Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• -based nanoparticles loaded with anti-huntingtin siRNA were formulated and tested in the transgenic YAC128 mouse model of Huntington’s disease. The formulations successfully reduced the mRNA expression by at least 50% [158]. In another study, chitosan was combined with manfafodipir to allow for MRI

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• therapeutic target for MM [161]. Based on this, the Gd construct was utilized for the detection of malignant plasma cells in MM using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Competitive cell-binding assays confirmed the maintenance of antibody specificity after conjugation to usNPs. The resulting targeted usNPs

• further investigation. Quantification of Gd uptake in the tumor tissue at 30 min p.i. revealed 4.1% ID/g for targeted usNPs against 0.11% ID/g for the non-targeted particles. The rapid tumor uptake of the targeted usNPs, combined with their efficient renal clearance, resulted in an enhanced MRI signal-to

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• imaging (i.e., positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), optical/fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT; using X-ray) and ultrasound imaging), and the spatial resolution, depth of imaging, sensitivity, and advantages

• degradable nonendogenous molecules [90]. It should be mentioned that there is not much data showing biodegradation/excretion of NPs. Iron oxide-based NPs have, however, been used as safe contrast agents for MRI for many years and have been shown to be degradable both in solutions in vitro [91] and after

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• folic acid to enhance the imaging contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or to improve the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles [14]. Chlorambucil (CHL) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating drug used to treat several benign tumors and malignancies, including chronic lymphatic leukemia [15], Hodgkin’s

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• significantly suppressed HCC cell proliferation. Moreover, CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were effective T1/T2 contrast agents for molecular magnetic resonance imaging due to the release of Mn2+ and Fe3O4 NCs. Keywords: curcumin; hepatocellular carcinoma; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); radiofrequency (RF) hyperthermia

• (Fe3O4 NCs), – CUR layer, – and MnO2 (CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs). These NFs carry CUR and Fe3O4 NCs, achieve sustained and concurrent drug release, and can be used for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, we explored the ability of the NFs to release drugs and evaluated their cytotoxic effects

• . The presence of MnO2 protects the drug layer and reduces the loss of drugs to circulation. In tumors, MnO2 were degraded to produce Mn2+ and oxygen by response TME, exposing the drug layer for drug release and to exert antitumor effects. At the same time, Mn2+ can act as an MRI contrast agent. Oxygen

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• personalized and targeted treatments for sclerosis. Recently developed Fe3O4–CeO2 core–shell NPs have shown great potential as platforms for both the diagnosis and treatment of vascular disorders associated with ROS. This is attributed to their impressive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capabilities and

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• also includes cancer imaging and diagnosis such as the MRI imaging agent Resovist, carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles approved for liver contrast-enhanced MRI102 [87]. Another 10% are nanocrystals, such as Tricor (approved in 2004) or Triglide (approved in 2005), used to

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ., cancer, diabetes, and atherosclerosis), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, gene therapy, and molecular and cellular monitoring [15][16]. Photothermal therapy (PTT), a treatment in which nanostructures are used, induces drug release or damages tumor cells with

• interaction at the tumor site. The synthesized VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 NPs hold promise for effective photothermal therapy, magnetic targeting, MRI imaging, and chemotherapeutic capabilities in future studies. Conclusion In this study, we successfully synthesized VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 NPs with combined photothermal therapy and

• noteworthy potential in photothermal therapy, magnetic targeting, MRI imaging, and chemotherapy. This versatile approach represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment modalities, offering a promising avenue for future research and clinical applications. Our work provides a nanomaterial endowed

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• . Clinical use of superparamagnetic oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) has been authorized [9]. SPIONs have been utilized in magnetic particle imaging (MPI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), and additional imaging models [9][10][11]. SPIONs have been modified to be applicable to a

• for near-infrared imaging and MRI. IR780 is used as the tracer during operation and also in phototherapy [23][24]. The IO NPs have been used as a contrast agent in MRI for diagnosis. Since MRI is a noninvasive and nonradiation technique, it could be used multiple times to follow therapy stages

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• after a short while in the MRI scan [24]. While the authors hypothesized that the HBOC was taken up by CD163-expressing Kupffer cells/macrophages, Chow et al. reported that when isolated rat livers were perfused with a HBOC solution, hepatocytes also took up abundant hemin, as determined by heme

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• Qixiong Lin Yueyou Peng Yanyan Wen Xiaoqiong Li Donglian Du Weibin Dai Wei Tian Yanfeng Meng The Ninth Clinical Medical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030009, China Department of MRI, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030009, China School

• patients and has shown promise for medical prospects. Some of the applications related to biomimetic cancer cell membrane-coated agents are listed and described below. 5.1 Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because they can improve imaging

• by enhancing proton relaxation in tissues [120]. Among them, superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIONs) are widely used with numerous advantages, such as small size, colloidal stability, low toxicity, magnetic heating properties, and enhanced molecular MRI [121]. However, SPIONs cannot be effectively

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• MRI imaging, targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia therapy [8][9]. Hyperthermia therapy can be achieved by using either magnetic fields or NIR irradiation. Application of an external alternating magnetic field on these nanoparticles leads to the production of heat to mediate magnetic hyperthermia

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• cancer [39][40]. Besides, SPIONs are already in the clinic as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents and SPION@bPEI nanoparticles have a strong T2 signal (the signal that reflects the length of time it takes for the MR signal to decay in the transverse plane) [35]. In recent years, there has been a

• growing demand for a combination of different imaging modalities to improve the detection limit and to provide image-guided therapies [41][42]. Both MRI and optical imaging are noninvasive imaging modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging provides high spatial resolution but lacks sensitivity. Optical

• transfection along with the diagnostic potential provided by the superparamagnetic iron oxide core in MRI. In this study, we focused on the label-free optical imaging potential, which is new in the literature for SPION@bPEI, and the transfection potential of these nanoparticles. A full characterization of

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• -assisted control of the behavior of MNPs makes them suitable candidates for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, biosensors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic separation [9][10]. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs), belonging to the spinel ferrite class, are the most extensively studied

• MNPs for clinical applications and many of them have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency. Their intended applications include hyperthermia, disease diagnosis, MRI contrasting agents, and improvement of iron deficiencies [11][12]. Aside from their useful applications

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• -based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (Feridex) was withdrawn from the market, following concerns regarding its observed side effects [2][7]. In spite of concerns around safety [7][8][9] and other challenges [10], there remains interest in developing novel metal oxide nanomaterials for

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• coordination of Mn2+, Fmoc-ʟ-L, and Ce6, a yield of 36 wt % can be obtained. After the uptake of FMC NPs by cancer cells, Mn2+ and Ce6 can be released in response to intracellular high levels of glutathione (GSH). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results showed an almost complete elimination of the tumor three

• days after injection. At the same time, the formation of Mn2+ and GSH can decrease the level of intracellular GSH and promote the production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, Mn2+ combined with GSH can also be used for MRI diagnosis and treatment. By using these features, FMC NPs showed better

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• after US triggering under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance. According to these studies, US irradiation caused distinct NO release. There was a positive association between increasing the power of the US with the rate of NO generation and the cytotoxic effects of NPs on the cancer cells [148

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and other nanomaterials are also used in MNRs. Martel et al. [49] have demonstrated that magnetotactic bacteria embedded in ferromagnetic particles can be used as medical MNRs to control MRI-trackable propulsion and can be used in human microvascular environments. David Folio

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). Each of these methods has

• pros and cons, and each is used to achieve specific results. MRI and DTI provide in vivo measures of brain anatomy and permit direct examination of how anatomical variations may relate to differences in cognitive functioning. DTI is sensitive to the MR signal of water molecules on a micrometre scale to

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• ; Introduction Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) as chemically inert material have been increasingly employed as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging [1]. The superparamagnetic properties of MNPs make them

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• environmental benigness [4][5][6][7][8]. These nanomaterials can be exploited in a variety of applications, including magnetic data storage [9], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [6][10][11][12], hyperthermia [6][13][14][15], magnetic separation [16], targeted drug delivery [6][16][17][18][19], lithium-ion

• properties and a larger length-scale of the locally induced magnetic field in comparison to nanospheres with a similar volume, providing an enhanced MRI contrast [11][19][23], higher specific adsorption rate in magnetic hyperthermia [13], and better separation efficiency in magnetic separation of immune

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (for more on this topic consult [11][12][13][14]). Among the abovementioned nanoscience products, iron oxide nanoparticles, especially superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) hold a lot of promise in many domains, not only regarding biology [15]. SPIONs consist

• behave like one magnetic unit, rotating in the presence of a magnetic field without retaining the magnetism after the magnetic field is removed [17]. This property makes SPIONs good candidates for MRI, and also for a type of thermic treatment of cancer, called localized hyperthermia. There are also other

• types of nanoparticles used for MRI, but iron oxide is believed to be less harmful than other nanoparticles, such as lanthanides, which cannot be used on patients with kidney disorders [18], or manganese, which is neurotoxic [19]. Furthermore, excess iron oxides accumulate in liver and spleen as iron

Uniform Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃-DHCA nanocubes for dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging

• Miao Qin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Mengjie Xu,
• Hui Yan,
• Yizhu Cheng,
• Xiumei Zhang,
• Di Huang,
• Weiyi Chen and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1000–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.84

• Department of MRI, Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030009, China Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China 10.3762/bjnano.11.84 Abstract The

• multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique has been extensively studied over the past few years since it offers complementary information that can increase diagnostic accuracy. Simple methods to synthesize contrast agents are necessary for the development of multimodal MRI. Herein, uniformly

• distributed Fe3O4/Gd2O3 nanocubes for T1–T2 dual-mode MRI contrast agents were successfully designed and synthesized. In order to increase hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, the nanocubes were coated with nontoxic 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid (DHCA). The results show that iron (Fe) and gadolinium (Gd

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• brain delivery. Interestingly, in a study by Peira et al., SLNs have been successfully loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide and were able to cross the BBB [163]. Thus, SLNs could be potentially used as carriers for CNS MRI contrast agents. Nanostructured lipid carriers: Although most of the reported

• ) are based on magnetite (Fe3O4) or maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) molecules encapsulated in polysaccharides, synthetic polymers or monomer coatings and have a size range from 1 to 100 nm [21][182]. SPIONs possess interesting magnetic properties and some formulations have already been approved as MRI contrast

• commercial name Feraheme®. Although its indication is for the treatment of iron deficiency in patients with renal failure, it is also clinically used for MRI of adrenal glands and kidneys [183][184]. As they are composed of iron, a normal component of the human body, SPIONs are believed to have low toxicity

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41