Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• Raman results and analysis and EPR results and analysis. FTIR and Raman results and analysis FTIR and Raman spectroscopy techniques were employed to investigate the phase composition and iron oxide type resulting from the synthesis and to validate structural alterations after interaction with saline

• spectrum of the FS0 sample, while they vanished in the FST spectrum. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of an iron-stabilized biopolymer ionic cross-linking complex. This confirmation was based on an analysis of intensity, full width at half maximum, and band shifts. In general, both FS0 and FST

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• , were considered to occur during the growth process, leading to NiO samples with variable properties. Raman spectroscopy indicated changes between the relative intensity of first order modes and the 2M mode due to the variable lattice disorder induced in the samples during the growth process

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• provided DPPH (Figure S4B0–B2 of Supporting Information File 1). These findings indicate significant oxygen enrichment due to TA adsorption on FLG sheets, supporting earlier Raman spectroscopy results and colloidal stability observations (Figure S3A1, Supporting Information File 1). Both free and adsorbed

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• revealed nanofiber morphology, and Raman spectroscopy showed the characteristic IG and ID bands of CNFs [18]. Catalytic chemical vapor deposition was conducted by Hammel et al. to synthesize CNFs using a tube furnace. The experiment used a nickel-based catalyst and diluted acetylene as the source of carbon

• microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Crossbeam 340) for morphological analysis. Raman spectroscopy (HORIBA XploRA PLUS, 532 nm) was carried out to analyze the signature spectra of the grown CNFs. Results and Discussion Flame characterization and temperature The flames were characterized regarding flame shape and

• . A higher presence of defects was found before in CNFs via Raman spectroscopy [12]. A slightly elevated defect density was also observed in CNTs derived from LPG [16][31]. The D band and G band intensities show an ID/IG ratio of more than 1.13, which is a clear indicator for high disorder and

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• irradiated thin films was performed with X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was conducted at the Zn L3,2 and O K edges for all the thin films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on Si 2p and O 1s core levels provided direct

• mode. Table 1 summarizes the irradiation ion energies and fluences for each thin film, along with their corresponding labels. Results and Discussion Influence of Ag and O ion irradiation on crystallographic phase by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy Figure 1a shows the XRD patterns illustrating

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• nanohybrids of MoSe2−CsPbBr3 with a size range between 60 and 80 nm [38]. This effect has been relevant to enhance the Raman scattering vibrational modes in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements. It has also been noticed that the shape of the nanostructure can be used to tune the magnitude of the

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• . Raman spectroscopy of Ag@ZnO nanorods The influence of Ag doping in ZnO nanorods were investigated by Raman scattering. Raman scattering of Ag@ZnO NRs were recorded using a 532 nm laser at room temperature in the spectra range varying from 0 to 2000 cm−1. ZnO has four atoms in each primitive cell, which

• ). The optical characteristics of the obtained Ag-doped ZnO nanorods were determined using UV–visible spectroscopy (Varian Cary-5000) at room temperature. The measurements were taken in the wavelength range of 200 to 600 nm. Raman spectroscopy (Alpha300/WI Tec) was used to investigate the molecular

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• , Raman spectroscopy was utilized to evaluate the formation of GO (after the oxidation of graphite powder) and the GO–Chl nanoconjugate. The structural properties of graphite and GO nanosheets were investigated through the comprehensive analysis of the characteristic graphitic domain band (G band) and

• GO and GO–Chl nanoconjugate via UV–vis, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, FESEM, and HRTEM. Figure S2 shows the atomic force microscopy-based topographical analysis of GO nanosheets. Figure S3 represents the XPS survey spectra of GO, GO–Chl, and Chl. Table S1 shows the summary of fitting parameters for the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• characterization of all formulations regarding interactions of the components and their stability during the preparation procedures, different techniques were used including infrared (IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and Raman spectroscopy as well as TGA. For analyzing potential structural changes in the CNs

• blank CNs indicate that the structure of TMZ was preserved during irradiation. Upon its incorporation in the CNs, in vitro dissolution studies, in which UV–vis spectra of TMZ after its release from the irradiated CNs were recorded, were carried out. Raman spectroscopy The Raman spectra of single- and

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• , and Raman spectroscopy, as well as EDX and XRD revealed controlled aggregation, successful capping, and crystalline growth of the ʟ-car-AgNPs. The ʟ-car-AgNPs exhibited promising sensing capabilities with limits of detection of 141.79 ppb (1.2 μM) for Cd2+, 131.33 ppb (0.63 μM) for Pb2+, 215.35 ppb

• absorption peaks indicates that the nanoparticles aggregated. The results confirm that ʟ-car-AgNP2–5 nanoparticles are polydisperse. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction In addition to TEM analysis, the interaction between functional groups of ʟ-carnosine and silver, the elemental composition, and

• the experimental results well. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirm the successful capping of silver nanoparticles with ʟ-carnosine. The presence of Ag in ʟ-carnosine-capped AgNPs was also assessed using SEM-EDX. Figure 4d and Figure 4e confirm that Ag is present in ʟ-car-AgNP1 and ʟ-car-AgNP2

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• ), and density functional theory (DFT) study suggests that the hydrogenation of graphene with atomic hydrogen leads to the formation of graphone [8]. The full hydrogenation of graphene (graphane) was experimentally obtained by Elias et al., and their TEM and Raman spectroscopy results evidence the

• using different experimental techniques is available. Ni et al. synthesized graphene on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and studied the effect of uniaxial strain through Raman spectroscopy [30]. They stretched PET in one direction and found a redshift in the D and G bands for a single

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• synthesis, which is commonly used in the literature. TEM and zeta potential measurements were used to determine morphology and sizes of the CDs, and XRD, XPS, and FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used for structural characterization. Optical characterization of the CDs was done by absorption and

• Cary Eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer were used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurements, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro-Raman spectroscopy, PVD thermal evaporation, scanning

• . The FTIR and XPS results are in agreement. Raman spectroscopy was also carried out to confirm the presence of aromatic carbon atoms in the newly synthesized CDs. The D band was observed at 1150 cm−1, and the G band was observed at 1519 cm−1 (Figure 2f). The D band is associated with defects in the

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• . To enrich the basic characterizations of WSe2, we conducted Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements (Supporting Information File 1, Note 5). The broken symmetry leads to an asymmetric distribution of photogenerated carriers, resulting in a non-zero photocurrent even

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• complete characterization of the GO sample is available in [36]. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to assess size, morphology, number of layers, and surface chemistry of GO. The GO sample used in this study consists of single layers with

• [45][46]. In the absence of TA, the modulation of the C=0 stretching vibration intensity may indicate coordination of the divalent metal ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in EPA medium [47]. The intensity ratio between ID and IG bands in Raman spectroscopy analysis ranges from 0.94 ± 0.01, for the GO sample

• TA. We observed a dose-dependent mitigation effect of TA. A concentration of 1 mg·L−1 TA raised the lowest observed adverse effect level of GO to 5 mg·L−1; 10 mg·L−1 of TA completely mitigated the acute effects of GO under the conditions tested. Biodistribution study Confocal Raman spectroscopy

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, NPs of various sizes ranging from 6 to 35 nm were loaded onto a filter paper by a simple and effective drop-casting approach to achieve flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates/sensors. These substrates were tested using a simple, portable

• interest in many applications, such as photoelectronic devices, biochemical sensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, due to their high purity NPs as well as an easy method for altering the structures, NPs/NSs sizes, and morphology by tuning the laser parameters and surrounding

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• [27][28], surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [29][30], microfluidic-coupled biochip [31], electrochemical [32], and field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors [33]. Biosensors offer several distinct benefits for virus recognition, including higher selectivity through improved target receptors and

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• yield, their physical properties, and their evolving microstructures. Results and Discussion Structural analysis Raman spectroscopy analysis of the exfoliated samples revealed prominent vibrational modes of hexagonal 2H-MoS2, 2H-WS2, and mixture of both phases, represented by E12g at 382 cm−1 and A1g at

• further advancements in materials science and engineering. Conclusion Neat and intermixed MoS2 and WS2 phases were evaluated for the PD of MB dye under solar irradiation excitation. The considered samples were systematically characterized by XPS, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and HRTEM. WS2 exhibited the

• intensity of the 631 nm peak and the MB concentration. For all experiments, a first run was conducted in the dark for 30 min, followed by PD tests, and maintained for 180 min while monitored by a UV–vis spectrometer every 30 min. Raman spectroscopy for a) MoS2, b) WS2, and c) MoS2/WS2 composite. XRD

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• 24 h, CQDs were successfully synthesized. A comprehensive characterization of the CQDs was performed using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and luminescence spectroscopy, confirming their high quality. The photocatalytic

• catalytic activity in MB degradation, while those prepared with water as a solvent did not show significant catalytic activity. The samples were also characterized using UV–visible spectra, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and

• saturation. Multiple measurements (at least three) were performed for each sample to ensure reliable and accurate measurements. A quartz cell with a 1 cm path length was used for the DLS measurements using a Malvern Zeta-sizer equipment model 7.2. Raman spectroscopy for all samples was performed in a Horiba

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• procedure. It demonstrates homogeneity without a notable dominance of hills or valleys. The structural properties of the CuO films were evaluated using XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD diffractograms (Figure 4A) exhibit well-defined reflections that correspond to the polycrystalline monoclinic structure

• thin films. Consequently, it has a favorable impact on both electrical and thermal stability. Moreover, as evidenced by XRD and Raman spectroscopy analyses, the sequencing enhances the crystal quality of the films, which remain free from other copper compound phases regardless of the preparation

• acknowledge Adrian Gruszecki for his help in the Raman spectroscopy measurements. The results discussed in this paper were partially presented in M. Ozga’s doctoral thesis “Copper(II) oxide films obtained by hydrothermal method – growth technology, characterization and potential applications in electronics

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray mapping. The TiO2/GQDs-GCE exhibits better electrochemical activity for uric acid and hypoxanthine than GQDs/GCE or TiO2/GCE in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements. Under optimized

• GQDs were observed by using a JEM 2100 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Joel, Japan. Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed on a WiTec, Alpha 300R with a 532 nm laser. Surface analyses of the obtained materials were carried out using a S-4800 scanning electron

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• temperature to generate ionized particles. These ionized species interact with the ceramic crystal of TiN, resulting in a pronounced structural expansion. The exfoliated TiN products were comprehensively characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• for various novel applications where arrays of metal nanostructures are used, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates [36][37][38]. In this work, we deposited Ag NWs on specially patterned silicon (Si) substrates, so large fractions of NWs are partially suspended over the holes. Samples

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• , which was constructed in-house and automated using Python. Then, sheet resistance measurements under externally applied strain are discussed. Raman spectroscopy of the NCG under strain is studied, which gives insights into the distribution of strain in the film. Utilizing electrical and optical

• measurements and Raman spectroscopy, is shown in Figure 1a. Two instances of zero and non-zero strain are also depicted. The setup has two stepper motors acquired from Standa Inc. The contacts on the NCG were made by gold-coated spring pressure contacts, which were then connected to a BNC connector and a

• transfer is required on glass in an aqueous medium [26]. Third, NCG fills the cracks present at the edges during spin coating the polymer and inhibits their propagation during the bending of the substrate. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method to detect strain in graphene, which can be determined from

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• Raman spectroscopy is a widely used technique to characterize nanomaterials because of its convenience, non-destructiveness, and sensitivity to materials change. The primary purpose of this work is to determine via Raman spectroscopy the average thickness of MoS2 thin films synthesized by direct liquid

• modes is proposed to evaluate the surface coverage for each N (i.e., the ratio between the surface covered by exactly N layers and the total surface) in DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples. Keywords: molybdenum disulfide; number of layers; Raman spectroscopy; thin film; transition metal dichalcogenides

• of MoS2 flakes produced by different methods. Among these techniques, Raman spectroscopy is widely used thanks to its convenience, non-destructiveness, and sensitivity to materials change, including strain, temperature, doping, and defects [26]. Concerning the characterization of MoS2 flakes

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• 50 nm (20 nm in the best case). However, due to the long residual time of the water molecules inside the SEM chamber, the collection of an image can further destroy the investigated material. Therefore, we performed a second series of experiments for a detailed analysis with Raman spectroscopy and

• estimated beam size equal to 10 nm (FWHM), are summarized in Table 1. The results of Raman spectroscopy measurements are shown in Figure 2C and Figure 2D. This technique is not only sensitive to the number of graphitic layers in graphene but, more importantly, also to the number of defects, which can be

• that with certain precautions water-assisted FEBIE can be applied for such a nanopatterning process. The experimental data obtained with scanning Raman spectroscopy, correlative probe and electron microscopy, and in situ AFM measurements provide a comprehensive image of FEBIE etch profiles. In addition