Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• investigated. The studies on scan-rate dependence were conducted at different scan rates between 40–100 mV/s in a solution containing 20 ppm of lead. Figure 11a displays the CV results of the Ag@ZnO NRs/Nafion/gold electrode, using scan rates varying from 40 to 100 mV/s. The observed CV response, which varies

• allowed to dry at room temperature. Then, 1 µL Nafion solution was applied resulting in a uniform layer of tightly bound nanorods covering the entire electrode surface. Subsequent electrochemical sensing experiments were conducted at room temperature using an Autolab electrochemical workstation with a

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• -term stability. A widely used ionomer binder is Nafion, which is highly acidic [11] and can corrode earth-abundant catalysts that are not acid-stable [12]. Ionomer binders can additionally lead to undesired side reactions, thus reducing the energy efficiency for the desired transformation [13

• ]. Alkaline electrolytes can decrease acid-based side reactions but alter Nafion [11][14], impeding ion conductivity and overall performance [5]. Adding binders additionally complicates reaction mechanisms and introduces competing pathways or by-products [5]. Further challenges in traditional nanoparticle

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• (e.g., Nafion), or three-dimensional systems created by a hydrogel matrix, the presence of conductive fillers (e.g., conductive carbon black) is crucial. This addition allows to obtain a conductive hydrogel and thus increase the number of conduction paths. The increase in the conductive properties of

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• Fisher chemicals. Malathion (C10H19O6PS2) was obtained from Insecticides India Limited. Disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4·H2O), monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol (C2H5OH), and isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O) were procured from Rankem chemicals. Nafion (C9HF17O5S) and activated charcoal

• sonicated in ethanol and rinsed with DI water to remove surface impurities. The GQDs-based ink was prepared in a glass vial with four components, that is 15 mg activated charcoal as a conductivity enhancer, 15 mg GQDs as modifying agent, 25 µL Nafion as binder, and 1 mL isopropyl alcohol as solvent. All

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• mainly on chemically synthesized catalysts, which usually required post-processing and some additives (e.g. Nafion) to form an ink to produce an OER electrode. This, in turn, significantly affects the final structure and electrocatalytic performance of the electrode. Therefore, in this work, the

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• to deposit Pt for the cathode of PEM fuel cells only in a few studies, and in all of them only on gas diffusion layers of carbon fabric or on proton conductive Nafion membrane [27][32][33]. According to our knowledge, no studies have been reported on the PLD deposition of Pt catalyst on carbon

• catalysts in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of PEMFCs fed with H2/air. The materials with Pt deposited on Vulcan XC-72R (samples A and B), like commercial catalysts, formed a good quality catalyst layer on the Nafion membranes. However, we encountered some issues during electrode preparation from the

• painting conditions. However, as a result, a mechanically robust layer was obtained, which did not fall off the electrode spontaneously. Therefore, the more graphitized C-11 carbon material used in Pt-based catalysts is more difficult to apply on Nafion membranes.The cyclic voltammetry curves measured in

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• fluoride (NH4F), N-acetyl-ʟ-cysteine, ammonium heptamolybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24), thiourea (CH4N2S), nitrogen gas, melamine, and nafion solution. All chemicals and materials were purified and used without further treatment. Preparation of materials The individual materials including TNAs, MoS2, and g-C3N4 were

• synthesized as described earlier [39][40][41]. To combine with TNAs, 5 mg of MoS2 or g-C3N4 powder was dispersed in 2 mL of a solution containing 50 vol % ethanol and 50 vol % nafion solution as described in [40]. The solution was stirred for 30 min before ultrasonic treatment for 3 h to obtain a homogeneous

• diffraction results show the simultaneous appearance of diffraction peaks at 2θ = 25.45°, typical for the (101) planes of TNAs, and at 33.56° for the (001) planes of MoS2. Besides, the diffraction peak at 2θ = 16.45° characterizes the semi-crystalline structure of perfluorocarbon chains from nafion films [45

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• , respectively. The setup consists of a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte/hole-scavenger solution along with LED lamps as a visible light source. The working electrode was fabricated through an ITO-PTFE electrode (dimensions: 1 cm × 1 cm) drop casted with a slurry of the studied materials, isopropanol and Nafion solution

The role of sulfonate groups and hydrogen bonding in the proton conductivity of two coordination networks

• Ali Javed,
• Felix Steinke,
• Stephan Wöhlbrandt,
• Hana Bunzen,
• Norbert Stock and
• Michael Tiemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 437–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.36

• materials such as Nafion. Despite its high proton conductivity of ca. 0.1 S·cm−1 at 80 °C and 98% relative humidity (r.h.), Nafion exhibits some shortcomings, including high cost, sophisticated manufacturing processes, and stringent operating conditions [8]. Therefore, a variety of new functional network

• coordination polymers (CPs), such as (porous) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and (non-porous, yet cross-linked) coordination networks [12], may offer alternatives to Nafion because of their structural controllability and high crystallinity [13]. The quest to develop new proton-conducting network materials is

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• alone [12]. In addition, ENHs have been utilized in energy applications as well. Zhang et al. developed a graphene oxide (GO)-based nanohybrid Nafion nanofiber as a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) for fuel cells to overcome low proton conductivity, high fuel permeability, and poor stability of

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• –Nafion membrane. Using this barrier, the capacity retention could be improved to 250 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles. In spite of the improvement, the capacity value is still low because of the low Na+ diffusivity through the membrane and the insulating nature of Al2O3. Another approach to stable catholytes is

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• suspension of Pt/C catalysts (i.e., "catalytic ink"), 900 μL of isopropyl alcohol and 100 μL of a 0.5% aqueous emulsion of Nafion® polymer were added to 6 mg of each sample. Then, the suspension was dispersed with ultrasound for 15 min. Under continuous stirring, an aliquot of “ink” of 6 μL in volume was

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• potentiostat in a three-electrode test cell with a platinum wire as the counter electrode and the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference. The working electrode was a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass with the analyzed material drop-casted from a 0.2% ethanol/Nafion solution. A 0.5 M sodium

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• concentration was dripped onto the cleaned GCE using a micropipette and dried under ambient conditions. Nafion® was used as the binder. To study the effect of the conducting additive, different ratios of conductive carbon black (CB) were added and sonicated for 15 min to obtain homogeneous dispersions, which

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• ), sulfuric acid, and hydrogen peroxide (27% w/v) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Nafion solution (5% w/w) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and potassium fluoride (KF) and Ce(SO4)2 were obtained from Sisco research laboratories, India. All of the high purity chemicals were employed as-received without any

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

• Changqiang Yu,
• Min Wen,
• Zhen Tong,
• Shuhua Li,
• Yanhong Yin,
• Xianbin Liu,
• Yesheng Li,
• Tongxiang Liang,
• Ziping Wu and
• Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

• , AR), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, AR), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3, AR), sodium sulfide (Na2S, AR), 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO, AR), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA, AR), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA, AR), 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ, AR), and Nafion were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co., Ltd

• of the samples were mixed with 2 mL of ethanol followed by 10 min of sonication. Then, 50 µL of 5% Nafion were added, and the obtained mixture was magnetically stirred for 24 h. Finally, the mixture was coated on ITO glass and dried in a vacuum oven for 12 h. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• of 4.0 mg rGO and 0.025 wt % (5 μL) of Nafion in 0.4 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) was sonicated until a homogeneous dispersion was obtained. 3 μL catalyst ink was taken and drop-cast onto a glassy carbon electrode, which was allowed to dry at room temperature. A similar procedure was followed to

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• a N2 stream. With these loadings we could form homogeneous, thin and stable catalyst layers on the electrode. The resulting film was covered with the same volume of a 1 wt % aqueous Nafion solution and dried again to ensure the mechanical stability of the catalyst layer on the glassy carbon without

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• the HER taking place at the negative electrode due to the very low amount of oxygen functional groups. Moreover, the Nafion 117 membrane used for higher current density cycling leads to an electrolyte imbalance. A detailed investigation is still required to understand the overall mechanism of the

• electrode and activated Nafion 117 membrane. In all the experiments, the electrolyte flow rate was kept at 100 mL min−1. The temperature of the cell and electrolyte was maintained at 22 °C throughout the electrochemical investigations. Raman spectra obtained for pristine as well as N2-plasma-treated sample

Layered double hydroxide/sepiolite hybrid nanoarchitectures for the controlled release of herbicides

• Ediana Paula Rebitski,
• Margarita Darder and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1679–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.163

• nanofiller in Nafion membranes for fuel-cell applications [35]. With these premises, the current aim is to ascertain if it is possible to develop organic–inorganic hybrid materials using LDH-sepiolite nanoarchitectonic materials, as the presence of an organic counterpart could be of interest for introducing

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• voltammetry. The working electrode was prepared by loading the catalyst (200 μg·cm−2) on a glassy carbon disk electrode. The carbon ink was prepared in the following manner: 2.5 mg of the prepared sample was mixed with 25 μL of Nafion solution (5% solution of lower aliphatic alcohols, Aldrich), 75 μL of

• × 10−6 mol·cm−3. Prior to the tests of the prepared samples, we evaluated Pt/C (IFPC40, ISHIFUKU Metal Industry Co., Ltd.), and the onset potential of Pt/C was 0.96 V. The membrane–electrode assembly was fabricated as follows: The catalyst ink, i.e., the dispersion of the catalyst in Nafion solution

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• cyclic voltammograms in a potential range of 0.6 to −0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl at different sweep rates (1 to 50 mV/s). Linear sweep voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode was used to evaluate the ORR activity of the prepared carbons. The carbons were used to form a working electrode by using a Nafion (Nafion

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• electron transfer process from the enzyme to the electrode interface [70]. Therefore, in a preliminary assay, Foam-GOx was tested in the presence of Fe(CN6)4− as mediator and separated from the cathode chamber by a Nafion® membrane. A power density of 565 µW·cm−3 and 31 µW·cm−2 was generated (Figure S11

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• , with a low Nafion amount, is recommended to avoid diffusion resistance into the deposited active layer [55]. Therefore, low catalyst loadings are known to give higher activities, but these conditions are not always representative of the true working of the PEMFC [56]. Furthermore, the difficulty of

• NP distribution on the CNT walls presented the higher ECSA. In these cases, we can assume that the interactions between Nafion®, NPs and N-CNTs are optimum to allow for high activity for the ORR. It should be noted that all the catalysts synthesized on N-doped CNTs outperformed the commercial Pt3Co

• contain 20% weigh ratio of Nafion (equivalent weight: 1000), each square centimeter of cathodic active layer contains 0.18 µmol of sulfonic acid site. The anode is composed of 0.2 mgPt·cm−2 and a Nafion content of 25%, which leads to 0.13 µmol of sulfonic acid site per square centimeter of MEA. According

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• samples in a solution containing 220 µL of ultrapure water (Millipore), 142 µL of ethanol (≥99%,Valente e Ribeiro) and 96 µL of nafion (5 wt %, Sigma-Aldrich). The suspension was sonicated for 30 min until a homogeneous dispersion was obtained. The mass loading of all samples was ≈0.1 mg cm−2. A rotation