Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• glass substrate, then a dip in the visible region, and finally an increase towards the IR region. We can observe a relatively high absorbance around 800 nm with transmittances down to 40%, which could lead to losses and undesired thermal effects. The complex permittivity of single layers of the

• material. (a) Transmittance of the stacks with fixed gold layer dm = 10 nm measured using spectrophotometry. We can observe a relatively high absorbance around 800 nm with transmittances down to 40%. (b) Comparison of the measured spectrum against the simulated spectrum for the samples ML740 (purple

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• gold nanoparticle suspension. The presence of AuNPs was confirmed by the appearance of a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band in the visible wavelength range, with a maximum absorbance at λmax = 519 nm (Figure 4a). The hydrodynamic radius (HD) by number-weighted distribution of dynamic light

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• spectra for PAZO thin films at different temperatures were recorded upon heating as the temperature of the sample heater was gradually increased from room temperature (r.t.) to 300 °C (Figure 2A) at a rate of 5 °C/min and (Figure 2B) at a rate of 1 °C/min. The absorbance in the 450–550 nm region gradually

• spun at 1000 rpm to achieve thin film thicknesses ranging from 200 to 4000 nm. For spectral measurements, quartz substrates were used due to their lack of absorbance in the PAZO absorption region; thin film thickness was about 200 nm. A glass substrate was used for the measurement of birefringence (∆n

• THMS600 (Linkam Scientific). A Dentamatic furnace (model 600) was used to heat the glass-deposited layers for 1 h at 200 °C. To avoid changes in the absorbance over time that influence the measurements, the optical experiments were performed immediately after the samples were cooled down to r.t. after the

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• ]. Figure 1 represents the fractograms obtained from the AF4 analysis of the native formulations. The black line originates from the UV signal (230 nm) and the red line from the light scattering signal at 90°. Both signals were normalized to the highest signal. The UV-absorbance peaks (black signal

• acid residues of the phospholipid molecules which show maximum absorbance at around 230 nm [25]. In Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1, the light scattering signal at 90° and the related geometrical radii are overlaid for native formulations NLb0, NLb1, and NLb2. The formulation NLb1 (red lines

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• mg/mL) was added, followed by incubation for 3 h (for a total 72 h of incubation) at 37 °C. After this period, the medium containing MTT was discarded from the wells and DMSO was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. Finally, the colored solution was quantified by measuring the absorbance at 562

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• relatively low absorbance and fluorescence quantum yield of the phthalocyanine dye, necessitating high fluorophore concentrations and mechanical compression for imaging. These constraints led to artefacts and obscured the true morphology of the gel. However, cryo-SEM imaging of ZnPc@Gel revealed well-formed

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• of LCPL and RCPL as expressed in Equation 4: For a better comparison of different optically active materials, Kuhn’s dissymmetry factor, or g-factor, is often used to normalize CD relative to the material’s total absorbance: For large cPNSs, however, scattering cannot be neglected, and a CD

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• output, utilizing the optical properties of the signal such as fluorescence, absorbance, refractive index, and Raman scattering for quantification and evaluation. The most prevalent types of optical sensing include colorimetric, plasmonic, fluorescence, and spectrophotometric methods due to their ease of

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• ). Compatibility was assessed by mitochondrial metabolic activity, based on the conversion of MTT salt into insoluble formazan crystals. After incubation, formazan crystals were solubilized in DMSO, and absorbance was measured at 570 nm with a reference at 630 nm using a microplate reader (EL 800, Bio-TEK

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• and incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Absorbance was measured at 570 and 630 nm wavelengths using a spectrophotometric microplate reader (Multiscan Go, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). All data were expressed as a percentage of the control group (untreated cells; Equation 1). IC50 values were determined

• reader configured to a wavelength at 517 nm [28][29][30]. The radical scavenging activity was calculated using Equation 2: In this formula, Abcontrol refers to the absorbance of the DPPH solution, while Absample represents the absorbance of the DPPH solution when combined with the sample. FRAP assay The

• a 1:1:10 (v/v/v) ratio. Methanolic sample solutions (12.5–400 μg/mL) were combined with the reagent (2.3 mL) in a total reaction volume of 3.0 mL and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in the dark. Absorbance was recorded at 593 nm, with ascorbic acid as the standard and acetate buffer as the blank

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• levels after mRNA-OVA-LNP vaccination. Specifically, the total IgG absorbance increased in anti-PEG antibody positive mice indicated a ≈29% enhancement compared to control mice [64]. This suggests that the induced anti-PEG antibody production may act as adjuvant to boost the humoral immune response

• hydrophobic segment to act as a hydrophilic shield [80]. The rationale was that the highly water-soluble and flexible pSar chains could sterically block antibody access to the PEG domain, thereby reducing immune recognition. ELISA showed that the absorbance signal from anti-PEG IgG dropped from over 1.5 to

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• . After this time, the MTT solution was removed, and 100 μL of ethanol was added to each well. The plates were protected from light and agitated for 20 min. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm using an ELISA microplate reader (Biotek® Epoch), and the obtained values were applied following Equation 1

• . Cells grown under the same conditions and that did not receive treatment with the systems were used as negative control. where Abssample is the absorbance of cells treated with the sample and Abscontrol is the absorbance of untreated control cells. The statistical analysis performed in the in vitro

• exposure at 26 °C, the parasite viability was determined by the resazurin reduction assay. For that, 20 µL of 3 mM resazurin solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Brazil) was added to each well and plates were incubated for 24 h. The absorbance was read at 570 and 600 nm (Epoch, BioTek). The results of antiparasitic

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• -order kinetic equation: where C represents the final concentration at time t, C0 is the initial concentration of rhodamine B, and k is the apparent rate constant of degradation [11]. The relation ln(A/A0) was used to represent the degradation rate kinetics, where A is the measured optical absorbance

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• from light. Absorbance was then measured at 518 nm using a Multiskan Go UV spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, FI). Ascorbic acid (3% w/v, prepared in the ophthalmic vehicle) was used as the positive control. The experiment was performed in quadruplicate, and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical

• inhibition percentage) was calculated using Equation 2 [57]. The IC50 (the concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition) of the radical scavenging activity was determined via linear regression analysis [58]. where Abscontrol, represents the absorbance of the DPPH radicals, Abssample, represents the

• absorbance of the nanoformulation, and Absblank represents the absorbance of the sample without DPPH (sample + ethanol). Cytotoxicity assay L929 fibroblast cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% (v/v) penicillin–streptomycin, and 1% (v/v) GlutaMAX

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• ) and the graphite (G) band (≈1582 cm−1) [17]. The increasing ratio suggests an increasing surface disordering of the carbon cloth after calcination, which contributes to the high adsorption capacity toward the target molecules. Figure 3a illustrates the UV–vis diffuse absorbance spectrum of the CC/HTNW

• ) XRD patterns and (b) Raman spectra of hydrogen titanate nanowires (CC/HTNW) and TiO2 nanowires (CC/NW-450 °C) grown on carbon cloth. (a) UV–vis diffuse absorbance spectrum of the CC/NW-450 °C. The inset shows the replotting of (a) in (αhν)1/2 ~ hν coordinates to evaluate the bandgap of CC/NW-450 °C

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• spatial periodicity (Λ) relative to the laser wavelength (λ). Typically in metal surfaces with high absorbance, the range of LSFL periodicity is λ > Λ > λ/2, oriented perpendicular to the incident polarization, and HSFL periodicities are much smaller and in the range of Λ < λ/2, orientated parallel to the

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• extinction coefficient of β-carotene (β-C) in n-hexane at 453 nm (2592 mol−1·cm−1) was used. The carotenoid content (CT), expressed as β-carotene, was calculated by the formula: where A is the absorbance of the sample, V is the volume of the sample, ε is the molar absorbance of β-carotene in n-hexane at 453

• multi-mode detector (Beckman, UK). A solution of 10 μg/mL Triton X-100 was used as a positive control, and 10 μL of PBS was used as a negative control. The assay was performed in triplicate. The hemolytic activity (% of Hemolysis) was calculated using: where AM is the absorbance of the sample; AS is

• the absorbance of the solvent, and AC is the absorbance of the positive control [61][62]. Cytotoxic activity The cytotoxic activity of AANE was evaluated in murine macrophages of the J774 strain (ATCC USA) according to the technique described by Nakayama and colleagues [64]. Staurosporine (5 μg/mL

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH

• wavelength range of 250–700 nm on a 754 STECH INTERNATIONAL spectrophotometer (China). Five samples (1 × 4 cm2) were measured with transparency and UV protection assessed by measuring transmittance at 600 nm and 280 nm, respectively. The opacity of the biopackaging is calculated based on its absorbance at

• 600 nm and its thickness as (Equation 4). where Ab600 represents the absorbance at 600 nm and t is the biopackaging thickness [49]. Antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial activity of the films was evaluated using a time-kill method. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• the analytical curve by linear regression of the data. The wavelength used for absorbance readings was 290 nm. As a result, a calibration curve was obtained with the equation 30875x + 108219 (r = 0.99399). To determine the concentration of rotenoids in the nanoparticles, a solution containing 1 mg/mL

• formazan crystals were solubilized with acidified isopropanol, and the absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a microplate reader (Thermo Labsystems Multiskan, model 352). A positive control (2% Triton X-100) and a negative control (culture medium without treatment) were used. Cellular viability was

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• turned to deep clear blue. A broad absorption with peaks at 620 and 800 nm appeared and increased with laser irradiation time; the absorbance stopped changing after around 30 min irradiation as shown in Figure 2b. The two peaks that appeared at short and long wavelengths relative to the isolated

• an example. The absorbance of the sample prepared in pure water was low even after laser irradiation for 20 min and did not increase after further irradiation. The spectra showed a tail at longer wavelengths over 800 nm, and the broad absorption decreased significantly after one day. This suggests

• example. Light irradiation caused a decrease in absorbance around 420 nm, which corresponds to the absorption band of DPBF, indicating the generation of ROS. In contrast, the absorption of PtOEP nanoparticles did not change, indicating that these nanoparticles have high photostability. We compared the ROS

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• % CO2. Afterward, the absorbance was measured at 570–600 nm to determine cell viability via a Tecan microplate reader. The linear regression method calculated the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Reactive oxygen species detection assay The ROS detection was carried out using the 2’,7

• 45 min. Afterward, fluorescence and absorbance were measured at the 485/535 nm range by a microplate reader (Tecan, Switzerland). Cellular uptake assay According to the logic of the NMs uptake procedure by flow cytometry, an increasing percentage of side scatter (SSC%) shift indicates growth in

• . After 24 h, the cells were treated with NMs with increasing concentration (1, 5, and 10 µg/mL) and incubated for 1, 4, and 7 days. Then, 10% Alamar Blue solution in cell culture medium was prepared and added to each well to incubate for 3 h. Afterward, the absorbance of the solution was measured at 570

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• I(s) are the areas of the fluorescence spectra of the compounds and standard, respectively, and n and n(s) are the refraction indices of the solvents used for compounds and standard. Absorbance at the excitation wavelength was less than 0.1 in all cases. Photodecomposition quantum yields ΦNO were

• determined within the 20% transformation by using the following equation: where [NOPD] is the concentration of phototransformed 2, V is the volume of the irradiated sample, t is the irradiation time, A is the absorbance of the sample at the excitation wavelength, and I is the intensity of the excitation

• expressed as a percentage of the absorbance measured in the control cells, and values expressed as mean ± SD of two separate experiments, each performed in triplicate. Cellular uptake of the nanoassembly of 1 HuDe cells (1 × 105) and MCF7 cells (2 × 105) were plated in complete medium on coverslips placed

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• focused on probing energy dissipation from metallic NPs to their liquid surroundings, employing TAS [84][85][86][87]. This technique operates by exploiting the photoexcitation of free electrons within the NPs, which modulates the absorbance spectrum of the probe light. As the transmission through a