FE-SEM images in Figure 2C and Figure 2D show the same microorganism cells but previously encapsulated in yolk–shell microstructures. They are arranged differently from those immobilized freely in the silica gel substrate. In the

• considerable resemblance to the distribution that is found in a liquid culture. This herd-like arrangement could be beneficial, since the cells are organized in a fashion that resembles their normal growth conditions, facilitating their survival and metabolism maintenance. In contrast to the FE-SEM

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• nanocomposite characterizations The surface morphology of MWCNTs and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite is characterized by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, S4800) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL-1400). The crystallization behavior of the catalysts is analyzed by X-ray

• surface with a size of 1.5 × 2.0 cm2 is irradiated. A schematic of the experimental apparatus is described in Figure 1. Results and Discussion Characterization of the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite catalyst FE-SEM images of the morphology of the MWCNTs, TiO2 powder, and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite are shown

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• ° in 2θ. Quantitative chemical analysis was performed on a JEOL JSM-7401F field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) using EDX. An acceleration voltage of 15 kV and a working distance of 8 mm were used. The samples were precoated with Au/Pd for 10 seconds. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy was

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• homogeneous suspension. The suspension was then dropped onto an Al foil to be observed via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and onto a carbon-supported copper grid for examination via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM

• ). Meanwhile, selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) mapping images were obtained via HR-TEM. The instrument models used in FE-SEM, TEM, and HR-TEM were Hitachi SU-8010, Hitachi HT-7700, and JEM-2100F, and the working voltages were 5.0, 100, and 200 kV

• microstructures of cellulose-derived Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposites. As exhibited in the FE-SEM images (the first two columns in Figure 3), all Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposites are assembled by composite microtubes, which are composed of cross-linked nanotubes, revealing the hierarchical network structures replicated

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• < solution 5.0. Morphology and structure of MoS2 thin films Morphology and thickness of MoS2 films prepared on the FTO substrate were analyzed by FE-SEM. The MoS2 films formed from solutions 1.25 and 2.5 exhibited thin-layered structures, which exposed edge sites (Figure 3a–c). The same structure had been

• was estimated from cross-sectional FE-SEM images. The formation of MoS2 from solutions 2.5 and 5.0 yielded thicknesses of about 50 nm and 500 nm, respectively (Figure 3d,f). The phase structure of the electrodeposited MoS2 thin films was identified by XRD and Raman analyses. The XRD pattern and the

• performed on a LabRAM HR 800 Raman Spectrometer (HORIBA Jobin Yvon) with an excitation laser source at 532 nm. The morphology of MoS2 thin films was analyzed by an ultrahigh-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, Hitachi SU-8010, Japan). The electrochemical catalytic activity of the

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• -ray diffraction were measured on a Rigaku Ultima IV with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) to check the crystallinity of the synthesized ZIF-8 thin films. The morphology of the supports, the free-standing thin films, and the supported membranes was observed by FE-SEM (NovaTM NanoSEM 230). The elemental

• mappings of the films were obtained by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) connected with FE-SEM (NovaTM NanoSEM 230). Single gas permeation The synthesized ZIF-8 membrane was sealed in a stainless permeation module with two silicone O-rings on each side of the disc. Before individual permeation

• and membrane thickness were obtained from the FE-SEM images. The average grain size of ZIF-8 crystals synthesized at 80 °C was around 1.3 μm, which was about 2.6 times larger than the crystals synthesized at 40 °C (ca. 0.5 μm) (Figure 3a,b). Clear sodalite topology was observed in the ZIF-8 crystals

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• applied for 1 h. The black point represents the value of d33 when the DC magnetic poling was performed at room temperature. Value of d33 of the nanocomposites with 5 wt % of CoFe2O4 as a function of the application time of the DC magnetic field. FE SEM images of (a) CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and (b) PVDF-TrFe

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• ± 1 nm. An interplanar spacing of d = 2.87 Å, corresponding to the (113) planes of the cubic crystal structure, was determined from the HR-TEM image in Figure 2c. Figure 2d shows a FE-SEM images of the agglomerated nanocrystals. The surface of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystal layers is smooth and free from

• layer in a metal semiconductor heterostructure. The XRD pattern of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals confirmed the crystal structure of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals with the cubic Fd−3m (227) space group. The HR-TEM and FE-SEM images revealed that CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals are spherical with interplanar distances of

• illustration and (b) band diagram of the fabricated Au/CuNiCoS4/p-Si photodiode. (a) XRD pattern and crystal structure model, (b) TEM image, (c) HR-TEM interplanar spacing image, (d) FE-SEM image and (e) EDS pattern of the CuNiCoS4 nanocrystals. (a) Absorbance spectroscopy graph (inset figure: diffuse

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• osteoblast after 3 h of adhesion to titanium. The ruffles on the cell membrane are visible. (FE-SEM SUPRA25, 1 kV, 30° angle, 100 nm Ti on Si wafer, fixation by 2.5% glutardialdehyde (GA), acetone series, critical point drying). Edge height analysis. (a) Topography of a fixed osteoblast on a 10 nm Au layer

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• tantalum carbide MXene sheets was carried out using X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results of XRD, FE-SEM, and Raman showed that tantalum carbide MXenes are layered solid