Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• (HE12-Luc-ASO), or (dodecane-co-hexaethylene glycol)-ASO ((HE-HEG)6-Luc-ASO). Linear PEI complexes demonstrated high biocompatibility even at high molecular weights, whereas b-PEI induced significant cytotoxicity. Moreover, the cell-uptake efficiency was improved by increasing the N/P ratio. The

• ) (PAMAM) dendrimers have gained significant attention as a versatile platform for antisense delivery, largely owing to their superior biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ASO-loading capabilities compared to other cationic systems including PEI and PPI dendrimers [141]. Moreover, the presence of

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• and PCL to produce amphiphilic nanoparticles which possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. PEG, known for its water solubility and biocompatibility, provides the hydrophilic component, while PCL, a biodegradable polyester, contributes with hydrophobicity, enabling the formation of

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• systems because of their ability to form gel-like structures in the presence of divalent cations such as Ca2+. Despite the advantages of alginate polymer such as its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and gelation ability, its instability, fast wettability, and rapid release at high pH result in the

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• biocompatibility, biodegradability, and similarity to the extracellular matrix (ECM) [101]. Electrospinning pure chitosan without any other precursor material, however, presents significant challenges due to its inherent properties. Chitosan has high viscosity and low solubility in most solvents, and it tends to

• spinnability of fibers by reducing repulsive forces within charged polymer solutions [105]. While PVA nanofibers offer advantages such as ease of fabrication and biocompatibility, applications of single-material PVA nanofibers are usually limited by their poor mechanical properties, high water solubility and

• selecting the plasma source and controlling discharge conditions such as voltage, pressure, and gas flow rate, various functional groups can be introduced on the fiber surface, enabling tailored modifications that enhance polymer biocompatibility. Punamshree et al. [162] performed surface modification of

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• (i.e., oxidation) of their surface, CNs with optimal hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and increased dispersibility can be obtained as preconditions for biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Also, improved electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties as preconditions for (photo)thermal and

• exclude their molecular interactions with the GBM cells and a contribution to the cytotoxicity of the formulations. Despite the evidence for excellent biocompatibility of PEG, there are papers demonstrating that PEG (depending on the molecular weight) may show selective dose- and time-dependent cytostatic

• effect of PEG on cell growth and its biocompatibility by inducing metabolism modulations and survival autophagy through creating an intracellular hypoxic environment. Although there is no consensus on whether the role of folate in cancer cells is protective or harmful, a cytotoxic effect was also

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• microorganisms. Nanomaterials, particularly nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), have garnered attention for sustaining rhizobacterial viability, high loading capacity, high biodegradability, and biocompatibility, which facilitate microbial interactions. In this study, nHA was synthesized using a hydrothermal method and

• , biocompatibility, and the ability to absorb organic substances [20][21]. Furthermore, nHA possesses the unique ability to be resorbed within physiological environments while remaining non-toxic, a feature that holds significant promise for synergistic interactions with microorganisms and biological molecules [22

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , including exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, wide availability, low cost, and a highly tunable structure, making them well-suited for such uses [67][68][69][70][71]. 2.3 Inorganic semiconductor materials Inorganic semiconductor materials, such as TiO2, SiO2, and Fe2O3, possess conductivity

• synthesis of AuNPs and served as a surface coating for AuNPs, promoting the coupling of DOX, enhancing anti-tumor activity, and improving the biocompatibility of AuNPs. The significant extinction coefficient of these nanoparticles enhances the contrast in photoacoustic imaging within the tumor region

• therapeutic effects in humans [213]. The safety profile of photothermal nanomaterials is influenced by various factors, including their morphology, structure, concentration, photothermal stability, mechanical strength, and surface chemistry [214]. Enhancements in biocompatibility and stability can be achieved

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• , respectively, demonstrating a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect at elevated lipid concentrations. SO-Lipo displayed a similar trend, maintaining non-significant cytotoxicity from 15.625 to 250 µM (p > 0.05), supporting the biocompatibility of the SO modification at lower concentrations. A noticeable reduction in

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• Biomimetic nanocarriers, engineered to mimic the characteristics of native cells, offer a revolutionary approach in the treatment of various complex human diseases. This strategy enhances drug delivery by leveraging the innate properties of cellular components, thereby improving biocompatibility and

• therapeutical characteristics as demonstrated in Figure 1-1. In the field of drug delivery, properties such as size, surface-to-volume ratio, and biocompatibility have driven the development of nanoscale-based devices [6][7][8][9]. Nanocompounds offer a strategic approach to addressing or at least improving the

• (Figure 1-2C), which mask the nanocarriers and enhance biological activity (Figure 1-2D) [20]. This mimetic surface helps the device to mask epitopes potentially recognized by the immune system, thereby enhancing their biocompatibility. Additionally, the selectivity for targets and the circulation time of

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• specific biological targets. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of Fe3O4 NPs, Teucrium polium (T. polium) extract, rutin, and the corresponding complexes on the liver tissue of healthy white Wistar rats. The impact profile of the synthesized Fe3O4 NPs (15 ± 4 nm), rutin, T. polium extract, and their

• samples on the liver of Wistar rats was identified. Keywords: biocompatibility; hepatotoxicity; iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle; rutin; Teucrium polium (T. polium); Introduction Leveraging nanotechnology, personalized medicine, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for overcoming the complex

• in most biological and chemical reactions involved in the production of medical materials [10][11][12][13]. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), such as iron oxides, not only exhibit superparamagnetism and high magnetic susceptibility, they also possess unique physical properties, biocompatibility

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• , lipids provide more space for drug encapsulation and biocompatibility of the system. Therefore, the advancement in the LPHNPs yields better and prolonged therapeutic efficacy. Different types and structural advantages of PLHNPs are illustrated in Figure 1 and are discussed in detail as follows. Polymer

• . This leads to improved bioavailability and allows for sustained release of the encapsulated therapeutic agents [64][65][66]. The advantages of PEGylated PLHNPs include enhanced biocompatibility and reduced immunogenicity. The PEG layer creates a hydrophilic barrier around the nanoparticles, which

• and lipid-based carriers, providing stability, biocompatibility, and efficient drug encapsulation. Applications of stimuli-responsive PLHNPs are vast and impactful. In cancer therapy, they are used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents specifically to tumor sites, where the acidic microenvironment or

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• advantages of liposomes include, but are not limited to, high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and prolonged retention in the blood stream when pegylated [91]. Despite their significant advantages, liposomes could also suffer from disadvantages such as short half-life in the body environment and drug

• drug reach the brain. Recent literature highlights SLNs, NLCs, liposomes, polymeric NPs, and emulsions. While lipid-based NPs are favorable because of their lipophilicity and biocompatibility, polymeric NPs offer greater control over drug release, stability, and mechanical properties [123]. Furthermore

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• omniphobic. Keywords: biocompatibility; biomimetic; blood-contacting; hemocompatibility; non-fouling; Introduction Clot formation and the overall compatibility of artificial materials within the body remains a common complication of blood contacting surfaces [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. A critical hurdle in

• any foreign surface. Materials coated with SLIPS have demonstrated effectiveness in resisting corrosion, reducing bio-fouling, and preventing icing [1][2][3][6][8]. There is also evidence that SLIPS are a promising strategy for increasing the biocompatibility of materials [4][11]. SLIPS are generally

• and a Tukey post-hoc comparison were performed to determine differences between means. For biocompatibility data that was normalized to glass, the error from glass is imbedded in the reported standard deviation. Sample sizes for presented data is included in the figure captions and reported as the

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• Hymenopteran venom delivery systems, advanced microinjection devices can be crafted for laboratory applications, boasting painless insertion and extraction, minimal dermal injuries, mechanical durability, and suitable biocompatibility [172]. Furthermore, the capacity to induce mechanical tissue damage may vary

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• that changes in the oxygen content of GO may improve its biocompatibility. They found that GO sheets with reduced oxygen content and relatively more –COOH groups did not presented the common GO toxicity effects to C. elegans, such as increased intestinal permeability, microvilli damage, material

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• functions [54][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of their biocompatibility is necessary before advancing their clinical applications. In the context of cancer treatment, the efficient renal clearance and short blood elimination half-life of usNPs raise questions about their

• microenvironment, thus enhancing treatment efficacy. The study revealed that 64Cu-Cu@CuOx-ECL1i exhibited suitable biodistribution and biocompatibility. Moreover, 64Cu-Cu@CuOx-ECL1i-Gem was able to induce tumor inhibition and to prolong survival in a syngeneic xenograft mouse model of PDAC. 5.7 Antibody-based

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• , such as water solubility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and hypoallergic response. It has been shown that PHFs can inhibit cancer tumor growth and positively regulate the immune system [26]. The same is valid for carboxylated fullerenes [27]; for instance, C60[C(COOH)2]3 is well known for its

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• , biocompatibility, biodegradability, and water solubility of alginate have expanded opportunities in material and biomedical sciences. Recently, research on alginate-based nanoparticles and their applications has begun. These materials are gaining popularity because of their wide usage potential in the biomedical

• several excellent properties that can be crucial in drug delivery, such as low cost, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Biopolymeric nanoparticles (NPs) can be used in DDSs, and they can protect the drugs from the adverse conditions of the

• variable chemical compositions, customizable characteristics, easy processability, great biocompatibility and biodegradability, and nontoxicity, opening up new avenues for the creation of flexible sensing technologies [26][27]. Alginate-based nanomaterials are among the most widely studied biopolymers for

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• within the field. Keywords: biocompatibility; carbon nanotubes; coatings; graphene; nanodiamonds; surfaces; Introduction For centuries, the simple manipulation of natural resources has represented the only available strategy for the realization of artifacts, buildings, and innovations, until the

• biocompatibility because the implant interfaces are the first line of contact between a foreign body and living organisms. The bulk materials used in implants are carefully chosen to minimize adverse reactions, but the immune system may still recognize them as external entities and trigger inflammatory responses

• nanosized and nanostructured carbon materials clearly represents a disruptive advancement in the field, leading to prolonged implant life, increased biocompatibility, and reduction of adverse inflammatory reactions. The big family of low-dimensional carbon materials is a great reservoir for tuning the

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• ) (PLA) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), has been employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles for cancer diagnostics and therapy because of its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability [1][2][3]. PLGA nanoparticles can be prepared via a variety of techniques, including single emulsion, double

• CHL, IR780, and PLGA nanoparticles in order to create a carrier that could deliver the drug, track the location of the tumor, and control the release of the drug. The nanoparticles would increase the drug’s biocompatibility and stability. In addition, the nanoparticles were modified with the targeting

• , and the crystal violet precipitate was dissolved with DMSO. The samples were then measured at 562 nm. The untreated cell was employed as a negative control. The cells treated with CHL served as a positive control. Results and Discussion Controlled release, biocompatibility, targeted distribution

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• [33]. In addition, given their compatibility with various active molecules, the polymers are the most essential formulation components in providing long-term controlled release of drugs. Biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of polymers are important criteria

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• they are flexible, variable in weight, have excellent biocompatibility, are resistant to biochemical degradation, and have suitable physical and mechanical characteristics. Moreover, they can be formed to the desired shape [6]. It is also worth mentioning that different drugs or other additives can be

• [29][30][31][32]. Based on the special requirements to fulfill as a wound dressing material, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, good gas permeability, and water retention capacity, polysuccinimide (PSI) was used for the preparation of electrostatic fibers. Polysuccinimide is a nontoxic [33

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• excellent biocompatibility. However, its thermoresponsive behaviour in association with anisotropic gold nanoparticles is yet to be explored towards photothermal response [23]. In the present work, we developed pillow-shaped (called nanomakura in Japanese) AuNPs using surfactants myristyltrimethylammonium

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• degradation and other dyes. Keywords: cobalt ferrite; graphene quantum dots; methylene blue; Introduction Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have unique properties, including photoluminescence, biocompatibility, slight chemical toxicity, inertness, and excellent photostability [1][2]. Graphene quantum dots