Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• zinc nitrate hexahydrate solution. The resulting solution was stirred for approximately 10 min at room temperature. After the reaction time, a 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution was gradually added drop by drop. This step adjusted the pH of the mixture to 10. Then the mixture underwent further

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• using a NFB medium [42]. This medium comprises K2HPO4, FeCl3·6H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, NaCl, CaCl2, MnSO4·7H2O, biotin, KOH, malic acid, bromothymol blue, Na2MoO4, and bacto agar. Rhizobacteria loaded onto nHA were introduced into the medium and left to incubate for 14 days. The nitrogen-fixing capability was

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Graphite powder and paraffin oil were supplied by Thermo Scientific Acros. Trimesic acid (H3BTC, 98%), CuCl2·2H2O (≥99%), FeCl3·6H2O (98%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 98%) and C2H5OH (96%), H3PO4 (85%), KOH (≥85.0%), KH2PO4 (≥99.5%), K2HPO4 (≥98.0%), KCl (>99.5

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• (Si3N4) layer was deposited via CVD. The 40 nm thick platinum paths were then patterned by lift-off photolithography. The opMEMS bridge body was defined photolithographically with a feature size of 2 µm, etched by dry oxygen plasma etching (DRIE) and then released by KOH anisotropic wet silicon etching

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• using a wet-etch in potassium hydroxide (KOH). The wet-etch has a high selectivity between silicon and silicon nitride, and KOH etches silicon with different rates in the ⟨100⟩ and ⟨111⟩ crystalline directions. With proper orientation of the cantilever mask to the crystalline axes of the wafer, one can

• etch under the triangular silicon nitride plate and form a very straight clamping line to the Si substrate. However, the KOH etch is slow compared to the isotropic RIE process and attacks the Nb-Ti-N superconducting film. An additional lithography step was needed to protect the superconducting circuit

• with a mask consisting of a 190 nm thick layer of Cr and PMMA. After the release, we strip the PMMA and Cr layers, while taking care to not break the cantilevers. The difficulties associated with using KOH lead us to prefer the dry-etch described above in step (h). Tip deposition In scanning probe

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• )porphyrin hydrogel) and PPy/FeTCPP/Co catalyst at 10 mA/cm2 current density, and in 0.1 M KOH, were 1.74 and 1.61 versus RHE, respectively (the catalyst loading equals to 0.3 mg/cm2) [55]. The analysis of , , and hydrogel catalysts in 1 M KOH for the OER process showed that the overpotential at a current

• V vs RHE) at 145.3 mA/cm2 for N-doped graphene hydrogels/NiCo in 0.1 M KOH [33]. The electrode double-layer capacitance (Cdl) increased with the increase in cCB particle concentration (Figure 5b). For the pure hydrogel electrode, the double-layer capacitance was equal to 0.03 mF/cm2. The addition of

• (APS, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Poland), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Poland), commercially available manganese cobalt spinel MnCo2O4 powder (MCO, Marion Technologie, France), Super P Li conductive carbon black (cCB, Imerys, Belgium), 0.1 M KOH (Titripur®, Merck, Germany

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• resist, and the remaining SiN layer served as a hard mask for the wet etching of the substrate’s back side in 20% KOH solution. The KOH solution was heated to 60 °C to accelerate the process to an etching rate of approximately 9 μm/h in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. Using a warmer

• KOH solution resulted in a faster etch rate but led to much stronger bubbling and roughening of the Si surface with the creation of micropyramidal hillocks [31]. The surface alignment of the Si substrates is parallel to the {100} crystallographic plane of Si, and the anisotropic KOH etching results in

• . Alignment of the stencil mask in a flip-chip configuration with the sample under clean room conditions prior to metal deposition plays an important role as a single dust particle can increase the gap between the mask and the sample up to about 100-fold, thereby increasing the shadowing effect greatly. KOH

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• Chemicals The chemicals, including germanium oxide (GeO2) (99.99%) from Sigma-Aldrich and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (35–37%), magnesium powder (Mg) (99.95%), ethanol (C2H5OH) (99.5%), and potassium hydroxide (KOH) (85%) from Xilong, China, were used without further purification. Banana peels were collected

• , then placed in a ceramic crucible and heated to 800 °C for 5 h under argon gas flow with a heating rate of 10 °C·min−1. The obtained solid was washed with potassium hydroxide solution (KOH 20%) at 70 °C for 2 h, then leached with 2 M HCl at 70 °C for 15 h and washed several times with de-ionized (DI

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• sapphire wafers. The cut samples were cleaned in organic solvents and rinsed in de-ionized water. Samples were then photoetched in stirred KSO-D solution (0.02 M K2S2O8 + 0.02 M KOH aqueous solution) under illumination of a 300 W UV-enhanced Xe lamp (Oriel, Newport, UK). This photoetching procedure results

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• nanoparticles to reach the desired weight percentage (5.0% to 7.0%). Eventually, the concentrated cell biomass (33% to 40% v/v) was then added and the mixture was placed in a 7 cm diameter Petri dish, where it gelled at room temperature after the addition of 0.2 M KOH to achieve pH 7–8. Table 1 gathers the

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• 260 mV (Tafel slope: 72 mV·dec−1) and 320 mV (65 mV∙dec−1) determined at 10 mA·cm−2 in 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively. In another work, nickel/nickel oxide (Ni-NiO) and cobalt/cobalt oxide (Co-CoO) were chemically synthesized with three-dimensional hierarchical porous graphene (3DHPG) on

• a GCE [24]. Ni-NiO @3DHPG exhibited an OER onset potential Eonset of 1.53 V vs RHE, η of 164 mV, and a Tafel slope of 55 mV∙dec−1, while Co-CoO@3DHPG revealed an Eonset of 1.59 V vs RHE, η of 168 mV, and a Tafel slope of 65 mV∙dec−1 determined in 1 M KOH. In the work of Xia et al. [20], an efficient

• OER catalyst of Gr/NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) was chemically fabricated on a GCE. The catalyst revealed an OER Eonset of 1.48 V vs RHE and η of 250 mV determined in 0.1 M KOH. Improved electron transport was provided by the graphene material in the catalyst structure. Enhanced OER catalytic

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• composed of 0.1 M KH2PO4, 20 wt % (NH4)2SO4, 0.1 wt % FeSO4, 20 wt % MgSO4, 6 M KOH, 0.05 wt % vitamin B1 and 10 wt % glucose; pH adjusted at 6.8; all products purchased by Sigma-Aldrich) were prepared [41], before undergoing an overnight incubation at 30 °C and 37 °C, respectively. The as-prepared pre

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• -electrode cell, including the photoanode and a Cu-based cathode. Hydrogen evolution at the cathode and the solar irradiance is recorded at 60 min intervals. The prepared photoelectrochemical electrode is wholly immersed in KOH electrolyte before each photoelectrochemical measurement. Only one electrode

• . Effect of KOH concentration on photoelectrochemical water splitting Figure 9a shows the effect of KOH concentration on the activation voltage for the water redox reaction at the photoelectrochemical electrodes. The increase in KOH concentration leads to a decrease in the resistance of the electrolyte

• , thereby decreasing the activation voltage for water splitting or water redox reaction of the photoelectrochemical electrodes (Figure 9a) [44]. Notably, the activation voltage for water splitting of the TiO2@MWCNTs electrode is lower than that of the TiO2 electrode at all KOH concentrations. Furthermore, a

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• sheets, Bi2MoO6 microspheres were used. The 2D morphological properties of the Bi2O3 sheets resulted in enhanced charge carrier transfer. The relative mass ratio of Bi2MoO6 and Bi2O3 may be fine-tuned by adjusting the alkali dose (i.e., NaOH or KOH). Using phenol degradation and hydrogen generation as a

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• 0.94 V vs RHE, 0.78 V, and 3.6 mA·cm−2, respectively, with an electrochemical active surface area of 66.92 m2·g−1 and a mass activity of 40.55 mA·mg−1. The optimum electrocatalyst shows considerable electrochemical stability over 10,000 cycles in 0.1 M KOH solution. Keywords: copper cobalt oxide NPs

• electrodeposition. Among the combinations, the Ag–Cu (3:1) alloy showed the better electrode catalytic activity and the highest onset (0.85 V vs RHE) and half-wave potential (0.76 V vs RHE) with a limiting current density of 4.19 mA·cm−2, along with an electron transfer value of 3.86 in 0.1 M KOH [21]. Linic and co

• , and a limiting current density of 5.3 mA·cm−2 in 0.1 M KOH with an electron transfer value of 3.97 [24]. The strong interactions among the unsupported trimetallic nanoparticles leads to aggregation resulting in reduced activity and stability. In this regard, structural regulation can be obtained via

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• Season S. Chen Zhen-Jie Yang Chia-Hao Chang Hoong-Uei Koh Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi Kuo-Lun Tung Kevin C.-W. Wu School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• . However, in contrast to the results from Surapaneni et al. [23] on H. brasiliensis leaves, potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment removed all the plant material from the epoxy surfaces, and thus, clean PDMS replicas from all leaf stages could be obtained. Structure of the cuticle – temporal and spatial

• and stage 3 are more than twice the values in the corresponding stages 2B and 3 (stage 2B: Rc = 0.36 µm, Rsm = 1.10 µm; stage 3: Rc = 0.42 µm, Rsm = 1.13 µm) on the leaves of the H. brasiliensis tree [23]. Surapaneni et al. [23] reported that KOH treatment was unsuccessful in removing plant material

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• cobalt salt to the spinning solution [19][20][21][22]. Li et al. [19] investigated the activity of the material using a rotating ring disc and dilute 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. They found that the cobalt species were active in both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and ORR. They also found that increasing

• fibres. Alegre et al. [21][22] also investigated cobalt-oxide-enhanced fibres, unlike Song et al. they focussed on an alkaline aqueous system. They performed polarisation experiments using their Co3O4-enhanced fibres as catalytically active component in a pressed carbon electrode in 6 M KOH and found it

• surface area (smaller than 0.2 cm2) [20]. In this study, cobalt-decorated carbon fibre mats are prepared and analysed as self-supporting electrodes of a size suitable for application (3 cm2) in half-cells using 6 M KOH electrolyte. The focus of this study lies on the influence of the carbonisation

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• 10 by adding a 0.5 M KOH solution (JSC Vekton, Russia). Then, 1 mL of formaldehyde (37%, JSC Vekton, Russia) was added and the suspension was purged with carbon monoxide for 15 min. Then, without stopping the CO blowing, the reaction mixture temperature was increased to 90 °C and the mixture was kept

A self-powered, flexible ultra-thin Si/ZnO nanowire photodetector as full-spectrum optical sensor and pyroelectric nanogenerator

• Liang Chen,
• Jianqi Dong,
• Miao He and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1623–1630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.145

• etching. More specifically, a 500 μm p-type high conductivity Si substrate was dipped into potassium hydrate (KOH) solution with a concentration of 50% at 130 °C for 6–8 h. Then, the obtained 45 μm p-Si was washed with acetone, isopropanol, and deionized water. Secondly, a thin ZnO seed layer was

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• prepared with 2 g/L KOH and 10 g/L Na3PO4 in deionized water. The PEO treatment was performed in constant-current mode with a fixed constant current density of 25 mA/cm2. The frequency and duty ratio were 500 Hz and 50%, respectively. The electrolyte temperature was regulated within 30 ± 2 °C by a

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• standard three-electrode cell at room temperature. A graphite rod was used as the counter electrode, Hg/HgO was used as the reference electrode, and a 6.0 M KOH aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical performance of the CCGNFs was investigated using an electrochemical

• DCGCNFs, 90.68 F·g−1 for OCGCNFs, and 151.34 F·g−1 for OPCGCNFs, considering a 6 M KOH electrolyte solution. The results showed that the OPCGCNF electrode had the highest SC values compared to the other electrodes (OCGCNF and DCGCNFs). This result shows that the material porosity plays a significant role

• diffused and were transferred in a particular order, enhancing the ion transmission efficiency and the electrode electrochemical performance. Figure 6 shows the charge/discharge curve of a CCGNF electrode in a 6 M KOH solution at a constant current (1.0 A·g−1) and voltage (1.0 V). The increasing order of

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• dioxide (TiO2 Tronox, 99.5%, Tronox Pigments GmbH) are used as Ba and Ti precursors for the hydrothermal synthesis of BTO nanoparticles. Ba(OH)2·8H2O also acts as the mineralizer and prevents the use of NaOH or KOH for controlling the pH value of the reaction mixture [12]. Equimolar amounts of Ba and Ti

Electrochemical nanostructuring of (111) oriented GaAs crystals: from porous structures to nanowires

• Elena I. Monaico,
• Eduard V. Monaico,
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki,
• Shashank Honnali,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Karin Leistner,
• Kornelius Nielsch and
• Ion M. Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 966–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.81

• previously obtained through anodizing GaAs(100) wafers in alkaline KOH electrolyte. An IR photodetector based on the GaAs nanowires is demonstrated. Keywords: anodization; crystallographically oriented pores; gallium arsenide (GaAs); nanowires; neutral electrolyte; photocurrent; porous GaAs; Introduction

• in aqueous KOH solution [17]. However, this process was difficult to control. The bundles of GaAs nanowires were formed only in some regions of the surface and the orientation of the arrays was basically random. Usually, acidic or alcaline electrolytes are used for the electrochemical preparation of

• ). According to Li and co-workers [17], the anodization of GaAs with a carrier concentration of about 1018 cm−3 in a KOH electrolyte can be categorized into three etching modes, deduced from the analysis of the current–voltage plot at a scan rate of 5 mV·s−1. Practically no etching occurs when the applied