Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• 4.1, and UV-A irradiation of 60 W), the TiO2/GO/chitosan photocatalyst exhibited a prominent degradation efficiency of 95.34%. They also reported in another article that the SWCNT/ZnO/Fe3O4 combination exhibited a CFX decomposition efficiency of 94.19% at pH 5.93, 22.76 ppm CFX, and 0.46 g/L

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• using the nanocomposite materials which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the gas sensors. Keywords: CO gas; COMSOL Multiphysics; gas sensor; surface coverage; SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS; Introduction The field of nanotechnology has brought significant advancements in various scientific and engineering

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• SWCNTs occurs due to the adsorption of π-conjugated isoalloxazine moieties on the surface of small-diameter nanotubes and interactions between hydroxy groups of ribityl chains with water. During the SWCNT extraction, specific adsorption of riboflavin to SWCNTs leads to the minimization of interactions

• exclusive gel chromatography; SWCNT extraction; Introduction The unique physical and chemical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) promise multiple high-end applications varying from biomedicine to photonics and electronics [1][2][3]. Rapid technology development and growing demand for

• properties [3][4][5]. Moreover, as-synthesized SWCNTs typically possess a wide range of diameters and chiralities, leading to an inhomogeneous distribution of optical and electronic properties [5]. Nevertheless, most SWCNT applications, including thin-film electronics, require individual constituent parts

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• stability. This is partly due to the increased wear of the tip and electrostatic effects. SWCNT-modified tips offer feedback stability and higher current sensitivity, and SWCNT has good wear resistance. The overall performance of SWCNT probes shows that they can be produced at a lower price and meet all the

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• , Kaul et al. [15][16] prepared a two-terminal SWCNT NEM switch. The response time of the switch is nanoseconds, and the voltage is 3.5–4.5 V. Cha et al. [21] prepared a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) NEM switch. The switch length is 800 nm, the diameter is 20–40 nm, the initial gap is 40–60 nm, and

• -terminal cantilever MWCNT NEM switch. The diameter of the CNTs is 50 nm, the length is 2 µm, and the gap is 150 nm. When Vds is 0.5 V, Vgs is in the range of 6–30 V. Loh et al. [24] prepared a cantilever SWCNT and diamond electrode structure with a pull-in voltage of 23.4 V. C–C bonds can greatly improve

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• broken micropipette (a) and an intact micropipette (b); AFM image of the tip of the probe (c), the surface of a SWCNT film (d); AFM image (without processing) of the surface of bismuth telluride (e). Scanning parameters for (a): 256 by 256 points, A0 = 12 nm, Tline = 2 s, Tdir =1.8 s, Vup = 20 µm/s

• experimental results. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to P.I. Kuznetsov for the bismuth telluride samples provided. We acknowledge Artem K. Grebenko (LNM Skoltech) for the SWCNT film sample, and Vasilii Kolmogorov for micropipettes. Funding The work was partially supported by the Russian Foundation

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• % CO2. Synthesis and functional modification of SWCNTs SWCNT nanocarriers were synthesized and purified in a similar manner as described in [32]. Briefly, 300 mg of raw SWCNTs were suspended in 120 mL of strong acid solutions and ultrasonically treated for 1 h. Three different acid solutions were used

• (AFM) measurements, different SWCNT dispersions (ethanol/ultrapure water = 1:1) with a concentration of 0.01% were dripped on freshly cleaved mica and observed using an AFM (Dimension Icon, Bruker AXS). Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency An amount of 50 mg of different SWCNT samples were

• analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results and Discussion Synthesis, functionalization and characterization of SWCNT-based nanocarriers Design and preparation process of the CNTs are described in Figure 1. Carboxylic acid-functionalized SWCNTs are oxidatively shortened, and the short CNTs are conjugated with

Multiwalled carbon nanotube based aromatic volatile organic compound sensor: sensitivity enhancement through 1-hexadecanethiol functionalisation

• Nadra Bohli,
• Meryem Belkilani,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2364–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.227

• ., single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT), multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), graphene, graphene oxide (GO)) present a sensitive active layer exhibiting an electrical resistance change while in contact with the target gas due to interactions at the molecular level [7][8]. These interactions, depending whether

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• solely from MoS2 sheets is not possible since there is no material holding the individual MoS2 sheets together. On the other hand, paper made of only SWCNT possesses a tensile strength of 5.95 MPa and tensile ductility of 2.45%. Therefore, incorporation of MoS2 sheets into SWCNT paper results in

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• optimum decoration density is reached and afterwards the response decreases [6][19][28]. In fact, the obtained results are better regarding the intensity of the sensor response, as compared to those obtained by Chuanfei Hua et al. [23] using a composite of SWCNT–Fe2O3, although their sensors show faster

Accurate control of the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for the electro-enzymatically controlled oxidation of biomolecules

• Naoual Allali,
• Veronika Urbanova,
• Mathieu Etienne,
• Xavier Devaux,
• Martine Mallet,
• Brigitte Vigolo,
• Jean-Joseph Adjizian,
• Chris P. Ewels,
• Sven Oberg,
• Alexander V. Soldatov,
• Edward McRae,
• Yves Fort,
• Manuel Dossot and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2750–2762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.257

• the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) co-factor by the f-SWCNTs is due to the presence of grafted ferrocene derivatives playing the role of a mediator. This work clearly proves that residual impurities present in our SWCNT sample (below 5 wt. %) play no role in the

• surface of the CNTs. This system can be applied to biosensing, as exemplified for glucose detection. The well-controlled and well-characterized functionalization of essentially clean SWCNTs enabled us to establish the maximum level of impurity content, below which the f-SWCNT intrinsic electrochemical

• . Figure 1 summarizes the context of this study. Results and Discussion Source of clean SWCNTs and strategy of functionalization A HiPco SWCNT sample was purchased from Nanointegris Inc. of the purest grade (“super purified grade”, less than 5% of residual catalytic particles, http://www.nanointegris.com

Oriented zinc oxide nanorods: A novel saturable absorber for lasers in the near-infrared

• Pavel Loiko,
• Tanujjal Bora,
• Josep Maria Serres,
• Haohai Yu,
• Magdalena Aguiló,
• Francesc Díaz,
• Uwe Griebner,
• Valentin Petrov,
• Xavier Mateos and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2730–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.255

• compared to the SWCNT-SAs, while the latter are less attractive since they are deposited in the form of a polymer thin film. For the Tm laser, the best output characteristics are again achieved with the SWCNT-SA. The PQS performance of the ZnO NRs is better than other 2D materials (graphene-SA with a

• with n = 3 carbon layers, multilayer MoS2 film [31] and SWCNT/PMMA film [32]; (d) room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of ZnO NRs grown for 15 h, the excitation wavelength is 0.350 µm: grey curve – the measured PL spectrum, color bands – decomposition of the PL spectrum into Gaussian

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• graphite (HOPG) and SWCNT and the modification of the Raman spectra when introducing defects in the different materials. Furthermore, HOPG and SWCNT spectra differ from those of graphite and nanocarbon [1]. The Raman spectrum of MWCNTs is in between those of graphite and nanocarbon. All these materials

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• discovered a new carbon structure which later became known as the carbon nanotube (CNT) [2]. Depending on the number of walls in the structure, CNTs are categorized as single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs) or multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs). A SWCNT is the result of rolling a graphite sheet, and

Dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal with added carbon nanotubes in an electric field

• Emil Petrescu and
• Cristina Cirtoaje

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 233–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.25

• the nanotubes surface and a homogeneous alignment of the cell was considered. Thus, in the absence of any external fields, the nematic director and carbon nanotubes axis are parallel to the x-axis. When the electric field is applied on a LC + SWCNT cell, the molecules change their orientation tending

• containing nanotubes (Equation 19) when compared to those containing the pure nematic (Equation 20). For the theoretical study of the dynamic evolution of the LC + SWCNT system we considered a constant electric field inside the cell, an approximation that works very well for weak fields. First, we consider

• field is switched off immediately after its application to the SWCNT containing sample is: while for the pure liquid crystal it is: It can be seen the relaxation time for LC + SWCNTs is shorter than that of the pure nematic. The second case we consider is the application of the field for a period of

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• under UHV conditions, the deposits from Co(CO)3NO always contained significant amounts of oxygen and nitrogen (probably from the nitrosyl group) and also some carbon. Co is a very common catalyst for CNT growth via CVD, in particular for SWCNT growth [46][47][48][49]. Figure 10a depicts a 4 × 4 µm

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• of SWCNTs on metallic nanoparticles. They showed that the SWCNT growth on ≈1 nm Fe particles occurred without the diffusion of carbon atoms into the bulk of the catalyst. The carbon diffusion on the surface of the particle was much faster than the bulk diffusion. Because the surface diffusion

• that the bulk carbon diffusion contributes to the nanotube growth. It was reported that the formation of SWCNTs on solid nonmetallic catalysts is promoted by the surface diffusion of carbon, suggesting the VSS growth mechanism [46][47][48][49]. Figure 1 compares the classical VLS mechanism of the SWCNT

• SWCNT growth, can be reduced by up to 700–800 °C, down to 550 °C. This trend was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations [53][54][55]. There are also experimental reports on the presence of catalytic particles in the liquid state during the growth of MWCNTs [27] and SWCNTs [56]. The authors of [52

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• transient high temperature inside the nanotubes must be at least ≈1500 °C in order for a structural reconstruction process to take place. This results in a permanent change in the SWCNT structure to a non-tubular structure, rather than merely elastically deforming. Furthermore, this reconstruction also

• traces of Fe3O4, resulting from the Fe catalyst. A TEM investigation was also performed revealing that this material is composed of two different morphologies of oxides: small nanoparticles trapped within a network of residual SWCNT bundles and large randomly interconnected or fused grains. This implies

• segments initiating a combustion wave. Tseng et al. [7] showed that the amount of catalyst (Fe particles embedded in CNTs) plays a key role for ignition, where a higher content of catalyst allows for easier ignition. The main features of the SWCNT photo-ignition process (with 50% Fe content) using a camera

Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

• Felix Pyatkov,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Vadim Kovalyuk,
• Frank Hennrich,
• Manfred M. Kappes,
• Gregory N. Goltsman,
• Wolfram H. P. Pernice and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 38–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.5

• probe along with on-chip electrical wiring. Upon switching the electrical signal on and off, we observe a fast initial response on a sub-nanosecond timescale, followed by an additional slower response on the scale of 10–100 ns. A similar behavior has been observed with electrically biased SWCNT films

The effect of dry shear aligning of nanotube thin films on the photovoltaic performance of carbon nanotube–silicon solar cells

• Benedikt W. Stolz,
• Daniel D. Tune and
• Benjamin S. Flavel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1486–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.141

• d) show the same films after DSA. a) Optical spectra of the various thicknesses of a SWCNT film, b) variation of the degree of alignment with film thickness, c) variation of sheet resistance with film thickness for random and aligned SWCNT films and, d) variation in the ratio of DC electrical to

• optical conductivity with film thickness for random and aligned SWCNT films. The variation of solar cell parameters with nanotube film thickness for films both before (red diamonds) and after (black triangles) DSA, a) open circuit voltage, b) short circuit current density, c) fill factor and, d) power

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• covalent transformations, e.g., the data were shown to couple oxidized SWCNT with hyaluronic acid containing amino groups [44]. Liu described interesting mass growth during the heating of SPIO–MWCNT hybrids above 400 °C in TGA, which was explained as oxidation of iron(II) in Fe3O4 to iron(III) in Fe2O3

• ”. According to Liu’s original report on SWCNT oxidation, the presence of H2O2 doubles the rate of nanotube shortening [45]. This is one of the examples where the carbon scaffold has been specifically modified and it is difficult to compare it with other, more common pretreatment methodologies, especially

• been applied in MWCNT CA candidates, an example of SWCNT separation in the magnetic field was described by Choi [6]. Nanotubes with SPIO anchored at one of the ends were combined with DNA chains. Then the dispersion of hybrids was placed over a 0.5 T magnetic array for two days. The hybrids arranged

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• typically the vHS-related bandgap transitions are observed in CNTs, such as E22 from the semiconducting SWCNT and E11 from the metallic SWCNT [39]. At higher photon energies, a broad absorption band emerging at around 4.5 eV is likely due to the π-plasmon resonance [40][41]. This feature gradually merges

• optical quenching was attributed to a nonradiative energy transfer from the quantum dot to the SWCNT in the ground state [53]. In the present study, we observe an overall decrease in the PL intensity when the HfO2 nanoparticles are attached to the CNT compared to the PL emission of the free-standing

Reorientation of single-wall carbon nanotubes in negative anisotropy liquid crystals by an electric field

• Amanda García-García,
• Ricardo Vergaz,
• José F. Algorri,
• Gianluigi Zito,
• Teresa Cacace,
• Antigone Marino,
• José M. Otón and
• Morten A. Geday

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 825–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.74

• , Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Butarque 15, Leganés, 28911, Spain, CNR-ISASI and Physics Department, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia Monte S. Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.7.74 Abstract Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are anisotropic nanoparticles that can cause

• modifications in the electrical and electro-optical properties of liquid crystals. The control of the SWCNT concentration, distribution and reorientation in such self-organized fluids allows for the possibility of tuning the liquid crystal properties. The alignment and reorientation of CNTs are studied in a

• ; Introduction Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are highly anisotropic nanoparticles (NPs) formed from a single, wrapped graphene sheet. SWCNTs may be metallic or semiconductive, depending on the rolling angle (chirality) and diameter [1]. The SWCNT one-dimensional structure leads to an anisotropic

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• commercial, oxidized nanotubes SWCNT(s)-COOH (CheapTubes, Brattleboro, USA) with the diameter of 1–2 nm and length of 5–30 µm. The modification at the ends of the nanotubes as well as in the defect sites was obtained by the formation of SWCNTs-end hydrazide, which was then mixed with daunorubicin to form